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<meta name="keywords" content="C4551734, convergent squint, convergent strabismus, disease or syndrome, esodeviation, esodeviations, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="A manifest or latent ocular deviation in which one or both eyes tends to deviate nasally." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Esodeviation</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1641033</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C4551734</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Esodeviations</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0020045">HP:0020045</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">A manifest or latent ocular deviation in which one or both eyes tends to deviate nasally. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="TLline">Esodeviation</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1370071" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the eye">Abnormality of the eye</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868525" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal eye physiology">Abnormal eye physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/99227" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of eye movement">Abnormality of eye movement</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/337198" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal conjugate eye movement">Abnormal conjugate eye movement</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21337" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Strabismus">Strabismus</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Esodeviation</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_75661"><div><strong>Deficiency of cytochrome-b5 reductase</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75661</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268193</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Methemoglobinemia due to NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, with resultant cyanosis and hypoxia (review by Percy and Lappin, 2008).&#13; There are 2 types of methemoglobin reductase deficiency. In type I, the defect affects the soluble form of the enzyme, is restricted to red blood cells, and causes well-tolerated methemoglobinemia. In type II, the defect affects both the soluble and microsomal forms of the enzyme and is thus generalized, affecting red cells, leukocytes, and all body tissues. Type II methemoglobinemia is associated with mental deficiency and other neurologic symptoms. The neurologic symptoms may be related to the major role played by the cytochrome b5 system in the desaturation of fatty acids (Vives-Corrons et al., 1978; Kaplan et al., 1979).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75661">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_138111"><div><strong>PMM2-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>138111</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349653</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">PMM2-CDG, the most common of a group of disorders of abnormal glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides, is divided into three clinical stages: infantile multisystem, late-infantile and childhood ataxiaintellectual disability, and adult stable disability. The clinical manifestations and course are highly variable, ranging from infants who die in the first year of life to mildly affected adults. Clinical findings tend to be similar in sibs. In the infantile multisystem presentation, infants show axial hypotonia, hyporeflexia, esotropia, and developmental delay. Feeding issues, vomiting, faltering growth, and developmental delay are frequently seen. Subcutaneous fat may be excessive over the buttocks and suprapubic region. Two distinct clinical courses are observed: (1) a nonfatal neurologic course with faltering growth, strabismus, developmental delay, cerebellar hypoplasia, and hepatopathy in infancy followed by neuropathy and retinitis pigmentosa in the first or second decade; and (2) a more severe neurologic-multivisceral course with approximately 20% mortality in the first year of life. The late-infantile and childhood ataxiaintellectual disability stage, which begins between ages three and ten years, is characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, severely delayed language and motor development, inability to walk, and IQ of 40 to 70; other findings include seizures, stroke-like episodes or transient unilateral loss of function, coagulopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, joint contractures, and skeletal deformities. In the adult stable disability stage, intellectual ability is stable; peripheral neuropathy is variable, progressive retinitis pigmentosa and myopia are seen, thoracic and spinal deformities with osteoporosis worsen, and premature aging is observed; females may lack secondary sexual development and males may exhibit decreased testicular volume. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and coagulopathy may occur. The risk for deep venous thrombosis is increased.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/138111">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_334618"><div><strong>ALG2-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>334618</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1842836</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ii (CDG1I) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neurologic involvement, including a convulsive syndrome of unknown origin, axial hypotonia, and mental and motor regression (summary by Papazoglu et al., 2021).&#13; For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/334618">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_343386"><div><strong>Pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343386</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1855565</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of neurological problems. Signs and symptoms of this condition usually first appear shortly after birth, and they can vary widely among affected individuals. The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. People with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency usually have neurological problems as well. Most have delayed development of mental abilities and motor skills such as sitting and walking. Other neurological problems can include intellectual disability, seizures, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), poor coordination, and difficulty walking. Some affected individuals have abnormal brain structures, such as underdevelopment of the tissue connecting the left and right halves of the brain (corpus callosum), wasting away (atrophy) of the exterior part of the brain known as the cerebral cortex, or patches of damaged tissue (lesions) on some parts of the brain. Because of the severe health effects, many individuals with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency do not survive past childhood, although some may live into adolescence or adulthood.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343386">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_387801"><div><strong>Congenital lactic acidosis, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>387801</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857355</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 5 (MC4DN5) is an autosomal recessive severe metabolic multisystemic disorder with onset in infancy. Features include delayed psychomotor development, impaired intellectual development with speech delay, mild dysmorphic facial features, hypotonia, ataxia, and seizures. There is increased serum lactate and episodic hypoglycemia. Some patients may have cardiomyopathy, abnormal breathing, or liver abnormalities, reflecting systemic involvement. Brain imaging shows lesions in the brainstem and basal ganglia, consistent with a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome (see 256000). Affected individuals tend to have episodic metabolic and/or neurologic crises in early childhood, which often lead to early death (summary by Debray et al., 2011).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) deficiency, see 220110.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/387801">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_350085"><div><strong>Spinocerebellar ataxia type 29</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>350085</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1861732</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spinocerebellar ataxia-29 (SCA29) is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by onset in infancy of delayed motor development and mild cognitive delay. Affected individuals develop a very slowly progressive or nonprogressive gait and limb ataxia associated with cerebellar atrophy on brain imaging. Additional variable features include nystagmus, dysarthria, and tremor (summary by Huang et al., 2012).&#13; For a general discussion of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia, see SCA1 (164400).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/350085">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_358131"><div><strong>Orofaciodigital syndrome V</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>358131</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1868118</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Orofaciodigital syndrome V (OFD5) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cleft palate/uvula, lobulated tongue, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, postaxial polydactyly, and impaired intellectual development (summary by Faily et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/358131">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_393913"><div><strong>Chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>393913</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2675897</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The 1q21.1 recurrent deletion itself does not lead to a clinically recognizable syndrome, as some persons with the deletion have no obvious clinical findings. Others have variable findings that most commonly include mildly dysmorphic but nonspecific facial features (&gt;75%), mild intellectual disability or learning disabilities (25%), microcephaly (43%), and eye abnormalities (26%). Other findings can include cardiac defects, genitourinary anomalies, skeletal malformations, joint laxity, and seizures (~23%). Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities can include autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sleep disturbances. Sensorineural hearing loss and recurrent infections /otitis media are rare.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/393913">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_443954"><div><strong>ALG12-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>443954</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931001</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), previously called carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes (CDGSs), are a group of hereditary multisystem disorders first recognized by Jaeken et al. (1980). The characteristic biochemical abnormality of CDGs is the hypoglycosylation of glycoproteins, which is routinely determined by isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum transferrin. Type I CDG comprises those disorders in which there is a defect in the assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides or their transfer onto nascent glycoproteins, whereas type II CDG comprises defects of trimming, elongation, and processing of protein-bound glycans.&#13; CDG1G is a multisystem disorder characterized by impaired psychomotor development, dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, male genital hypoplasia, coagulation abnormalities, and immune deficiency. More variable features include skeletal dysplasia, cardiac anomalies, ocular abnormalities, and sensorineural hearing loss. Some patients die in the early neonatal or infantile period, whereas others are mildly affected and live to adulthood (summary by Tahata et al., 2019).&#13; For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/443954">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_443957"><div><strong>COG1 congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>443957</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931011</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An extremely rare form of carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome with, in the few cases reported to date, variable signs including microcephaly, growth retardation, psychomotor retardation and facial dysmorphism.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/443957">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462408"><div><strong>Hypermethioninemia with deficiency of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462408</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151058</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypermethioninemia with S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency is an autosomal recessive severe neurometabolic disorder affecting the muscles, liver, and nervous system, resulting in death in infancy (summary by Bas et al., 2020).&#13; Other causes of hypermethioninemia include hereditary tyrosinemia (276700), cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency (236200), and methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency (250850).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462408">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_763607"><div><strong>Peroxisome biogenesis disorder type 3B</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>763607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3550693</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD) is a phenotypic continuum ranging from severe to mild. While individual phenotypes (e.g., Zellweger syndrome [ZS], neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy [NALD], and infantile Refsum disease [IRD]) were described in the past before the biochemical and molecular bases of this spectrum were fully determined, the term "ZSD" is now used to refer to all individuals with a defect in one of the ZSD-PEX genes regardless of phenotype. Individuals with ZSD usually come to clinical attention in the newborn period or later in childhood. Affected newborns are hypotonic and feed poorly. They have distinctive facies, congenital malformations (neuronal migration defects associated with neonatal-onset seizures, renal cysts, and bony stippling [chondrodysplasia punctata] of the patella[e] and the long bones), and liver disease that can be severe. Infants with severe ZSD are significantly impaired and typically die during the first year of life, usually having made no developmental progress. Individuals with intermediate/milder ZSD do not have congenital malformations, but rather progressive peroxisome dysfunction variably manifest as sensory loss (secondary to retinal dystrophy and sensorineural hearing loss), neurologic involvement (ataxia, polyneuropathy, and leukodystrophy), liver dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, and renal oxalate stones. While hypotonia and developmental delays are typical, intellect can be normal. Some have osteopenia; almost all have ameleogenesis imperfecta in the secondary teeth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/763607">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_767123"><div><strong>Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>767123</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3554209</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 8 is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, abnormal movements, hypotonia, spasticity, and variable visual defects. Brain MRI shows pontocerebellar hypoplasia, decreased cerebral white matter, and a thin corpus callosum (summary by Mochida et al., 2012).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PCH, see PCH1 (607596).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/767123">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816301"><div><strong>Congenital microcephaly - severe encephalopathy - progressive cerebral atrophy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816301</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809971</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Asparagine synthetase deficiency (ASD) mainly presents as a triad of congenital microcephaly, severe developmental delay, and axial hypotonia followed by spastic quadriplegia. Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) asparagine level can help the clinician in differentiating this disorder from others. In most cases age of onset of apnea, excessive irritability, and seizures is soon after birth. Affected individuals typically do not acquire any developmental milestones. Spastic quadriplegia can lead to severe contractures of the limbs and neurogenic scoliosis. Feeding difficulties (gastroesophageal reflux disease, frequent vomiting, swallowing dysfunction, and gastroesophageal incoordination) are a significant problem in most affected individuals. A majority have cortical blindness. MRI findings are nonspecific but may include generalized atrophy and simplified gyral pattern.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816301">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_902559"><div><strong>Exudative vitreoretinopathy 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>902559</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225316</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy is a hereditary disorder that can cause vision loss that worsens over time. This condition affects the retina, the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. In people with this disorder, blood vessels do not fully develop at the outer edges (periphery) of the retina, which reduces the blood supply to this tissue. This prolonged reduction in blood supply (chronic ischemia) causes continued damage to the retina and can lead to worsening of the condition. \n\nThe signs and symptoms of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy vary widely, even within the same family. In many affected individuals, the retinal abnormalities never cause any vision problems. Other people with this condition develop abnormal vessels that leak. This  causes chronic inflammation which, over time, can lead to fluid under the retina (exudate). A reduction in the retina's blood supply causes the retina to fold, tear, or separate from the back of the eye (retinal detachment). The resulting retinal damage can lead to vision loss and blindness. Other eye abnormalities are also possible, including eyes that do not look in the same direction (strabismus) and a visible whiteness (leukocoria) in the normally black pupil.\n\nSome people with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy also have a condition known as osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, which is characterized by reduced bone density. People with this condition have weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/902559">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_903767"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant intellectual disability-craniofacial anomalies-cardiac defects syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>903767</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225396</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Arboleda-Tham syndrome (ARTHS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with the core features of impaired intellectual development, speech delay, microcephaly, cardiac anomalies, and gastrointestinal complications (summary by Kennedy et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/903767">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934599"><div><strong>Epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934599</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310632</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">PLPBP deficiency is a treatable form of vitamin B6-dependent early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Seizure onset is typically in the neonatal period (i.e., within the first 28 days after birth), and rarely in childhood after the neonatal period. Seizures are unresponsive to (or only partly responsive to) anti-seizure medications (ASMs) but typically show an immediate positive response to vitamin B6, given as either pyridoxine (PN) or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). This therapy needs to be continued lifelong. In addition to vitamin B6 treatment, almost 60% of individuals require adjunct ASMs to achieve optimal seizure control. Although many individuals with PLPBP deficiency have normal motor, speech, and intellectual development, more than 50% have varying degrees of neurodevelopmental issues, including learning difficulties or intellectual disability (varying from mild to severe), delayed or absent speech development, or motor development abnormalities (most commonly mild hypotonia).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934599">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934673"><div><strong>Joubert syndrome 27</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934673</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310706</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Classic Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by three primary findings: A distinctive cerebellar and brain stem malformation called the molar tooth sign (MTS). Hypotonia. Developmental delays. Often these findings are accompanied by episodic tachypnea or apnea and/or atypical eye movements. In general, the breathing abnormalities improve with age, truncal ataxia develops over time, and acquisition of gross motor milestones is delayed. Cognitive abilities are variable, ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal. Additional findings can include retinal dystrophy, renal disease, ocular colobomas, occipital encephalocele, hepatic fibrosis, polydactyly, oral hamartomas, and endocrine abnormalities. Both intra- and interfamilial variation are seen.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934673">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1627464"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and distal limb anomalies</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1627464</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4540327</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">NEDDFL is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development and impaired intellectual development, poor growth with small head size, dysmorphic facial features, and mild abnormalities of the hands and feet (summary by Stankiewicz et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1627464">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648498"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648498</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4748135</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648498">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648339"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648339</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4748428</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">IDDMSSD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired intellectual development, poor speech, postnatal macrocephaly, and seizures (Harms et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648339">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1675423"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder with abnormal behavior, microcephaly, and short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1675423</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5193039</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1675423">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1736667"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1736667</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5436628</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities (NEDSWMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired psychomotor development apparent in infancy. Affected individuals show poor overall growth, progressive microcephaly, and axial hypotonia, with later onset of spasticity. The disorder is progressive. Some patients show normal early development, but later have regression of motor, cognitive, and language skills. More variable features include seizures, joint contractures, ocular disturbances, episodic respiratory failure, and nonspecific dysmorphic facial features. The intellectual impairment is variable, ranging from poor visual contact with inability to walk or speak to milder intellectual disability with the ability to say some words. Brain imaging shows variable white matter abnormalities, including thin corpus callosum and poor myelination (summary by Husain et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1736667">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1785087"><div><strong>White-Kernohan syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1785087</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5543635</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">White-Kernohan syndrome (WHIKERS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay with variably impaired intellectual development, hypotonia, and characteristic facial features. Some patients may have abnormalities of other systems, including genitourinary and skeletal (summary by White et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1785087">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794164"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with motor and speech delay and behavioral abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794164</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5561954</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with motor and speech delay and behavioral abnormalities (NEDMOSBA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by global developmental delay apparent from early childhood. There is significant phenotypic variability: some patients achieve walking and talking after a few years, whereas others develop spastic tetraplegia with inability to walk independently and never gain proper speech. Affected individuals may have variable additional features, including poor overall growth, hypotonia, tremor, ocular anomalies, seizures, and nonspecific dysmorphic facial features (summary by Polla et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794164">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794262"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, seizures, and neonatal cholestasis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794262</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5562052</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, seizures, and neonatal cholestasis (NEDMSC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severely impaired global development apparent from infancy, progressive microcephaly, and neonatal cholestasis manifest as jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. The liver disease resolves, but affected individuals show feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, hypotonia, seizures, hyperkinetic movements, irritability, and poor eye contact or vision, and achieve almost no motor or cognitive developmental milestones. Brain imaging demonstrates agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Death in early childhood may occur (summary by Schneeberger et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794262">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794267"><div><strong>Trichothiodystrophy 8, nonphotosensitive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794267</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5562057</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy-8 (TTD8) is characterized by brittle hair and nails and scaly skin, accompanied by failure to thrive, microcephaly, and neuromotor developmental delay. Hair analysis shows low sulfur content, and skin fibroblasts demonstrate normal DNA repair efficiency after UV irradiation (Botta et al., 2021).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of trichothiodystrophy, see TTD1 (601675).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794267">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1811526"><div><strong>Gastrointestinal defects and immunodeficiency syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1811526</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676901</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">PI4KA-related disorder is a clinically variable disorder characterized primarily by neurologic dysfunction (limb spasticity, developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, ataxia, nystagmus), gastrointestinal manifestations (multiple intestinal atresia, inflammatory bowel disease), and combined immunodeficiency (leukopenia, variable immunoglobulin defects). Age of onset is typically antenatal or in early childhood; individuals can present with any combination of these features. Rare individuals present with later-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain MRI findings can include hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy, thin or dysplastic corpus callosum, and/or perisylvian polymicrogyria.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1811526">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1808193"><div><strong>Intellectual disability and myopathy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1808193</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676904</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability and myopathy syndrome (IDMYS) is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay with mildly impaired intellectual development, hypotonia, muscle weakness and fatigue, and white matter abnormalities on brain imaging. Variable additional features may include sensorineural hearing loss, dysmorphic facies, and progressive heart disease (summary by Smeland et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1808193">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1810348"><div><strong>Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1810348</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676922</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Tessadori-Bicknell-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome-1 (TEBIVANED1) is characterized by poor overall growth with short stature, microcephaly, hypotonia, profound global developmental delay often with poor or absent speech, and characteristic dysmorphic facial features, including hypertelorism and abnormal nose. Other variable neurologic and systemic features may also occur (Tessadori et al., 2017).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Tessadori-van Haaften Neurodevelopmental Syndrome&#13; See also TEBIVANED2 (619759), caused by mutation in the H4C11 gene (602826); TEBIVANED3 (619950), caused by mutation in the H4C5 gene (602830); and TEBIVANED4 (619951), caused by mutation in the H4C9 gene (602833).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1810348">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1808159"><div><strong>Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 75, with neuropsychiatric features and variant lissencephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1808159</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5676961</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder-75 with neuropsychiatric features and variant lissencephaly (MRT75) is characterized by global developmental delay apparent from infancy or early childhood and moderate to profoundly impaired intellectual development. Most affected individuals have behavioral abnormalities, including aggression and ADHD; a few have psychiatric manifestations, including psychosis. More variable additional features include well-controlled seizures and dysmorphic facial features. Brain imaging often shows frontal predominant pachygyria or other gyri/sulci abnormalities, consistent with a variant of lissencephaly and a malformation of cortical development (MCD) (summary by Zaki et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1808159">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1823985"><div><strong>Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 106</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1823985</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774212</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-106 (DEE106) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the onset of various types of frequent, often refractory, seizures within the first year of life. Affected individuals demonstrate profound global developmental delay with limited ability to move and severely impaired intellectual development with absent speech. Nonspecific brain abnormalities may be observed on MRI (Ni et al., 2021).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1823985">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1841089"><div><strong>Congenital myopathy 22A, classic</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1841089</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5830453</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Classic congenital myopathy-22A (CMYO22A) is an autosomal recessive muscle disorder characterized by onset of muscle weakness in utero or soon after birth. Early features may include fetal hypokinesia, breech presentation, and polyhydramnios. Affected individuals are born with severe hypotonia and require respiratory and feeding assistance. Those who survive the neonatal period show a 'classic' phenotype of congenital myopathy with delayed motor development, difficulty walking, proximal muscle weakness of the upper and lower limbs, facial and neck muscle weakness, easy fatigability, and mild limb contractures or foot deformities. Some have persistent respiratory insufficiency; dysmorphic facial features may be present (Zaharieva et al., 2016).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital myopathy, see CMYO1A (117000).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1841089">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1845438"><div><strong>Fliedner-Zweier syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1845438</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5882693</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fliedner-Zweier syndrome (FZS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable manifestations including mild intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral abnormalities, and various skeletal and structural anomalies (Fliedner et al., 2020).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1845438">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1859300"><div><strong>Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 1B</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1859300</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5935582</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Collagen VI-related dystrophies (COL6-RDs) represent a continuum of overlapping clinical phenotypes with Bethlem muscular dystrophy at the milder end, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) at the more severe end, and a phenotype in between UCMD and Bethlem muscular dystrophy, referred to as intermediate COL6-RD. Bethlem muscular dystrophy is characterized by a combination of proximal muscle weakness and joint contractures. Hypotonia and delayed motor milestones occur in early childhood; mild hypotonia and weakness may be present congenitally. By adulthood, there is evidence of proximal weakness and contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons, and long finger flexors. The progression of weakness is slow, and more than two thirds of affected individuals older than age 50 years remain independently ambulatory indoors, while relying on supportive means for mobility outdoors. Respiratory involvement is not a consistent feature. UCMD is characterized by congenital weakness, hypotonia, proximal joint contractures, and striking hyperlaxity of distal joints. Decreased fetal movements are frequently reported. Some affected children acquire the ability to walk independently; however, progression of the disease results in a loss of ambulation by age ten to eleven years. Early and severe respiratory insufficiency occurs in all individuals, resulting in the need for nocturnal noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the form of bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) by age 11 years. Intermediate COL6-RD is characterized by independent ambulation past age 11 years and respiratory insufficiency that is later in onset than in UCMD and results in the need for NIV in the form of BiPAP by the late teens to early 20s. In contrast to individuals with Bethlem muscular dystrophy, those with intermediate COL6-RD typically do not achieve the ability to run, jump, or climb stairs without use of a railing.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1859300">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934599" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1811526" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gastrointestinal defects and immunodeficiency syndrome 2</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1675423" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual developmental disorder with abnormal behavior, microcephaly, and short stature</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648498" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1648339" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1808159" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 75, with neuropsychiatric features and variant lissencephaly</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1808193" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability and myopathy syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_138111" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">PMM2-congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_343386" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_350085" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spinocerebellar ataxia type 29</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794267" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Trichothiodystrophy 8, nonphotosensitive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1859300" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 1B</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1785087" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">White-Kernohan syndrome</a></div></span></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26564925">Evaluation and Prism Management of Divergence Insufficiency Esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Haller T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Orthopt J</span>
2015;65:40-3.
doi: 10.3368/aoj.65.1.40.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26564925" target="_blank">26564925</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/677210">Efficacy of bifocals in the treatment of accommodative esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">von Noorden GK,
Morris J,
Edelman P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Ophthalmol</span>
1978 Jun;85(6):830-4.
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)78113-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/677210" target="_blank">677210</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/5602906">Etiology and treatment of comitant esodeviation in preschool and school ages.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hefni W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt</span>
1967;60(64):137-53.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/5602906" target="_blank">5602906</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22esodeviation%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (14)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37182653">Demographic and clinical characteristics of age-related distance esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fong JW,
Chacko JG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2023 Jun;27(3):145.e1-145.e3.
Epub 2023 May 12
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.04.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37182653" target="_blank">37182653</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33783335">Preoperative Predictors for Esodeviation and Exodeviation after Cataract Surgery in Children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Trivedi RH,
Wilson ME</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil</span>
2021 Apr-Jun;71(2):41-44.
Epub 2021 Mar 30
doi: 10.1080/2576117X.2021.1891829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33783335" target="_blank">33783335</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30160298">The Value of Fusional Convergence Amplitudes in Esodeviation Surgery Without Adjustable Sutures.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maudgil A,
Raoof N,
Burke J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
2018 Nov 19;55(6):375-381.
Epub 2018 Aug 29
doi: 10.3928/01913913-20180620-03.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30160298" target="_blank">30160298</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19343968">Ophthalmic abnormalities in children with Down syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Creavin AL,
Brown RD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
2009 Mar-Apr;46(2):76-82.
doi: 10.3928/01913913-20090301-06.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19343968" target="_blank">19343968</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16414516">Long-term study of accommodative esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ludwig IH,
Imberman SP,
Thompson HW,
Parks MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2005 Dec;9(6):522-6.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2005.09.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16414516" target="_blank">16414516</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Esodeviation%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (219)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38203298">Expanding the Phenotype of Hereditary Congenital Facial Paresis Type 3.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Murtazina A,
Borovikov A,
Kuchina A,
Ovsova O,
Bulakh M,
Chukhrova A,
Braslavskaya S,
Ryzhkova O,
Skryabin N,
Kutsev S,
Dadali E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2023 Dec 21;25(1)
doi: 10.3390/ijms25010129.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38203298" target="_blank">38203298</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10779017" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37182653">Demographic and clinical characteristics of age-related distance esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fong JW,
Chacko JG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2023 Jun;27(3):145.e1-145.e3.
Epub 2023 May 12
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.04.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37182653" target="_blank">37182653</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26122540">Neuro-ophthalmology and neuro-otology update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gold DR,
Zee DS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2015 Dec;262(12):2786-92.
Epub 2015 Jun 30
doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7825-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26122540" target="_blank">26122540</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19343968">Ophthalmic abnormalities in children with Down syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Creavin AL,
Brown RD</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
2009 Mar-Apr;46(2):76-82.
doi: 10.3928/01913913-20090301-06.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19343968" target="_blank">19343968</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1890570">Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of intermittent esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Molarte AB,
Rosenbaum AL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
1991 May-Jun;28(3):137-41; discussion 142.
doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19910501-06.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1890570" target="_blank">1890570</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Esodeviation%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (78)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26235793">Plication augmentation of the modified Hummelsheim procedure for treatment of large-angle esotropia due to abducens nerve palsy and type 1 Duane syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kinori M,
Miller KE,
Cochran M,
Patil PA,
El Sahn M,
Khayali S,
Robbins SL,
Hertle RW,
Granet DB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2015 Aug;19(4):311-5.
Epub 2015 Jul 30
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.05.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26235793" target="_blank">26235793</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10387475">Comitant strabismus.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cibis GW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Opin Ophthalmol</span>
1998 Oct;9(5):15-9.
doi: 10.1097/00055735-199810000-00004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10387475" target="_blank">10387475</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9208080">Pseudomyopia in a patient with blocked ventriculo-peritoneal shunt--a case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Voon LW,
Goh KY,
Lim TH,
Tan KK,
Yong VS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Acad Med Singap</span>
1997 Mar;26(2):229-31.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9208080" target="_blank">9208080</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1919966">Predictors of prism response during prism adaptation. Prism Adaptation Study Research Group.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Repka MX,
Wentworth D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
1991 Jul-Aug;28(4):202-5.
doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19910701-04.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1919966" target="_blank">1919966</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/490272">Miotics vs glasses in esodeviation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hiatt RL,
Ringer C,
Cope-Troupe C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
1979 Jul-Aug;16(4):213-7.
doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19790701-03.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/490272" target="_blank">490272</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Esodeviation%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (30)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33783335">Preoperative Predictors for Esodeviation and Exodeviation after Cataract Surgery in Children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Trivedi RH,
Wilson ME</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil</span>
2021 Apr-Jun;71(2):41-44.
Epub 2021 Mar 30
doi: 10.1080/2576117X.2021.1891829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33783335" target="_blank">33783335</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16414516">Long-term study of accommodative esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ludwig IH,
Imberman SP,
Thompson HW,
Parks MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J AAPOS</span>
2005 Dec;9(6):522-6.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2005.09.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16414516" target="_blank">16414516</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/8410574">Binocularity in accommodative esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wilson ME,
Bluestein EC,
Parks MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
1993 Jul-Aug;30(4):233-6.
doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19930701-04.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/8410574" target="_blank">8410574</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1890570">Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of intermittent esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Molarte AB,
Rosenbaum AL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
1991 May-Jun;28(3):137-41; discussion 142.
doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19910501-06.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1890570" target="_blank">1890570</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7335304">Clinical and computer-assisted analyses of preoperative and postoperative accommodative convergence and accommodation relationships.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bateman JB,
Parks MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmology</span>
1981 Oct;88(10):1024-30.
doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(81)80031-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7335304" target="_blank">7335304</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Esodeviation%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (138)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38281727">Risk of serious intracranial pathology in children presenting with acute acquired comitant esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Côté E,
Reginald YA,
Wan MJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can J Ophthalmol</span>
2024 Dec;59(6):e819-e823.
Epub 2024 Jan 25
doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.01.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38281727" target="_blank">38281727</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33783335">Preoperative Predictors for Esodeviation and Exodeviation after Cataract Surgery in Children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Trivedi RH,
Wilson ME</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil</span>
2021 Apr-Jun;71(2):41-44.
Epub 2021 Mar 30
doi: 10.1080/2576117X.2021.1891829.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33783335" target="_blank">33783335</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30160298">The Value of Fusional Convergence Amplitudes in Esodeviation Surgery Without Adjustable Sutures.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Maudgil A,
Raoof N,
Burke J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</span>
2018 Nov 19;55(6):375-381.
Epub 2018 Aug 29
doi: 10.3928/01913913-20180620-03.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30160298" target="_blank">30160298</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29284428">Unilateral lateral rectus muscle advancement surgery based on one-fourth of the angle of consecutive esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim JY,
Lee SJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Ophthalmol</span>
2017 Dec 29;17(1):266.
doi: 10.1186/s12886-017-0658-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29284428" target="_blank">29284428</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5747173" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26669419">Preoperative Factors Affecting Stereopsis after Surgical Alignment of Acquired Partially Accommodative Esotropia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Iordanous Y,
Mao A,
Makar I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Strabismus</span>
2015;23(4):151-8.
doi: 10.3109/09273972.2015.1099708.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26669419" target="_blank">26669419</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Esodeviation%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (65)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37640228">Strabismus outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing disconnective hemispheric surgery for intractable epilepsy: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pur DR,
Sivakumar GK,
Bursztyn LLCD,
Iordanous Y,
de Ribaupierre S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can J Ophthalmol</span>
2024 Oct;59(5):e547-e556.
Epub 2023 Aug 25
doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2023.07.021.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37640228" target="_blank">37640228</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35226900">Refractive Surgery for Older Children and Adults with Accommodative Esotropia: A Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ferreira A,
Marta A,
Baptista PM,
Caiado F,
Abreu AC,
Maia S,
Miranda V,
Pinto MC,
Parreira R,
Menéres P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ophthalmic Res</span>
2022;65(4):361-376.
Epub 2022 Feb 28
doi: 10.1159/000523816.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35226900" target="_blank">35226900</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Esodeviation%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Esodeviation" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22esodeviation%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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