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<meta name="keywords" content="C5394501, cdk19, dee87, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 87, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 87, disease or syndrome, eiee87, epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 87, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-87 (DEE87) is a neurologic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, hypotonia, and onset of frequent refractory seizures or infantile spasms between 6 and 15 months of age. Affected individuals have severely impaired motor and cognitive development with little or absent speech and poor visual tracking. More variable features include facial dysmorphisms, joint laxity, and nonspecific brain imaging findings (summary by Chung et al., 2020)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 87 (Concept Id: C5394501)
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<!--
UID=1719688
ConceptID=C5394501
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 87<span class="h1sub">(EIEE87; DEE87)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1719688</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C5394501</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY, EARLY INFANTILE, 87</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="CDK19 - ID: 23097 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/23097" class="medgenPMinfo">CDK19</a> (6q21)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0030059" target="_blank">MONDO:0030059</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/618916" target="_blank">618916</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-87 (DEE87) is a neurologic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, hypotonia, and onset of frequent refractory seizures or infantile spasms between 6 and 15 months of age. Affected individuals have severely impaired motor and cognitive development with little or absent speech and poor visual tracking. More variable features include facial dysmorphisms, joint laxity, and nonspecific brain imaging findings (summary by Chung et al., 2020). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96108"><div><strong>Single transverse palmar crease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96108</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0424731</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The distal and proximal transverse palmar creases are merged into a single transverse palmar crease.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96108">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Single%20transverse%20palmar%20crease%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096108%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116012"><div><strong>Cerebral atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116012</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235946</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116012">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116012%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_195766"><div><strong>Hypsarrhythmia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>195766</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0684276</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypsarrhythmia is abnormal interictal high amplitude waves and a background of irregular spikes. There is continuous (during wakefulness), high-amplitude (&gt;200 Hz), generalized polymorphic slowing with no organized background and multifocal spikes demonstrated by electroencephalography (EEG).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/195766">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypsarrhythmia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20195766%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_854616"><div><strong>Infantile spasms</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854616</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887898</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Infantile spasms represent a subset of "epileptic spasms". Infantile Spasms are epileptic spasms starting in the first year of life (infancy).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854616">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Infantile%20spasms%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20854616%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867393"><div><strong>Delayed CNS myelination</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867393</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Delayed myelination in the central nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867393">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20CNS%20myelination%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867393%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867996"><div><strong>Recurrent hand flapping</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867996</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4022387</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of repetitive behavior in which the affected individual repeatedly waves the hands and/or arms rhythmically.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867996">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Recurrent%20hand%20flapping%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867996%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10132"><div><strong>Hypertonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10132</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026826</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10132">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010132%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11348"><div><strong>Scoliosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036439</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11348">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Scoliosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011348%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44238"><div><strong>Wide mouth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44238</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0024433</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the oral commissures more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased width of the oral aperture (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44238">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Wide%20mouth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044238%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66013"><div><strong>Bulbous nose</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66013</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240543</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased volume and globular shape of the anteroinferior aspect of the nose.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66013">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bulbous%20nose%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066013%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66814"><div><strong>High palate</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66814</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240635</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66814">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22High%20palate%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066814%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98423"><div><strong>Prominent nose</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98423</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0426415</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between subnasale and pronasale more than two standard deviations above the mean, or alternatively, an apparently increased anterior protrusion of the nasal tip.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98423">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Prominent%20nose%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098423%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_337093"><div><strong>Widely spaced teeth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1844813</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Increased spaces (diastemata) between most of the teeth in the same dental arch.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337093">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Widely%20spaced%20teeth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20337093%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_339938"><div><strong>Midface retrusion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>339938</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853242</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/339938">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Midface%20retrusion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20339938%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_383857"><div><strong>U-Shaped upper lip vermilion</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>383857</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856202</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Gentle upward curve of the upper lip vermilion such that the center is placed well superior to the commissures.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/383857">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22U-Shaped%20upper%20lip%20vermilion%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20383857%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_478649"><div><strong>Horizontal eyebrow</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>478649</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3277019</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An eyebrow that extends straight across the brow, without curve.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/478649">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Horizontal%20eyebrow%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20478649%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9373"><div><strong>Hypertelorism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9373</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020534</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9373">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertelorism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209373%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_96107"><div><strong>Hypotelorism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>96107</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0424711</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Interpupillary distance less than 2 SD below the mean (alternatively, the appearance of an decreased interpupillary distance or closely spaced eyes).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/96107">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotelorism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2096107%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66013" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bulbous nose</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66814" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">High palate</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_478649" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Horizontal eyebrow</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_339938" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Midface retrusion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98423" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Prominent nose</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_383857" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">U-Shaped upper lip vermilion</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44238" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Wide mouth</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_337093" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Widely spaced teeth</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96108" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Single transverse palmar crease</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9373" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertelorism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_96107" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotelorism</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10132" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11348" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Scoliosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116012" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral atrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867393" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed CNS myelination</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_195766" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypsarrhythmia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_854616" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Infantile spasms</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867996" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Recurrent hand flapping</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37596007">Evaluation of the feasibility, diagnostic yield, and clinical utility of rapid genome sequencing in infantile epilepsy (Gene-STEPS): an international, multicentre, pilot cohort study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">D'Gama AM,
Mulhern S,
Sheidley BR,
Boodhoo F,
Buts S,
Chandler NJ,
Cobb J,
Curtis M,
Higginbotham EJ,
Holland J,
Khan T,
Koh J,
Liang NSY,
McRae L,
Nesbitt SE,
Oby BT,
Paternoster B,
Patton A,
Rose G,
Scotchman E,
Valentine R,
Wiltrout KN;
Gene-STEPS Study Group;
IPCHiP Executive Committee,
Hayeems RZ,
Jain P,
Lunke S,
Marshall CR,
Rockowitz S,
Sebire NJ,
Stark Z,
White SM,
Chitty LS,
Cross JH,
Scheffer IE,
Chau V,
Costain G,
Poduri A,
Howell KB,
McTague A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2023 Sep;22(9):812-825.
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00246-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37596007" target="_blank">37596007</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11860300" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29320603">Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McTague A,
Martland T,
Appleton R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Jan 10;1(1):CD001905.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001905.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29320603" target="_blank">29320603</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491279" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27281533">TBC1D24 genotype-phenotype correlation: Epilepsies and other neurologic features.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Balestrini S,
Milh M,
Castiglioni C,
Lüthy K,
Finelli MJ,
Verstreken P,
Cardon A,
Stražišar BG,
Holder JL Jr,
Lesca G,
Mancardi MM,
Poulat AL,
Repetto GM,
Banka S,
Bilo L,
Birkeland LE,
Bosch F,
Brockmann K,
Cross JH,
Doummar D,
Félix TM,
Giuliano F,
Hori M,
Hüning I,
Kayserili H,
Kini U,
Lees MM,
Meenakshi G,
Mewasingh L,
Pagnamenta AT,
Peluso S,
Mey A,
Rice GM,
Rosenfeld JA,
Taylor JC,
Troester MM,
Stanley CM,
Ville D,
Walkiewicz M,
Falace A,
Fassio A,
Lemke JR,
Biskup S,
Tardif J,
Ajeawung NF,
Tolun A,
Corbett M,
Gecz J,
Afawi Z,
Howell KB,
Oliver KL,
Berkovic SF,
Scheffer IE,
de Falco FA,
Oliver PL,
Striano P,
Zara F,
Campeau PM,
Sisodiya SM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Jul 5;87(1):77-85.
Epub 2016 Jun 8
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002807.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27281533" target="_blank">27281533</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4932231" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (11)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37695433">Pharmacotherapy for Dravet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lattanzi S,
Trinka E,
Russo E,
Del Giovane C,
Matricardi S,
Meletti S,
Striano P,
Damavandi PT,
Silvestrini M,
Brigo F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drugs</span>
2023 Oct;83(15):1409-1424.
Epub 2023 Sep 11
doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01936-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37695433" target="_blank">37695433</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10582139" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37000415">Long-term effectiveness of add-on perampanel in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Matricardi S,
Cesaroni E,
Bonanni P,
Foschi N,
D Aniello A,
Di Gennaro G,
Striano P,
Cappanera S,
Siliquini S,
Freri E,
Ragona F,
Granata T,
Deleo F,
Villani F,
Russo A,
Messana T,
Siri L,
Bagnasco I,
Vignoli A,
Operto FF,
Orsini A,
Bonuccelli A,
Papa A,
Peruzzi C,
Liguori C,
Verrotti A,
Chiarelli F,
Marini C,
Lattanzi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
2023 Jun;64(6):e98-e104.
Epub 2023 Apr 10
doi: 10.1111/epi.17601.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37000415" target="_blank">37000415</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35499850">Efficacy and Safety of Fenfluramine for the Treatment of Seizures Associated With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Knupp KG,
Scheffer IE,
Ceulemans B,
Sullivan JE,
Nickels KC,
Lagae L,
Guerrini R,
Zuberi SM,
Nabbout R,
Riney K,
Shore S,
Agarwal A,
Lock M,
Farfel GM,
Galer BS,
Gammaitoni AR,
Davis R,
Gil-Nagel A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Neurol</span>
2022 Jun 1;79(6):554-564.
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35499850" target="_blank">35499850</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9062770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27810515">Mortality in Dravet syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cooper MS,
Mcintosh A,
Crompton DE,
McMahon JM,
Schneider A,
Farrell K,
Ganesan V,
Gill D,
Kivity S,
Lerman-Sagie T,
McLellan A,
Pelekanos J,
Ramesh V,
Sadleir L,
Wirrell E,
Scheffer IE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Res</span>
2016 Dec;128:43-47.
Epub 2016 Oct 26
doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.10.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27810515" target="_blank">27810515</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27281533">TBC1D24 genotype-phenotype correlation: Epilepsies and other neurologic features.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Balestrini S,
Milh M,
Castiglioni C,
Lüthy K,
Finelli MJ,
Verstreken P,
Cardon A,
Stražišar BG,
Holder JL Jr,
Lesca G,
Mancardi MM,
Poulat AL,
Repetto GM,
Banka S,
Bilo L,
Birkeland LE,
Bosch F,
Brockmann K,
Cross JH,
Doummar D,
Félix TM,
Giuliano F,
Hori M,
Hüning I,
Kayserili H,
Kini U,
Lees MM,
Meenakshi G,
Mewasingh L,
Pagnamenta AT,
Peluso S,
Mey A,
Rice GM,
Rosenfeld JA,
Taylor JC,
Troester MM,
Stanley CM,
Ville D,
Walkiewicz M,
Falace A,
Fassio A,
Lemke JR,
Biskup S,
Tardif J,
Ajeawung NF,
Tolun A,
Corbett M,
Gecz J,
Afawi Z,
Howell KB,
Oliver KL,
Berkovic SF,
Scheffer IE,
de Falco FA,
Oliver PL,
Striano P,
Zara F,
Campeau PM,
Sisodiya SM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Jul 5;87(1):77-85.
Epub 2016 Jun 8
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002807.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27281533" target="_blank">27281533</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4932231" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (97)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37695433">Pharmacotherapy for Dravet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lattanzi S,
Trinka E,
Russo E,
Del Giovane C,
Matricardi S,
Meletti S,
Striano P,
Damavandi PT,
Silvestrini M,
Brigo F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drugs</span>
2023 Oct;83(15):1409-1424.
Epub 2023 Sep 11
doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01936-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37695433" target="_blank">37695433</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10582139" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35499850">Efficacy and Safety of Fenfluramine for the Treatment of Seizures Associated With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Knupp KG,
Scheffer IE,
Ceulemans B,
Sullivan JE,
Nickels KC,
Lagae L,
Guerrini R,
Zuberi SM,
Nabbout R,
Riney K,
Shore S,
Agarwal A,
Lock M,
Farfel GM,
Galer BS,
Gammaitoni AR,
Davis R,
Gil-Nagel A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Neurol</span>
2022 Jun 1;79(6):554-564.
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35499850" target="_blank">35499850</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9062770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32827285">West syndrome: a comprehensive review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pavone P,
Polizzi A,
Marino SD,
Corsello G,
Falsaperla R,
Marino S,
Ruggieri M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Sci</span>
2020 Dec;41(12):3547-3562.
Epub 2020 Aug 22
doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04600-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32827285" target="_blank">32827285</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7655587" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30197227">Caring electronically for young outpatients who have epilepsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Oppenheimer J,
Leviton A,
Chiujdea M,
Antonetty A,
Ojo OW,
Garcia S,
Weas S,
Fleegler EW,
Chan E,
Loddenkemper T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Behav</span>
2018 Oct;87:226-232.
Epub 2018 Sep 7
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.018.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30197227" target="_blank">30197227</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27281533">TBC1D24 genotype-phenotype correlation: Epilepsies and other neurologic features.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Balestrini S,
Milh M,
Castiglioni C,
Lüthy K,
Finelli MJ,
Verstreken P,
Cardon A,
Stražišar BG,
Holder JL Jr,
Lesca G,
Mancardi MM,
Poulat AL,
Repetto GM,
Banka S,
Bilo L,
Birkeland LE,
Bosch F,
Brockmann K,
Cross JH,
Doummar D,
Félix TM,
Giuliano F,
Hori M,
Hüning I,
Kayserili H,
Kini U,
Lees MM,
Meenakshi G,
Mewasingh L,
Pagnamenta AT,
Peluso S,
Mey A,
Rice GM,
Rosenfeld JA,
Taylor JC,
Troester MM,
Stanley CM,
Ville D,
Walkiewicz M,
Falace A,
Fassio A,
Lemke JR,
Biskup S,
Tardif J,
Ajeawung NF,
Tolun A,
Corbett M,
Gecz J,
Afawi Z,
Howell KB,
Oliver KL,
Berkovic SF,
Scheffer IE,
de Falco FA,
Oliver PL,
Striano P,
Zara F,
Campeau PM,
Sisodiya SM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Jul 5;87(1):77-85.
Epub 2016 Jun 8
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002807.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27281533" target="_blank">27281533</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4932231" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (91)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37695433">Pharmacotherapy for Dravet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lattanzi S,
Trinka E,
Russo E,
Del Giovane C,
Matricardi S,
Meletti S,
Striano P,
Damavandi PT,
Silvestrini M,
Brigo F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drugs</span>
2023 Oct;83(15):1409-1424.
Epub 2023 Sep 11
doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01936-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37695433" target="_blank">37695433</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10582139" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37000415">Long-term effectiveness of add-on perampanel in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Matricardi S,
Cesaroni E,
Bonanni P,
Foschi N,
D Aniello A,
Di Gennaro G,
Striano P,
Cappanera S,
Siliquini S,
Freri E,
Ragona F,
Granata T,
Deleo F,
Villani F,
Russo A,
Messana T,
Siri L,
Bagnasco I,
Vignoli A,
Operto FF,
Orsini A,
Bonuccelli A,
Papa A,
Peruzzi C,
Liguori C,
Verrotti A,
Chiarelli F,
Marini C,
Lattanzi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
2023 Jun;64(6):e98-e104.
Epub 2023 Apr 10
doi: 10.1111/epi.17601.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37000415" target="_blank">37000415</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35499850">Efficacy and Safety of Fenfluramine for the Treatment of Seizures Associated With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Knupp KG,
Scheffer IE,
Ceulemans B,
Sullivan JE,
Nickels KC,
Lagae L,
Guerrini R,
Zuberi SM,
Nabbout R,
Riney K,
Shore S,
Agarwal A,
Lock M,
Farfel GM,
Galer BS,
Gammaitoni AR,
Davis R,
Gil-Nagel A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Neurol</span>
2022 Jun 1;79(6):554-564.
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35499850" target="_blank">35499850</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9062770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34287833">Long-term safety and efficacy of add-on cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Results of a long-term open-label extension trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Patel AD,
Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M,
Chin RF,
Gil-Nagel A,
Gunning B,
Halford JJ,
Mitchell W,
Scott Perry M,
Thiele EA,
Weinstock A,
Dunayevich E,
Checketts D,
Devinsky O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
2021 Sep;62(9):2228-2239.
Epub 2021 Jul 20
doi: 10.1111/epi.17000.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34287833" target="_blank">34287833</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29320603">Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McTague A,
Martland T,
Appleton R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Jan 10;1(1):CD001905.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001905.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29320603" target="_blank">29320603</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491279" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (39)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38517617">Roles of KCNA2 in Neurological Diseases: from Physiology to Pathology.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Xie C,
Kessi M,
Yin F,
Peng J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Neurobiol</span>
2024 Nov;61(11):8491-8517.
Epub 2024 Mar 22
doi: 10.1007/s12035-024-04120-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38517617" target="_blank">38517617</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38456468">The clinical and genetic spectrum of inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sidpra J,
Sudhakar S,
Biswas A,
Massey F,
Turchetti V,
Lau T,
Cook E,
Alvi JR,
Elbendary HM,
Jewell JL,
Riva A,
Orsini A,
Vignoli A,
Federico Z,
Rosenblum J,
Schoonjans AS,
de Wachter M,
Delgado Alvarez I,
Felipe-Rucián A,
Haridy NA,
Haider S,
Zaman M,
Banu S,
Anwaar N,
Rahman F,
Maqbool S,
Yadav R,
Salpietro V,
Maroofian R,
Patel R,
Radhakrishnan R,
Prabhu SP,
Lichtenbelt K,
Stewart H,
Murakami Y,
Löbel U,
D'Arco F,
Wakeling E,
Jones W,
Hay E,
Bhate S,
Jacques TS,
Mirsky DM,
Whitehead MT,
Zaki MS,
Sultan T,
Striano P,
Jansen AC,
Lequin M,
de Vries LS,
Severino M,
Edmondson AC,
Menzies L,
Campeau PM,
Houlden H,
McTague A,
Efthymiou S,
Mankad K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2024 Aug 1;147(8):2775-2790.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awae056.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38456468" target="_blank">38456468</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11292905" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37596007">Evaluation of the feasibility, diagnostic yield, and clinical utility of rapid genome sequencing in infantile epilepsy (Gene-STEPS): an international, multicentre, pilot cohort study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">D'Gama AM,
Mulhern S,
Sheidley BR,
Boodhoo F,
Buts S,
Chandler NJ,
Cobb J,
Curtis M,
Higginbotham EJ,
Holland J,
Khan T,
Koh J,
Liang NSY,
McRae L,
Nesbitt SE,
Oby BT,
Paternoster B,
Patton A,
Rose G,
Scotchman E,
Valentine R,
Wiltrout KN;
Gene-STEPS Study Group;
IPCHiP Executive Committee,
Hayeems RZ,
Jain P,
Lunke S,
Marshall CR,
Rockowitz S,
Sebire NJ,
Stark Z,
White SM,
Chitty LS,
Cross JH,
Scheffer IE,
Chau V,
Costain G,
Poduri A,
Howell KB,
McTague A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2023 Sep;22(9):812-825.
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00246-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37596007" target="_blank">37596007</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11860300" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32827285">West syndrome: a comprehensive review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pavone P,
Polizzi A,
Marino SD,
Corsello G,
Falsaperla R,
Marino S,
Ruggieri M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Sci</span>
2020 Dec;41(12):3547-3562.
Epub 2020 Aug 22
doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04600-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32827285" target="_blank">32827285</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7655587" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27810515">Mortality in Dravet syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cooper MS,
Mcintosh A,
Crompton DE,
McMahon JM,
Schneider A,
Farrell K,
Ganesan V,
Gill D,
Kivity S,
Lerman-Sagie T,
McLellan A,
Pelekanos J,
Ramesh V,
Sadleir L,
Wirrell E,
Scheffer IE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsy Res</span>
2016 Dec;128:43-47.
Epub 2016 Oct 26
doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.10.006.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27810515" target="_blank">27810515</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (46)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38456468">The clinical and genetic spectrum of inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency disorders.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sidpra J,
Sudhakar S,
Biswas A,
Massey F,
Turchetti V,
Lau T,
Cook E,
Alvi JR,
Elbendary HM,
Jewell JL,
Riva A,
Orsini A,
Vignoli A,
Federico Z,
Rosenblum J,
Schoonjans AS,
de Wachter M,
Delgado Alvarez I,
Felipe-Rucián A,
Haridy NA,
Haider S,
Zaman M,
Banu S,
Anwaar N,
Rahman F,
Maqbool S,
Yadav R,
Salpietro V,
Maroofian R,
Patel R,
Radhakrishnan R,
Prabhu SP,
Lichtenbelt K,
Stewart H,
Murakami Y,
Löbel U,
D'Arco F,
Wakeling E,
Jones W,
Hay E,
Bhate S,
Jacques TS,
Mirsky DM,
Whitehead MT,
Zaki MS,
Sultan T,
Striano P,
Jansen AC,
Lequin M,
de Vries LS,
Severino M,
Edmondson AC,
Menzies L,
Campeau PM,
Houlden H,
McTague A,
Efthymiou S,
Mankad K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2024 Aug 1;147(8):2775-2790.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awae056.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38456468" target="_blank">38456468</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11292905" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35499850">Efficacy and Safety of Fenfluramine for the Treatment of Seizures Associated With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Knupp KG,
Scheffer IE,
Ceulemans B,
Sullivan JE,
Nickels KC,
Lagae L,
Guerrini R,
Zuberi SM,
Nabbout R,
Riney K,
Shore S,
Agarwal A,
Lock M,
Farfel GM,
Galer BS,
Gammaitoni AR,
Davis R,
Gil-Nagel A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Neurol</span>
2022 Jun 1;79(6):554-564.
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35499850" target="_blank">35499850</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9062770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34287833">Long-term safety and efficacy of add-on cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Results of a long-term open-label extension trial.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Patel AD,
Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M,
Chin RF,
Gil-Nagel A,
Gunning B,
Halford JJ,
Mitchell W,
Scott Perry M,
Thiele EA,
Weinstock A,
Dunayevich E,
Checketts D,
Devinsky O</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Epilepsia</span>
2021 Sep;62(9):2228-2239.
Epub 2021 Jul 20
doi: 10.1111/epi.17000.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34287833" target="_blank">34287833</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29320603">Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McTague A,
Martland T,
Appleton R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Jan 10;1(1):CD001905.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001905.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29320603" target="_blank">29320603</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491279" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27281533">TBC1D24 genotype-phenotype correlation: Epilepsies and other neurologic features.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Balestrini S,
Milh M,
Castiglioni C,
Lüthy K,
Finelli MJ,
Verstreken P,
Cardon A,
Stražišar BG,
Holder JL Jr,
Lesca G,
Mancardi MM,
Poulat AL,
Repetto GM,
Banka S,
Bilo L,
Birkeland LE,
Bosch F,
Brockmann K,
Cross JH,
Doummar D,
Félix TM,
Giuliano F,
Hori M,
Hüning I,
Kayserili H,
Kini U,
Lees MM,
Meenakshi G,
Mewasingh L,
Pagnamenta AT,
Peluso S,
Mey A,
Rice GM,
Rosenfeld JA,
Taylor JC,
Troester MM,
Stanley CM,
Ville D,
Walkiewicz M,
Falace A,
Fassio A,
Lemke JR,
Biskup S,
Tardif J,
Ajeawung NF,
Tolun A,
Corbett M,
Gecz J,
Afawi Z,
Howell KB,
Oliver KL,
Berkovic SF,
Scheffer IE,
de Falco FA,
Oliver PL,
Striano P,
Zara F,
Campeau PM,
Sisodiya SM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurology</span>
2016 Jul 5;87(1):77-85.
Epub 2016 Jun 8
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002807.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27281533" target="_blank">27281533</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4932231" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (59)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37695433">Pharmacotherapy for Dravet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lattanzi S,
Trinka E,
Russo E,
Del Giovane C,
Matricardi S,
Meletti S,
Striano P,
Damavandi PT,
Silvestrini M,
Brigo F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drugs</span>
2023 Oct;83(15):1409-1424.
Epub 2023 Sep 11
doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01936-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37695433" target="_blank">37695433</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10582139" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37327751">Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome: Main clinical and radiological findings- systematic literature review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rondão MBA,
Hsu BRRHS,
Centeno RS,
de Aguiar PHP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Seizure</span>
2023 Aug;110:58-68.
Epub 2023 Jun 3
doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.04.020.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37327751" target="_blank">37327751</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36219224">Early surgical approaches in pediatric epilepsy - a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Frank NA,
Greuter L,
Guzman R,
Soleman J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Childs Nerv Syst</span>
2023 Mar;39(3):677-688.
Epub 2022 Oct 11
doi: 10.1007/s00381-022-05699-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36219224" target="_blank">36219224</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36183177">Minimally invasive procedures for hypothalamic hamartoma-related epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iranmehr A,
Dabbagh Ohadi MA,
Chavoshi M,
Jahanbakhshi A,
Slavin KV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurosurg Focus</span>
2022 Oct;53(4):E8.
doi: 10.3171/2022.7.FOCUS22296.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36183177" target="_blank">36183177</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29320603">Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McTague A,
Martland T,
Appleton R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2018 Jan 10;1(1):CD001905.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001905.pub3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29320603" target="_blank">29320603</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491279" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (8)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5394501%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (1)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C5394501%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (1)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=618916" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy,%2087" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
</div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy%2C%2087)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=614720" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=23097[geneid]" target="_blank">View CDK19 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=618916" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Consumer_resources">Consumer resources</h1><a sid="116" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/developmental_and_epileptic_encephalopathy_87" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy,%2087" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/16393/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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<h3>Reviews</h3>
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<a href="/pubmed/clinical?term=Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy,%2087" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=1&amp;linkpostotal=2" target="_blank">PubMed Clinical Queries</a>
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<li>
<a href="/pubmed?term=Developmental%20and%20epileptic%20encephalopathy,%2087%20AND%20humans[mesh]%20AND%20review[publication%20type]" ref="ncbi_uid=&amp;discoId=gtr_reviews&amp;linkpos=2&amp;linkpostotal=2" target="_blank">Reviews in PubMed</a>
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<!-- MedGen supplemental column ends here -->
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<h3>Related information</h3>
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<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1719688" ref="log$=recordlinks">ClinVar</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related medical variations</div>
</li>
<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gene?LinkName=medgen_gene_diseases&amp;from_uid=1719688" ref="log$=recordlinks">Gene</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in NCBI Gene</div>
</li>
<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C5394501[DISCUI]" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related information in GTR</div>
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<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/gtr/tests?term=C5394501[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="log$=recordlinks">GTR(Clinical)</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Clinical tests in GTR</div>
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<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/omim?LinkName=medgen_omim&amp;from_uid=1719688" ref="log$=recordlinks">OMIM</a>
<div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related records in OMIM</div>
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<li class="brieflinkpopper">
<a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/omim?LinkName=medgen_omim_gene&amp;from_uid=1719688" ref="log$=recordlinks">OMIM(Genes)</a>
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