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<meta name="keywords" content="C4310669, disease or syndrome, nedd4l, nedd4l periventricular nodular heterotopia, periventricular nodular heterotopia 7, periventricular nodular heterotopia 7; pvnh7, periventricular nodular heterotopia caused by mutation in nedd4l, periventricular nodular heterotopia type 7, pvnh7, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Periventricular nodular heterotopia-7 (PVNH7) is a neurologic disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal migration during brain development resulting in delayed psychomotor development and intellectual disability; some patients develop seizures. Other features include cleft palate and 2-3 toe syndactyly (summary by Broix et al., 2016).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of periventricular heterotopia, see 300049." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<title>Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7 (Concept Id: C4310669)
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<!--
UID=934636
ConceptID=C4310669
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7<span class="h1sub">(PVNH7)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934636</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C4310669</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>PVNH7</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="NEDD4L - ID: 23327 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/23327" class="medgenPMinfo">NEDD4L</a> (18q21.31)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0014966" target="_blank">MONDO:0014966</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/617201" target="_blank">617201</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Periventricular nodular heterotopia-7 (PVNH7) is a neurologic disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal migration during brain development resulting in delayed psychomotor development and intellectual disability; some patients develop seizures. Other features include cleft palate and 2-3 toe syndactyly (summary by Broix et al., 2016).&#13; For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of periventricular heterotopia, see 300049. [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8192"><div><strong>Cryptorchidism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8192</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0010417</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8192">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cryptorchidism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208192%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_3130"><div><strong>Clubfoot</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3130</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009081</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3130">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Clubfoot%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%203130%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98042"><div><strong>Knee flexion contracture</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98042</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0409355</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of knee joint contracture in which the knee is in a fixed bent (flexed) configuration such that it cannot be straightened actively or passively.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98042">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Knee%20flexion%20contracture%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098042%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_340456"><div><strong>Clinodactyly of the 5th finger</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340456</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1850049</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340456">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Clinodactyly%20of%20the%205th%20finger%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20340456%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_869299"><div><strong>1-4 toe syndactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>869299</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4023725</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Syndactyly with fusion of toes one to four.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/869299">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%221-4%20toe%20syndactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20869299%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_869305"><div><strong>4-5 finger cutaneous syndactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>869305</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4023731</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A soft tissue continuity in the anteroposterior axis between the fourth (ring) to the fifth (little) finger that extends distally to at least the level of the proximal interphalangeal joints.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/869305">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%224-5%20finger%20cutaneous%20syndactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20869305%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1645640"><div><strong>2-3 toe syndactyly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1645640</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551570</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Syndactyly with fusion of toes two and three.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1645640">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%222-3%20toe%20syndactyly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201645640%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_42366"><div><strong>Ventricular septal defect</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>42366</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018818</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/42366">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ventricular%20septal%20defect%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2042366%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_746019"><div><strong>Failure to thrive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>746019</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2315100</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/746019">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Failure%20to%20thrive%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20746019%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65429"><div><strong>Feeding difficulties</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65429</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0232466</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65429">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Feeding%20difficulties%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065429%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9164"><div><strong>Sensorineural hearing loss disorder</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9164</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0018784</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9164">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Sensorineural%20hearing%20loss%20disorder%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209164%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_849"><div><strong>Cerebellar ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>849</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0007758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/849">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebellar%20ataxia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20849%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20693"><div><strong>Seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0036572</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_78605"><div><strong>Polymicrogyria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78605</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266464</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Polymicrogyria is a congenital malformation of the cerebral cortex characterized by abnormal cortical layering (lamination) and an excessive number of small gyri (folds).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78605">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Polymicrogyria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2078605%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_452349"><div><strong>Gray matter heterotopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>452349</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0266491</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Heterotopia or neuronal heterotopia are macroscopic clusters of misplaced neurons (gray matter), most often situated along the ventricular walls or within the subcortical white matter.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/452349">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Gray%20matter%20heterotopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20452349%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87376"><div><strong>Choroid plexus cyst</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87376</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0338597</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A cyst occurring within the choroid plexus within a cerebral ventricle.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87376">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Choroid%20plexus%20cyst%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087376%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_138005"><div><strong>Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>138005</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/138005">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoplasia%20of%20the%20corpus%20callosum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20138005%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98129"><div><strong>Cortical dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98129</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0431380</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of developmental dysplasia of the cerebral cortex.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98129">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cortical%20dysplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098129%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_105318"><div><strong>Delayed speech and language development</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105318</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0454644</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105318">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20speech%20and%20language%20development%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20105318%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_195766"><div><strong>Hypsarrhythmia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>195766</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0684276</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypsarrhythmia is abnormal interictal high amplitude waves and a background of irregular spikes. There is continuous (during wakefulness), high-amplitude (&gt;200 Hz), generalized polymorphic slowing with no organized background and multifocal spikes demonstrated by electroencephalography (EEG).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/195766">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypsarrhythmia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20195766%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_256151"><div><strong>Persistent head lag</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>256151</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1141883</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The Premie-Neuro and the Dubowitz Neurological Examination score head lag in the same manner. Scoring for both is as follows</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/256151">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Persistent%20head%20lag%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20256151%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332508"><div><strong>Delayed gross motor development</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332508</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837658</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of motor delay characterized by a delay in acquiring the ability to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting, and crawling.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332508">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20gross%20motor%20development%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332508%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_340737"><div><strong>Absent speech</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340737</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854882</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340737">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Absent%20speech%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20340737%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_358387"><div><strong>Periventricular nodular heterotopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>358387</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1868720</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nodules of heterotopia along the ventricular walls. There can be a single nodule or a large number of nodules, they can exist on either or both sides of the brain at any point along the higher ventricle margins, they can be small or large, single or multiple.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/358387">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20358387%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_854616"><div><strong>Infantile spasms</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854616</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887898</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Infantile spasms represent a subset of "epileptic spasms". Infantile Spasms are epileptic spasms starting in the first year of life (infancy).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854616">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Infantile%20spasms%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20854616%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867393"><div><strong>Delayed CNS myelination</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867393</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021758</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Delayed myelination in the central nervous system.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867393">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Delayed%20CNS%20myelination%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867393%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1385688"><div><strong>Generalized non-motor (absence) seizure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1385688</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4316903</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A generalized non-motor (absence) seizure is a type of a type of dialeptic seizure that is of electrographically generalized onset. It is a generalized seizure characterized by an interruption of activities, a blank stare, and usually the person will be unresponsive when spoken to. Any ictal motor phenomena are minor in comparison to these non-motor features.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1385688">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Generalized%20non-motor%20(absence)%20seizure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201385688%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44428"><div><strong>Micrognathia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44428</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0025990</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44428">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Micrognathia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044428%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_10133"><div><strong>Hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>10133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026827</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/10133">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2010133%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65142"><div><strong>Dolichocephaly</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65142</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0221358</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a increased anterior-posterior diameter, i.e., an increased antero-posterior dimension of the skull. Cephalic index less than 76%. Alternatively, an apparently increased antero-posterior length of the head compared to width. Often due to premature closure of the sagittal suture.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65142">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dolichocephaly%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065142%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_331445"><div><strong>Elbow contracture</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331445</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1833142</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A limitation in the passive range of motion of the elbow resulting from loss of elasticity in the periarticular tissues owing to structural changes of non-bony tissues, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules or skin.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331445">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Elbow%20contracture%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20331445%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_326907"><div><strong>Microretrognathia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>326907</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1839546</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/326907">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Microretrognathia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20326907%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_342959"><div><strong>Axial hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>342959</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853743</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/342959">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Axial%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20342959%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867093"><div><strong>Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 2nd finger</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867093</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021451</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic loss of joint motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 2nd finger due to structural changes in non-bony tissue.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867093">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Contracture%20of%20the%20proximal%20interphalangeal%20joint%20of%20the%202nd%20finger%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867093%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867109"><div><strong>Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 3rd finger</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867109</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021467</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Anatomical Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Chronic loss of joint motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 3rd finger due to structural changes in non-bony tissue.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867109">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Contracture%20of%20the%20proximal%20interphalangeal%20joint%20of%20the%203rd%20finger%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867109%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44435"><div><strong>Narrow mouth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44435</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026034</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44435">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Narrow%20mouth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044435%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_19310"><div><strong>Isolated Pierre-Robin syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19310</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0031900</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pierre Robin sequence is a craniofacial anomaly comprising mandibular hypoplasia, cleft secondary palate, and glossoptosis leading to life-threatening obstructive apnea and feeding difficulties during the neonatal period (summary by Tan et al., 2013).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/19310">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Isolated%20Pierre-Robin%20syndrome%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2019310%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_11850"><div><strong>Dental crowding</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11850</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0040433</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Changes in alignment of teeth in the dental arch</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11850">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dental%20crowding%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2011850%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_116087"><div><strong>Round face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>116087</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0239479</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The facial appearance is more circular than usual as viewed from the front.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/116087">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Round%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20116087%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324419"><div><strong>Long face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324419</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836047</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Facial height (length) is more than 2 standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, an apparent increase in the height (length) of the face (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324419">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Long%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324419%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_326648"><div><strong>Anteverted nares</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>326648</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1840077</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/326648">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Anteverted%20nares%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20326648%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_343052"><div><strong>Short nose</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343052</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854114</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343052">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20nose%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20343052%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_756015"><div><strong>Cleft palate</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>756015</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2981150</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/756015">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cleft%20palate%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20756015%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41917"><div><strong>Proptosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41917</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0015300</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41917">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Proptosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041917%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_9373"><div><strong>Hypertelorism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>9373</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020534</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/9373">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypertelorism%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%209373%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_44558"><div><strong>Myopia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44558</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0027092</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44558">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Myopia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2044558%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_124399"><div><strong>Horizontal nystagmus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>124399</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0271385</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nystagmus consisting of horizontal to-and-fro eye movements.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/124399">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Horizontal%20nystagmus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20124399%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_473112"><div><strong>Deeply set eye</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>473112</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423224</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An eye that is more deeply recessed into the plane of the face than is typical.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/473112">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Deeply%20set%20eye%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20473112%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_108218"><div><strong>Optic disc pallor</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>108218</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0554970</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A pale yellow discoloration of the optic disc (the area of the optic nerve head in the retina). The optic disc normally has a pinkish hue with a central yellowish depression.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/108218">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20disc%20pallor%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20108218%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_890568"><div><strong>Cerebral visual impairment</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>890568</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4048268</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A form of loss of vision caused by damage to the visual cortex rather than a defect in the eye.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/890568">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Cerebral%20visual%20impairment%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20890568%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1637525"><div><strong>Exodeviation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1637525</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551670</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A manifest or latent ocular deviation in which one or both eyes tends to deviate temporally.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1637525">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Exodeviation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201637525%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_326648" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anteverted nares</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_756015" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cleft palate</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_11850" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dental crowding</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_19310" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Isolated Pierre-Robin syndrome</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324419" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Long face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44435" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Narrow mouth</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_116087" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Round face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_343052" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short nose</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_869299" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">1-4 toe syndactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1645640" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">2-3 toe syndactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_869305" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">4-5 finger cutaneous syndactyly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_340456" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Clinodactyly of the 5th finger</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_3130" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Clubfoot</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98042" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Knee flexion contracture</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the cardiovascular system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_42366" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventricular septal defect</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65429" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Feeding difficulties</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_890568" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebral visual impairment</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_473112" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Deeply set eye</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1637525" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Exodeviation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_124399" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Horizontal nystagmus</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9373" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypertelorism</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44558" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_108218" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic disc pallor</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41917" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Proptosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the genitourinary system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8192" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cryptorchidism</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_342959" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Axial hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867093" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 2nd finger</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867109" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 3rd finger</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65142" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dolichocephaly</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_331445" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Elbow contracture</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_10133" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_44428" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Micrognathia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_326907" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Microretrognathia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_340737" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Absent speech</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_849" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cerebellar ataxia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87376" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Choroid plexus cyst</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98129" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cortical dysplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867393" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed CNS myelination</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332508" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed gross motor development</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_105318" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Delayed speech and language development</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1385688" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Generalized non-motor (absence) seizure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_452349" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gray matter heterotopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_138005" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_195766" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypsarrhythmia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_854616" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Infantile spasms</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_358387" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Periventricular nodular heterotopia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_256151" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Persistent head lag</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_78605" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Polymicrogyria</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Seizure</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Ear malformation</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_9164" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sensorineural hearing loss disorder</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_746019" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Failure to thrive</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37574439">X-linked neuronal migration disorders: Gender differences and insights for genetic screening.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Edey J,
Soleimani-Nouri P,
Dawson-Kavanagh A,
Imran Azeem MS,
Episkopou V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Dev Neurosci</span>
2023 Nov;83(7):581-599.
Epub 2023 Aug 13
doi: 10.1002/jdn.10290.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37574439" target="_blank">37574439</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31163364">Treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia using RNS® System: Efficacy and description of chronic electrophysiological recordings.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nune G,
Arcot Desai S,
Razavi B,
Agostini MA,
Bergey GK,
Herekar AA,
Hirsch LJ,
Lee RW,
Rutecki PA,
Srinivasan S,
Van Ness PC,
Tcheng TK,
Morrell MJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Neurophysiol</span>
2019 Aug;130(8):1196-1207.
Epub 2019 May 9
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.706.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31163364" target="_blank">31163364</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11749114">Epileptogenic brain malformations: clinical presentation, malformative patterns and indications for genetic testing.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Guerrini R,
Carrozzo R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Seizure</span>
2001 Oct;10(7):532-43; quiz 544-7.
doi: 10.1053/seiz.2001.0650.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11749114" target="_blank">11749114</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39297387">Laser Ablation of Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia for Medically Refractory Epilepsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McCormack RM,
Chandran AS,
Lhatoo SD,
Pati S,
Li Z,
Harris K,
Lacuey N,
Kalamangalam G,
Thompson S,
Tandon N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Neurol</span>
2024 Dec;96(6):1174-1184.
Epub 2024 Sep 19
doi: 10.1002/ana.27059.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39297387" target="_blank">39297387</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37574439">X-linked neuronal migration disorders: Gender differences and insights for genetic screening.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Edey J,
Soleimani-Nouri P,
Dawson-Kavanagh A,
Imran Azeem MS,
Episkopou V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Dev Neurosci</span>
2023 Nov;83(7):581-599.
Epub 2023 Aug 13
doi: 10.1002/jdn.10290.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37574439" target="_blank">37574439</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37119372">The phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Paliotti K,
Dassi C,
Berrahmoune S,
Bejaran ML,
Davila CEV,
Martinez AB,
Estupiñà MCF,
Mancardi MM,
Riva A,
Giacomini T,
Severino M,
Romaniello R,
Dubeau F,
Srour M,
Myers KA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Aug;270(8):3934-3945.
Epub 2023 Apr 29
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11724-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37119372" target="_blank">37119372</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35660364">The clinical and imaging features of FLNA positive and negative periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lu YT,
Hsu CY,
Liu YT,
Chan CK,
Chuang YC,
Lin CH,
Chang KP,
Ho CJ,
Ng CC,
Lim KS,
Tsai MH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Biomed J</span>
2022 Jun;45(3):542-548.
Epub 2021 May 20
doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.05.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35660364" target="_blank">35660364</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9421925" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26471271">47 patients with FLNA associated periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lange M,
Kasper B,
Bohring A,
Rutsch F,
Kluger G,
Hoffjan S,
Spranger S,
Behnecke A,
Ferbert A,
Hahn A,
Oehl-Jaschkowitz B,
Graul-Neumann L,
Diepold K,
Schreyer I,
Bernhard MK,
Mueller F,
Siebers-Renelt U,
Beleza-Meireles A,
Uyanik G,
Janssens S,
Boltshauser E,
Winkler J,
Schuierer G,
Hehr U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2015 Oct 15;10:134.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0331-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26471271" target="_blank">26471271</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4608144" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (29)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39510553">Pulmonary hypertension in patients carrying FLNA loss-of-function variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stourm L,
Grynblat J,
Savale L,
Lacoste-Palasset T,
Jaïs X,
Coulet F,
Levy M,
Meyrignac O,
Ghigna MR,
Cottin V,
Sitbon O,
Bonnet D,
Goupil F,
Humbert M,
Gagnadoux F,
Montani D;
French PH Network PULMOTENSION Investigators</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Respir J</span>
2025 Mar;65(3)
Epub 2025 Mar 6
doi: 10.1183/13993003.01132-2024.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39510553" target="_blank">39510553</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36229163">Distinctive Brain Malformations in Zhu-Tokita-Takenouchi-Kim Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Halliday BJ,
Baynam G,
Ewans L,
Greenhalgh L,
Leventer RJ,
Pilz DT,
Sachdev R,
Scheffer IE,
Markie DM,
McGillivray G,
Robertson SP,
Mandelstam S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</span>
2022 Nov;43(11):1660-1666.
Epub 2022 Oct 13
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7663.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36229163" target="_blank">36229163</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9731255" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26471271">47 patients with FLNA associated periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lange M,
Kasper B,
Bohring A,
Rutsch F,
Kluger G,
Hoffjan S,
Spranger S,
Behnecke A,
Ferbert A,
Hahn A,
Oehl-Jaschkowitz B,
Graul-Neumann L,
Diepold K,
Schreyer I,
Bernhard MK,
Mueller F,
Siebers-Renelt U,
Beleza-Meireles A,
Uyanik G,
Janssens S,
Boltshauser E,
Winkler J,
Schuierer G,
Hehr U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2015 Oct 15;10:134.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0331-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26471271" target="_blank">26471271</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4608144" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23151899">Periventricular nodular heterotopia on prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blondiaux E,
Sileo C,
Nahama-Allouche C,
Moutard ML,
Gelot A,
Jouannic JM,
Ducou le Pointe H,
Garel C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</span>
2013 Aug;42(2):149-55.
doi: 10.1002/uog.12340.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23151899" target="_blank">23151899</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22678982">Periventricular heterotopia with white matter abnormalities associated with 6p25 deletion.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cellini E,
Disciglio V,
Novara F,
Barkovich JA,
Mencarelli MA,
Hayek J,
Renieri A,
Zuffardi O,
Guerrini R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med Genet A</span>
2012 Jul;158A(7):1793-7.
Epub 2012 Jun 7
doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35416.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22678982" target="_blank">22678982</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (24)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34087865">Admixed phenotype of NEDD4L associated periventricular nodular heterotopia: A case report.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pecimonova M,
Radvanszky J,
Smolak D,
Budis J,
Lichvar M,
Kristinova D,
Rozova I,
Turna J,
Szemes T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Medicine (Baltimore)</span>
2021 Jun 4;100(22):e26136.
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026136.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34087865" target="_blank">34087865</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8183750" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31163364">Treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia using RNS® System: Efficacy and description of chronic electrophysiological recordings.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Nune G,
Arcot Desai S,
Razavi B,
Agostini MA,
Bergey GK,
Herekar AA,
Hirsch LJ,
Lee RW,
Rutecki PA,
Srinivasan S,
Van Ness PC,
Tcheng TK,
Morrell MJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Neurophysiol</span>
2019 Aug;130(8):1196-1207.
Epub 2019 May 9
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.706.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31163364" target="_blank">31163364</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30683929">Multiple genomic copy number variants associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia indicate extreme genetic heterogeneity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cellini E,
Vetro A,
Conti V,
Marini C,
Doccini V,
Clementella C,
Parrini E,
Giglio S,
Della Monica M,
Fichera M,
Musumeci SA,
Guerrini R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Hum Genet</span>
2019 Jun;27(6):909-918.
Epub 2019 Jan 25
doi: 10.1038/s41431-019-0335-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30683929" target="_blank">30683929</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6777581" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20637656">Absence epilepsy and periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">de Wit MC,
Schippers HM,
de Coo IF,
Arts WF,
Lequin MH,
Brooks A,
Visser GH,
Mancini GM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Seizure</span>
2010 Sep;19(7):450-2.
Epub 2010 Jul 15
doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.06.013.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20637656" target="_blank">20637656</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (4)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39510553">Pulmonary hypertension in patients carrying FLNA loss-of-function variants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stourm L,
Grynblat J,
Savale L,
Lacoste-Palasset T,
Jaïs X,
Coulet F,
Levy M,
Meyrignac O,
Ghigna MR,
Cottin V,
Sitbon O,
Bonnet D,
Goupil F,
Humbert M,
Gagnadoux F,
Montani D;
French PH Network PULMOTENSION Investigators</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur Respir J</span>
2025 Mar;65(3)
Epub 2025 Mar 6
doi: 10.1183/13993003.01132-2024.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39510553" target="_blank">39510553</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39297387">Laser Ablation of Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia for Medically Refractory Epilepsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McCormack RM,
Chandran AS,
Lhatoo SD,
Pati S,
Li Z,
Harris K,
Lacuey N,
Kalamangalam G,
Thompson S,
Tandon N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Neurol</span>
2024 Dec;96(6):1174-1184.
Epub 2024 Sep 19
doi: 10.1002/ana.27059.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39297387" target="_blank">39297387</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37119372">The phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Paliotti K,
Dassi C,
Berrahmoune S,
Bejaran ML,
Davila CEV,
Martinez AB,
Estupiñà MCF,
Mancardi MM,
Riva A,
Giacomini T,
Severino M,
Romaniello R,
Dubeau F,
Srour M,
Myers KA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Aug;270(8):3934-3945.
Epub 2023 Apr 29
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11724-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37119372" target="_blank">37119372</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36934385">Genetic analysis of periventricular nodular heterotopia 7 caused by a novel NEDD4L missense mutation: Case and literature summary.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu J,
Hu J,
Duan Y,
Qin R,
Guo C,
Zhou H,
Liu H,
Liu C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Genet Genomic Med</span>
2023 Jul;11(7):e2169.
Epub 2023 Mar 19
doi: 10.1002/mgg3.2169.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36934385" target="_blank">36934385</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10337284" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9153529">Periventricular nodular heterotopia and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: poor outcome after temporal lobe resection.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Li LM,
Dubeau F,
Andermann F,
Fish DR,
Watson C,
Cascino GD,
Berkovic SF,
Moran N,
Duncan JS,
Olivier A,
Leblanc R,
Harkness W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Neurol</span>
1997 May;41(5):662-8.
doi: 10.1002/ana.410410516.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9153529" target="_blank">9153529</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (15)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39297387">Laser Ablation of Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia for Medically Refractory Epilepsy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">McCormack RM,
Chandran AS,
Lhatoo SD,
Pati S,
Li Z,
Harris K,
Lacuey N,
Kalamangalam G,
Thompson S,
Tandon N</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Neurol</span>
2024 Dec;96(6):1174-1184.
Epub 2024 Sep 19
doi: 10.1002/ana.27059.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39297387" target="_blank">39297387</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37119372">The phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Paliotti K,
Dassi C,
Berrahmoune S,
Bejaran ML,
Davila CEV,
Martinez AB,
Estupiñà MCF,
Mancardi MM,
Riva A,
Giacomini T,
Severino M,
Romaniello R,
Dubeau F,
Srour M,
Myers KA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol</span>
2023 Aug;270(8):3934-3945.
Epub 2023 Apr 29
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11724-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37119372" target="_blank">37119372</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35660364">The clinical and imaging features of FLNA positive and negative periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lu YT,
Hsu CY,
Liu YT,
Chan CK,
Chuang YC,
Lin CH,
Chang KP,
Ho CJ,
Ng CC,
Lim KS,
Tsai MH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Biomed J</span>
2022 Jun;45(3):542-548.
Epub 2021 May 20
doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.05.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35660364" target="_blank">35660364</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9421925" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26471271">47 patients with FLNA associated periventricular nodular heterotopia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lange M,
Kasper B,
Bohring A,
Rutsch F,
Kluger G,
Hoffjan S,
Spranger S,
Behnecke A,
Ferbert A,
Hahn A,
Oehl-Jaschkowitz B,
Graul-Neumann L,
Diepold K,
Schreyer I,
Bernhard MK,
Mueller F,
Siebers-Renelt U,
Beleza-Meireles A,
Uyanik G,
Janssens S,
Boltshauser E,
Winkler J,
Schuierer G,
Hehr U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2015 Oct 15;10:134.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0331-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26471271" target="_blank">26471271</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4608144" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25686753">Diverse phenotypic consequences of mutations affecting the C-terminus of FLNA.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van Kogelenberg M,
Clark AR,
Jenkins Z,
Morgan T,
Anandan A,
Sawyer GM,
Edwards M,
Dudding T,
Homfray T,
Castle B,
Tolmie J,
Stewart F,
Kivuva E,
Pilz DT,
Gabbett M,
Sutherland-Smith AJ,
Robertson SP</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Mol Med (Berl)</span>
2015 Jul;93(7):773-82.
Epub 2015 Feb 18
doi: 10.1007/s00109-015-1261-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25686753" target="_blank">25686753</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (18)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310669%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (11)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310669%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (15)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310669%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (6)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C4310669%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (16)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=617201" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Molecular_resources">Molecular resources</h1><a sid="115" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=606384" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=23327[geneid]" target="_blank">View NEDD4L variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=617201" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/periventricular_nodular_heterotopia_7" target="_blank">MalaCards</a></li><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Periventricular%20nodular%20heterotopia%207" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li><li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/16210/disease" target="_blank">NCATS Office of Rare Diseases Research (GARD)</a></li></ul></div>
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