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<meta name="keywords" content="C5543254, disease or syndrome, ndaxoa, neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy, sdha, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy (NDAXOA) is an autosomal dominant disorder with somewhat variable manifestations. Most affected individuals present in mid-adulthood with slowly progressive cerebellar and gait ataxia, optic atrophy, and myopathy or myalgia. Some patients may have a childhood history of neurologic features, including limited extraocular movements. Additional features can include cardiomyopathy, psychiatric disturbances, and peripheral sensory impairment (summary by Taylor et al., 1996 and Courage et al., 2017)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy (Concept Id: C5543254)
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<!--
UID=1779901
ConceptID=C5543254
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy<span class="h1sub">(NDAXOA)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1779901</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C5543254</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>NDAXOA; NEURODEGENERATION WITH ATAXIA AND LATE-ONSET OPTIC ATROPHY</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="SDHA - ID: 6389 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/6389" class="medgenPMinfo">SDHA</a> (5p15.33)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0031006" target="_blank">MONDO:0031006</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/619259" target="_blank">619259</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy (NDAXOA) is an autosomal dominant disorder with somewhat variable manifestations. Most affected individuals present in mid-adulthood with slowly progressive cerebellar and gait ataxia, optic atrophy, and myopathy or myalgia. Some patients may have a childhood history of neurologic features, including limited extraocular movements. Additional features can include cardiomyopathy, psychiatric disturbances, and peripheral sensory impairment (summary by Taylor et al., 1996 and Courage et al., 2017). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41971"><div><strong>Fatigue</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41971</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0015672</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A subjective feeling of tiredness characterized by a lack of energy and motivation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41971">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Fatigue%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041971%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_68541"><div><strong>Myalgia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68541</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231528</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pain in muscle.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/68541">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myalgia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2068541%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_777186"><div><strong>3-Methylglutaconic aciduria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>777186</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3696376</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increased amount of 3-methylglutaconic acid in the urine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/777186">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%223-Methylglutaconic%20aciduria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20777186%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107956"><div><strong>Limb muscle weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107956</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0587246</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced strength and weakness of the muscles of the arms and legs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107956">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Limb%20muscle%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107956%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_5459"><div><strong>Cardiomegaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5459</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018800</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased size of the heart, clinically defined as an increased transverse diameter of the cardiac silhouette that is greater than or equal to 50% of the transverse diameter of the chest (increased cardiothoracic ratio) on a posterior-anterior projection of a chest radiograph or a computed tomography.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5459">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cardiomegaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%205459%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9169"><div><strong>Congestive heart failure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9169</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018802</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an abnormality of cardiac function that is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate that is commensurate with the needs of the tissues or a state in which abnormally elevated filling pressures are required for the heart to do so. Heart failure is frequently related to a defect in myocardial contraction.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9169">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Congestive%20heart%20failure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209169%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_209232"><div><strong>Cardiomyopathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>209232</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0878544</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease and congenital heart disease sufficient to cause the observed myocardial abnormality.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/209232">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cardiomyopathy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20209232%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_344698"><div><strong>Increased hepatic glycogen content</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>344698</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856285</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increase in the amount of glycogen stored in hepatocytes compared to normal.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/344698">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Increased%20hepatic%20glycogen%20content%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20344698%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_53006"><div><strong>Vertigo</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>53006</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0042571</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal sensation of spinning while the body is actually stationary.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/53006">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Vertigo%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2053006%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_849"><div><strong>Cerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>849</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0007758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/849">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20849%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4229"><div><strong>Depression</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4229</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011581</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Frequently experiencing feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; struggling to recover from these moods; having a pessimistic outlook on the future; feeling a pervasive sense of shame; having a low self-worth; experiencing thoughts of suicide and engaging in suicidal behavior.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4229">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Depression%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204229%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9149"><div><strong>Headache</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9149</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018681</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9149">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Headache%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209149%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_19708"><div><strong>Babinski sign</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19708</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0034935</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/19708">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Babinski%20sign%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2019708%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_68544"><div><strong>Unsteady gait</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68544</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231686</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A shaky or wobbly manner of walking.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/68544">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Unsteady%20gait%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2068544%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66690"><div><strong>Clumsiness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66690</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0233844</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Lack of physical coordination resulting in an abnormal tendency to drop items or bump into objects.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66690">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Clumsiness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066690%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_97901"><div><strong>Dysesthesia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>97901</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0392699</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Painful sensations elicited by a nonpainful cutaneous stimulus such as a light touch or gentle stroking over affected areas of the body. Sometimes referred to as hyperpathia or hyperalgesia. Often perceived as an intense burning, dyesthesias may outlast the stimulus by several seconds.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/97901">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dysesthesia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2097901%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96535"><div><strong>Truncal ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96535</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0427190</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Truncal ataxia is a sign of ataxia characterized by instability of the trunk. It usually occurs during sitting.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96535">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Truncal%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096535%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107895"><div><strong>Gait disturbance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107895</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0575081</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107895">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gait%20disturbance%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107895%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_196624"><div><strong>Cerebellar atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>196624</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0740279</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/196624">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20196624%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_196692"><div><strong>Limb ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>196692</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0750937</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A kind of ataxia that affects movements of the extremities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/196692">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Limb%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20196692%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_155642"><div><strong>Gait ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>155642</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0751837</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/155642">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gait%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20155642%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_334529"><div><strong>Postural instability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>334529</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1843921</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A tendency to fall or the inability to keep oneself from falling; imbalance. The retropulsion test is widely regarded as the gold standard to evaluate postural instability, Use of the retropulsion test includes a rapid balance perturbation in the backward direction, and the number of balance correcting steps (or total absence thereof) is used to rate the degree of postural instability. Healthy subjects correct such perturbations with either one or two large steps, or without taking any steps, hinging rapidly at the hips while swinging the arms forward as a counterweight. In patients with balance impairment, balance correcting steps are often too small, forcing patients to take more than two steps. Taking three or more steps is generally considered to be abnormal, and taking more than five steps is regarded as being clearly abnormal. Markedly affected patients continue to step backward without ever regaining their balance and must be caught by the examiner (this would be called true retropulsion). Even more severely affected patients fail to correct entirely, and fall backward like a pushed toy soldier, without taking any corrective steps.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/334529">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Postural%20instability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20334529%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_2006"><div><strong>Loss of voice</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>2006</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0003564</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A term referring to the inability to speak. It may result from injuries to the vocal cords or may be functional (psychogenic).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/2006">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Loss%20of%20voice%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%202006%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41600"><div><strong>Diplopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41600</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0012569</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diplopia is a condition in which a single object is perceived as two images, it is also known as double vision.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41600">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diplopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041600%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_45166"><div><strong>Nystagmus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>45166</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0028738</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/45166">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Nystagmus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2045166%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_18180"><div><strong>Optic atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>18180</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0029124</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/18180">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2018180%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116124"><div><strong>Peripheral visual field loss</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116124</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0241688</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of peripheral vision with retention of central vision, resulting in a constricted circular tunnel-like field of vision.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116124">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Peripheral%20visual%20field%20loss%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116124%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_777085"><div><strong>Visual impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>777085</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3665347</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/777085">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Visual%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20777085%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1808161"><div><strong>Gaze-evoked nystagmus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1808161</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5574666</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nystagmus made apparent by looking to the right or to the left.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1808161">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gaze-evoked%20nystagmus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201808161%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107956" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Limb muscle weakness</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_5459" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiomegaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_209232" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cardiomyopathy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9169" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congestive heart failure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_344698" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Increased hepatic glycogen content</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41600" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diplopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1808161" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gaze-evoked nystagmus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_45166" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nystagmus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_18180" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116124" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Peripheral visual field loss</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_777085" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Visual impairment</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_777186" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">3-Methylglutaconic aciduria</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_19708" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Babinski sign</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_849" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_196624" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66690" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Clumsiness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4229" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Depression</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_97901" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dysesthesia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_155642" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gait ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107895" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gait disturbance</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9149" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Headache</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_196692" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Limb ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_334529" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Postural instability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96535" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Truncal ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_68544" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Unsteady gait</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the voice</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_2006" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Loss of voice</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Constitutional symptom</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41971" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fatigue</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_68541" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myalgia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_53006" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Vertigo</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
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<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38397235">Homozygous CNP Mutation and Neurodegeneration in Weimaraners: Myelin Abnormalities and Accumulation of Lipofuscin-like Inclusions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keller SH,
Johnson GS,
Bullock G,
Mhlanga-Mutangadura T,
Schwartz M,
Pattridge SG,
Guo J,
Kortz GD,
Katz ML</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2024 Feb 15;15(2)
doi: 10.3390/genes15020246.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38397235" target="_blank">38397235</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10888007" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19056277">Clinical spectrum of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome in India.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sachin S,
Goyal V,
Singh S,
Shukla G,
Sharma MC,
Gaikwed S,
Behari M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2009 Feb;16(2):253-8.
Epub 2008 Dec 3
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.04.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19056277" target="_blank">19056277</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7276977">"Idiopathic" late onset cerebellar ataxia. A clinical and genetic study of 36 cases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Harding AE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol Sci</span>
1981 Aug;51(2):259-71.
doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(81)90104-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7276977" target="_blank">7276977</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodegeneration%20with%20ataxia%20and%20late-onset%20optic%20atrophy%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19056277">Clinical spectrum of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome in India.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sachin S,
Goyal V,
Singh S,
Shukla G,
Sharma MC,
Gaikwed S,
Behari M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2009 Feb;16(2):253-8.
Epub 2008 Dec 3
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.04.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19056277" target="_blank">19056277</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7066668">The clinical features and classification of the late onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. A study of 11 families, including descendants of the 'the Drew family of Walworth'.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Harding AE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
1982 Mar;105(Pt 1):1-28.
doi: 10.1093/brain/105.1.1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7066668" target="_blank">7066668</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodegeneration%20with%20ataxia%20and%20late-onset%20optic%20atrophy%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38397235">Homozygous CNP Mutation and Neurodegeneration in Weimaraners: Myelin Abnormalities and Accumulation of Lipofuscin-like Inclusions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keller SH,
Johnson GS,
Bullock G,
Mhlanga-Mutangadura T,
Schwartz M,
Pattridge SG,
Guo J,
Kortz GD,
Katz ML</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2024 Feb 15;15(2)
doi: 10.3390/genes15020246.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38397235" target="_blank">38397235</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10888007" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodegeneration%20with%20ataxia%20and%20late-onset%20optic%20atrophy%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38397235">Homozygous CNP Mutation and Neurodegeneration in Weimaraners: Myelin Abnormalities and Accumulation of Lipofuscin-like Inclusions.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keller SH,
Johnson GS,
Bullock G,
Mhlanga-Mutangadura T,
Schwartz M,
Pattridge SG,
Guo J,
Kortz GD,
Katz ML</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2024 Feb 15;15(2)
doi: 10.3390/genes15020246.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38397235" target="_blank">38397235</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10888007" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neurodegeneration%20with%20ataxia%20and%20late-onset%20optic%20atrophy%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5543254%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (16)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5543254%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (12)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5543254%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (5)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5543254%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (18)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/neurodegeneration_with_ataxia_and_late_onset_optic_atrophy" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Neurodegeneration%20with%20ataxia%20and%20late-onset%20optic%20atrophy" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li></ul></div>
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