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<meta name="keywords" content="C1858517, autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy 1, autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1, autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress, dhmn6, diaphragmatic spinal muscular atrophy, disease or syndrome, distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type vi, distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 6, distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1, distal-hmn type 6, dsma1, hmn 6, hmn vi, hmn6, hmnr1, hmnvi, ighmbp2, ighmbp2 spinal muscular atrophy, neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal recessive 1, neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, harding type vi, neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 6, neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type vi, neuronopathy, severe infantile axonal, with respiratory failure, neuropathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal recessive 1, severe infantile axonal neuropathy with respiratory failure, severe infantile axonal neuropathy with respiratory failure type 1, sianrf, smard1, spinal muscular atrophy caused by mutation in ighmbp2, spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress, spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1, spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1, spinal muscular atrophy, diaphragmatic, spinal muscular atrophy, distal, autosomal recessive, 1, spinal muscular atrophy, distal, autosomal recessive, type 1, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Autosomal recessive distal hereditary motor neuronopathy-1 (HMNR1) is characterized by distal and proximal muscle weakness and diaphragmatic palsy that leads to respiratory distress. Without intervention, most infants with the severe form of the disease die before 2 years of age. Affected individuals present in infancy with inspiratory stridor, weak cry, recurrent bronchopneumonia, and swallowing difficulties. The disorder is caused by distal and progressive motor neuronopathy resulting in muscle weakness (summary by Perego et al., 2020).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Autosomal Recessive Distal Hereditary Motor Neuronopathy&#13; See also HMNR2 (605726), caused by mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene (601978); HMNR3 (607088) (encompassing Harding HMN types III and IV), which maps to chromosome 11q13; HMNR4 (611067), caused by mutation in the PLEKHG5 gene (611101); HMNR5 (614881), caused by mutation in the DNAJB2 gene (604139); HMNR6 (620011), caused by mutation in the REEP1 gene (609139); HMNR7 (619216), caused by mutation in the VWA1 gene (611901); HMNR8 (618912), caused by mutation in the SORD gene (182500); HMNR9 (620402), caused by mutation in the COQ7 gene (601683); HMNR10 (620542), caused by mutation in the VRK1 gene (602168); and HMNR11 (620854), caused by mutation in the RTN2 gene (603183)." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=388083
ConceptID=C1858517
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy 1<span class="h1sub">(SIANRF; SMARD1; DSMA1; DHMN6; HMNR1)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>388083</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1858517</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>HMN VI; NEURONOPATHY, DISTAL HEREDITARY MOTOR, HARDING TYPE VI; Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type VI; NEURONOPATHY, SEVERE INFANTILE AXONAL, WITH RESPIRATORY FAILURE; NEUROPATHY, DISTAL HEREDITARY MOTOR, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 1; SEVERE INFANTILE AXONAL NEUROPATHY WITH RESPIRATORY FAILURE; Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1; SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY, DIAPHRAGMATIC</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (711483003); Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type VI (711483003); Severe infantile axonal neuropathy with respiratory failure (711483003); Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (711483003); Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress (711483003); Autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy 1 (711483003); Diaphragmatic spinal muscular atrophy (711483003)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="IGHMBP2 - ID: 3508 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/3508" class="medgenPMinfo">IGHMBP2</a> (11q13.3)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0011436" target="_blank">MONDO:0011436</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/604320" target="_blank">604320</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=98920">ORPHA98920</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Autosomal recessive distal hereditary motor neuronopathy-1 (HMNR1) is characterized by distal and proximal muscle weakness and diaphragmatic palsy that leads to respiratory distress. Without intervention, most infants with the severe form of the disease die before 2 years of age. Affected individuals present in infancy with inspiratory stridor, weak cry, recurrent bronchopneumonia, and swallowing difficulties. The disorder is caused by distal and progressive motor neuronopathy resulting in muscle weakness (summary by Perego et al., 2020).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Autosomal Recessive Distal Hereditary Motor Neuronopathy&#13; See also HMNR2 (605726), caused by mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene (601978); HMNR3 (607088) (encompassing Harding HMN types III and IV), which maps to chromosome 11q13; HMNR4 (611067), caused by mutation in the PLEKHG5 gene (611101); HMNR5 (614881), caused by mutation in the DNAJB2 gene (604139); HMNR6 (620011), caused by mutation in the REEP1 gene (609139); HMNR7 (619216), caused by mutation in the VWA1 gene (611901); HMNR8 (618912), caused by mutation in the SORD gene (182500); HMNR9 (620402), caused by mutation in the COQ7 gene (601683); HMNR10 (620542), caused by mutation in the VRK1 gene (602168); and HMNR11 (620854), caused by mutation in the RTN2 gene (603183). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_description">Additional description</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is an inherited condition that causes muscle weakness and respiratory failure typically beginning in infancy. Early features of this condition are difficult and noisy breathing, especially when inhaling; a weak cry; problems feeding; and recurrent episodes of pneumonia. Typically between the ages of 6 weeks and 6 months, infants with this condition will experience a sudden inability to breathe due to paralysis of the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity (the diaphragm). Normally, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward during inhalation to allow the lungs to expand. With diaphragm paralysis, affected individuals require life-long support with a machine to help them breathe (mechanical ventilation). Rarely, children with SMARD1 develop signs or symptoms of the disorder later in childhood.<br /><br />Soon after respiratory failure occurs, individuals with SMARD1 develop muscle weakness in their distal muscles. These are the muscles farther from the center of the body, such as muscles in the hands and feet. The weakness soon spreads to all muscles; however, within 2 years, the muscle weakness typically stops getting worse. Some individuals may retain a low level of muscle function, while others lose all ability to move their muscles. Muscle weakness severely impairs motor development, such as sitting, standing, and walking. Some affected children develop an abnormal side-to-side and back-to-front curvature of the spine (scoliosis and kyphosis, often called kyphoscoliosis when they occur together). After approximately the first year of life, individuals with SMARD1 may lose their deep tendon reflexes, such as the reflex being tested when a doctor taps the knee with a hammer.<br /><br />Other features of SMARD1 can include reduced pain sensitivity, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), loss of bladder and bowel control, and an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).  <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spinal-muscular-atrophy-with-respiratory-distress-type-1">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spinal-muscular-atrophy-with-respiratory-distress-type-1</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_22579"><div><strong>Urinary incontinence</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>22579</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0042024</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/22579">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Urinary%20incontinence%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2022579%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_3130"><div><strong>Clubfoot</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>3130</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009081</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/3130">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Clubfoot%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%203130%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107956"><div><strong>Limb muscle weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107956</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0587246</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced strength and weakness of the muscles of the arms and legs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107956">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Limb%20muscle%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107956%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_4693"><div><strong>Fetal growth restriction</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0015934</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4693">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Fetal%20growth%20restriction%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%204693%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65920"><div><strong>Small for gestational age</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65920</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235991</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65920">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Small%20for%20gestational%20age%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065920%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_746019"><div><strong>Failure to thrive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>746019</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2315100</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/746019">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Failure%20to%20thrive%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20746019%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1101"><div><strong>Constipation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1101</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009806</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1101">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Constipation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201101%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_195967"><div><strong>Hyporeflexia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>195967</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0700078</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/195967">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyporeflexia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20195967%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_332464"><div><strong>Axonal degeneration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>332464</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1837496</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/332464">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Axonal%20degeneration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20332464%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_375215"><div><strong>Degeneration of anterior horn cells</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>375215</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1843505</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/375215">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Degeneration%20of%20anterior%20horn%20cells%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20375215%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_347509"><div><strong>Decreased nerve conduction velocity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347509</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857640</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduction in the speed at which electrical signals propagate along the axon of a neuron.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347509">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Decreased%20nerve%20conduction%20velocity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20347509%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_871339"><div><strong>Peripheral axonal degeneration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>871339</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4025830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Progressive deterioration of peripheral axons.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/871339">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Peripheral%20axonal%20degeneration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20871339%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8359"><div><strong>Diaphragmatic eventration</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8359</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011981</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A congenital failure of muscular development of part or all of one or both hemidiaphragms, resulting in superior displacement of abdominal viscera and altered lung development.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8359">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diaphragmatic%20eventration%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208359%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_7755"><div><strong>Spinal muscular atrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7755</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026847</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy resulting from progressive degeneration and irreversible loss of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord (i.e., lower motor neurons) and the brain stem nuclei. The onset of weakness ranges from before birth to adulthood. The weakness is symmetric, proximal greater than distal, and progressive. Before the genetic basis of SMA was understood, it was classified into clinical subtypes based on maximum motor function achieved; however, it is now apparent that the phenotype of SMN1-associated SMA spans a continuum without clear delineation of subtypes. With supportive care only, poor weight gain with growth failure, restrictive lung disease, scoliosis, and joint contractures are common complications; however, newly available targeted treatment options are changing the natural history of the disease.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7755">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%207755%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_98041"><div><strong>Camptodactyly of finger</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98041</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0409348</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The distal interphalangeal joint and/or the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers cannot be extended to 180 degrees by either active or passive extension.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98041">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Camptodactyly%20of%20finger%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2098041%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_140883"><div><strong>Distal muscle weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140883</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0427065</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced strength of the musculature of the distal extremities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140883">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Distal%20muscle%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20140883%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_101067"><div><strong>Diaphragmatic weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>101067</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0521532</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A decrease in the strength of the diaphragm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/101067">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diaphragmatic%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20101067%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_338530"><div><strong>Distal amyotrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>338530</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848736</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Muscular atrophy affecting muscles in the distal portions of the extremities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/338530">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Distal%20amyotrophy%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20338530%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_346925"><div><strong>Denervation of the diaphragm</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346925</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858529</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Interruption of the innervation of the diaphragm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346925">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Denervation%20of%20the%20diaphragm%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20346925%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_412209"><div><strong>Neonatal hypotonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>412209</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2267233</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) manifesting in the neonatal period.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/412209">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Neonatal%20hypotonia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20412209%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_867363"><div><strong>EMG: neuropathic changes</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>867363</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4021727</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of characteristic findings of denervation on electromyography (fibrillations, positive sharp waves, and giant motor unit potentials).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/867363">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22EMG%3A%20neuropathic%20changes%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20867363%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1632032"><div><strong>Diaphragmatic paralysis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1632032</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551685</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The presence of a paralyzed diaphragm.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1632032">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Diaphragmatic%20paralysis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201632032%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66669"><div><strong>Tachypnea</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66669</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231835</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Very rapid breathing.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66669">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Tachypnea%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066669%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_146165"><div><strong>Inspiratory stridor</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>146165</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0677600</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inspiratory stridor is a high pitched sound upon inspiration that is generally related to laryngeal abnormalities.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/146165">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Inspiratory%20stridor%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20146165%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_257837"><div><strong>Respiratory failure</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>257837</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1145670</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A severe form of respiratory insufficiency characterized by inadequate gas exchange such that the levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide cannot be maintained within normal limits.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/257837">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Respiratory%20failure%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20257837%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_870643"><div><strong>Ventilator dependence with inability to wean</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>870643</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4025097</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/870643">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Ventilator%20dependence%20with%20inability%20to%20wean%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20870643%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_65892"><div><strong>Weak cry</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65892</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0234860</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65892">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Weak%20cry%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2065892%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_5690"><div><strong>Hyperhidrosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>5690</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0020458</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/5690">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperhidrosis%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%205690%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57721"><div><strong>Premature birth</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57721</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151526</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Pathologic Function</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks of gestational age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57721">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Premature%20birth%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057721%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_68618"><div><strong>Decreased fetal movement</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>68618</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0235659</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An abnormal reduction in quantity or strength of fetal movements.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/68618">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Decreased%20fetal%20movement%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2068618%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_3130" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Clubfoot</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107956" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Limb muscle weakness</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of prenatal development or birth</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_68618" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Decreased fetal movement</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57721" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Premature birth</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1101" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Constipation</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the integument</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_5690" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperhidrosis</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_98041" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Camptodactyly of finger</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_346925" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Denervation of the diaphragm</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8359" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diaphragmatic eventration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1632032" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diaphragmatic paralysis</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_101067" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diaphragmatic weakness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_338530" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Distal amyotrophy</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_140883" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Distal muscle weakness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_867363" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">EMG: neuropathic changes</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_412209" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neonatal hypotonia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_7755" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spinal muscular atrophy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_332464" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Axonal degeneration</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_347509" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Decreased nerve conduction velocity</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_375215" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Degeneration of anterior horn cells</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_195967" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyporeflexia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_871339" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Peripheral axonal degeneration</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the respiratory system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_146165" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Inspiratory stridor</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_257837" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Respiratory failure</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66669" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tachypnea</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_870643" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ventilator dependence with inability to wean</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the voice</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65892" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Weak cry</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Constitutional symptom</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_22579" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Urinary incontinence</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_746019" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Failure to thrive</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_4693" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fetal growth restriction</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_65920" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Small for gestational age</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0393541[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=98274">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=98274" ref="ncbi_uid=98274">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98274" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=98274&amp;link_uid=98274" title="View MedGen record for 'Distal spinal muscular atrophy'">Distal spinal muscular atrophy</a></span><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1858517[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=388083">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=388083" target="_blank" href="/omim/600502">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=388083" ref="ncbi_uid=388083">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy 1</span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1866784[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=356618">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=356618" target="_blank" href="/omim/182960">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=356618" ref="ncbi_uid=356618">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/356618" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=356618&amp;link_uid=356618" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal dominant 1'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal dominant 1</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1846823[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical&amp;redirect=true" ref="ncbi_uid=337659">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=337659" target="_blank" href="/omim/607088">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/337659" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=337659&amp;link_uid=337659" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal recessive 3'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, autosomal recessive 3</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1834692[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=322471">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=322471" target="_blank" href="/omim/158590">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=322471" ref="ncbi_uid=322471">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/322471" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=322471&amp;link_uid=322471" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 2A'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 2A</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C2608087[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=382017">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=382017" target="_blank" href="/omim/602195">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=382017" ref="ncbi_uid=382017">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/382017" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=382017&amp;link_uid=382017" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 2B'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 2B</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=CN031873[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1848393">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet Gcolor" title="GeneReviews"><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=(NBK1242%20OR%20NBK1307%20OR%20NBK1358)%20AND%20gene%5Bbook%5D&amp;showtype=onebook" ref="ncbi_uid=1848393">G</a></span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=1848393" ref="ncbi_uid=1848393">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1848393" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=1848393&amp;link_uid=1848393" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 5A'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 5A</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3553656[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=766570">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=766570" target="_blank" href="/omim/609139">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=766570" ref="ncbi_uid=766570">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/766570" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=766570&amp;link_uid=766570" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 5B'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 5B</a></span></li><li class="TLclosed"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C1834703[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=322474">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=322474" target="_blank" href="/omim/158580">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=322474" ref="ncbi_uid=322474">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/322474" ref="tree=GTR&amp;ncbi_uid=322474&amp;link_uid=322474" title="View MedGen record for 'Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 7A'">Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 7A</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/98274" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Distal spinal muscular atrophy">Distal spinal muscular atrophy</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy 1</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32123965">Current understanding of and emerging treatment options for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Perego MGL,
Galli N,
Nizzardo M,
Govoni A,
Taiana M,
Bresolin N,
Comi GP,
Corti S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Mol Life Sci</span>
2020 Sep;77(17):3351-3367.
Epub 2020 Mar 2
doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03492-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32123965" target="_blank">32123965</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11104977" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18298318">Genetic carrier screening for spinal muscular atrophy and spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1 in an isolated population in Israel.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Basel-Vanagaite L,
Taub E,
Drasinover V,
Magal N,
Brudner A,
Zlotogora J,
Shohat M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genet Test</span>
2008 Mar;12(1):53-6.
doi: 10.1089/gte.2007.0030.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18298318" target="_blank">18298318</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39128026">Clinically relevant mouse models of severe spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Holbrook SE,
Hicks AN,
Martin PB,
Hines TJ,
Castro HP,
Cox GA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mol Genet</span>
2024 Oct 7;33(20):1800-1814.
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddae116.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39128026" target="_blank">39128026</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11457999" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30598237">Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: A multicenter retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Viguier A,
Lauwers-Cances V,
Cintas P,
Manel V,
Peudenier S,
Desguerre I,
Quijano-Roy S,
Vanhulle C,
Fradin M,
Isapof A,
Jokic M,
Mathieu-Dramard M,
Dieterich K,
Petit F,
Magdelaine C,
Giuliano F,
Gras D,
Haye D,
Nizon M,
Magen M,
Bieth E,
Cances C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2019 Feb;29(2):114-126.
Epub 2018 Oct 31
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.10.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30598237" target="_blank">30598237</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26298607">Autosomal recessive axonal polyneuropathy in a sibling pair due to a novel homozygous mutation in IGHMBP2.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wagner JD,
Huang L,
Tetreault M,
Majewski J,
Boycott KM,
Bulman DE;
Care4Rare Canada Consortium,
Dyment DA,
McMillan HJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2015 Oct;25(10):794-9.
Epub 2015 Aug 5
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.07.017.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26298607" target="_blank">26298607</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30598237">Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: A multicenter retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Viguier A,
Lauwers-Cances V,
Cintas P,
Manel V,
Peudenier S,
Desguerre I,
Quijano-Roy S,
Vanhulle C,
Fradin M,
Isapof A,
Jokic M,
Mathieu-Dramard M,
Dieterich K,
Petit F,
Magdelaine C,
Giuliano F,
Gras D,
Haye D,
Nizon M,
Magen M,
Bieth E,
Cances C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2019 Feb;29(2):114-126.
Epub 2018 Oct 31
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.10.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30598237" target="_blank">30598237</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29575095">Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 associated with novel compound heterozygous mutations in IGHMBP2: Differential diagnosis in a case with congenital diaphragm eventration.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yasui Y,
Sato H,
Niida Y,
Kohno M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Congenit Anom (Kyoto)</span>
2019 Jan;59(1):22-23.
Epub 2018 Apr 6
doi: 10.1111/cga.12280.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29575095" target="_blank">29575095</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23726377">190 th ENMC international workshop: Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress/distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1: 11-13 May 2012, Naarden, The Netherlands.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">van der Pol WL,
Talim B,
Pitt M,
von Au K</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2013 Jul;23(7):602-9.
Epub 2013 May 29
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.04.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23726377" target="_blank">23726377</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22791546">Diaphragmatic weakness with progressive sensory and motor polyneuropathy: case report of a neonatal IGHMBP2-related neuropathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gitiaux C,
Bergounioux J,
Magen M,
Quijano-Roy S,
Blanc T,
Bonnefont JP,
Desguerre I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
2013 Jun;28(6):787-90.
Epub 2012 Jul 12
doi: 10.1177/0883073812450209.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22791546" target="_blank">22791546</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21353777">Infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress-1 diagnosed in a 20-year-old man.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pierson TM,
Tart G,
Adams D,
Toro C,
Golas G,
Tifft C,
Gahl W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2011 May;21(5):353-5.
Epub 2011 Feb 25
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.02.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21353777" target="_blank">21353777</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3085694" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (23)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26860981">Rescue of a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy With Respiratory Distress Type 1 by AAV9-IGHMBP2 Is Dose Dependent.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shababi M,
Feng Z,
Villalon E,
Sibigtroth CM,
Osman EY,
Miller MR,
Williams-Simon PA,
Lombardi A,
Sass TH,
Atkinson AK,
Garcia ML,
Ko CP,
Lorson CL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mol Ther</span>
2016 May;24(5):855-66.
Epub 2016 Feb 10
doi: 10.1038/mt.2016.33.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26860981" target="_blank">26860981</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4881770" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26095024">Clinical and molecular features and therapeutic perspectives of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Vanoli F,
Rinchetti P,
Porro F,
Parente V,
Corti S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cell Mol Med</span>
2015 Sep;19(9):2058-66.
Epub 2015 Jun 20
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12606.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26095024" target="_blank">26095024</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4568910" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31802621">Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: Clinical phenotypes, molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic insights.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saladini M,
Nizzardo M,
Govoni A,
Taiana M,
Bresolin N,
Comi GP,
Corti S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cell Mol Med</span>
2020 Jan;24(2):1169-1178.
Epub 2019 Dec 4
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14874.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31802621" target="_blank">31802621</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6991628" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30598237">Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: A multicenter retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Viguier A,
Lauwers-Cances V,
Cintas P,
Manel V,
Peudenier S,
Desguerre I,
Quijano-Roy S,
Vanhulle C,
Fradin M,
Isapof A,
Jokic M,
Mathieu-Dramard M,
Dieterich K,
Petit F,
Magdelaine C,
Giuliano F,
Gras D,
Haye D,
Nizon M,
Magen M,
Bieth E,
Cances C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2019 Feb;29(2):114-126.
Epub 2018 Oct 31
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.10.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30598237" target="_blank">30598237</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29382800">Case of paediatric neuromuscular disease with a surprising clinical outcome: time to challenge the dogma?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wright M,
Manzur A,
Bush A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Thorax</span>
2018 Aug;73(8):788-790.
Epub 2018 Jan 30
doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-211058.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29382800" target="_blank">29382800</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22791546">Diaphragmatic weakness with progressive sensory and motor polyneuropathy: case report of a neonatal IGHMBP2-related neuropathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gitiaux C,
Bergounioux J,
Magen M,
Quijano-Roy S,
Blanc T,
Bonnefont JP,
Desguerre I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Child Neurol</span>
2013 Jun;28(6):787-90.
Epub 2012 Jul 12
doi: 10.1177/0883073812450209.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22791546" target="_blank">22791546</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21353777">Infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress-1 diagnosed in a 20-year-old man.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pierson TM,
Tart G,
Adams D,
Toro C,
Golas G,
Tifft C,
Gahl W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2011 May;21(5):353-5.
Epub 2011 Feb 25
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.02.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21353777" target="_blank">21353777</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3085694" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (11)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39461706">Ighmbp2 mutations and disease pathology: Defining differences that differentiate SMARD1 and CMT2S.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ricardez Hernandez SM,
Ahmed B,
Al Rawi Y,
Torres FJL,
Garro Kacher MO,
Smith CL,
Al Rawi Z,
Garcia J,
Nichols NL,
Lorson CL,
Lorson MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Exp Neurol</span>
2025 Jan;383:115025.
Epub 2024 Oct 24
doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.115025.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39461706" target="_blank">39461706</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11611604" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39128026">Clinically relevant mouse models of severe spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Holbrook SE,
Hicks AN,
Martin PB,
Hines TJ,
Castro HP,
Cox GA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mol Genet</span>
2024 Oct 7;33(20):1800-1814.
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddae116.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39128026" target="_blank">39128026</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11457999" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39119929">The molecular mechanisms that underlie IGHMBP2-related diseases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Rzepnikowska W,
Kaminska J,
Kochański A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol</span>
2024 Aug;50(4):e13005.
doi: 10.1111/nan.13005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39119929" target="_blank">39119929</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38368610">RNA helicase IGHMBP2 regulates THO complex to ensure cellular mRNA homeostasis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Prusty AB,
Hirmer A,
Sierra-Delgado JA,
Huber H,
Guenther UP,
Schlosser A,
Dybkov O,
Yildirim E,
Urlaub H,
Meyer KC,
Jablonka S,
Erhard F,
Fischer U</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Rep</span>
2024 Feb 27;43(2):113802.
Epub 2024 Feb 17
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113802.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38368610" target="_blank">38368610</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30598237">Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: A multicenter retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Viguier A,
Lauwers-Cances V,
Cintas P,
Manel V,
Peudenier S,
Desguerre I,
Quijano-Roy S,
Vanhulle C,
Fradin M,
Isapof A,
Jokic M,
Mathieu-Dramard M,
Dieterich K,
Petit F,
Magdelaine C,
Giuliano F,
Gras D,
Haye D,
Nizon M,
Magen M,
Bieth E,
Cances C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2019 Feb;29(2):114-126.
Epub 2018 Oct 31
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.10.002.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30598237" target="_blank">30598237</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (12)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25248952">The wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Porro F,
Rinchetti P,
Magri F,
Riboldi G,
Nizzardo M,
Simone C,
Zanetta C,
Faravelli I,
Corti S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neurol Sci</span>
2014 Nov 15;346(1-2):35-42.
Epub 2014 Sep 16
doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25248952" target="_blank">25248952</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_113">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h1><a sid="113" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul id="my-toc"></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_106">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Genetic_Testing_Registry">Genetic Testing Registry</h1><a sid="106" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1858517%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (23)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1858517%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (37)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1858517%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (7)</a></li>
<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C1858517%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (38)</a></total></li>
</ul></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_119">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_resources">Clinical resources</h1><a sid="119" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score%20desc&amp;field=number&amp;search=604320" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=98920" target="_blank">Orphanet</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(autosomal%20recessive%20distal%20spinal%20muscular%20atrophy%201)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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