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<meta name="keywords" content="C0392476, abnormal development of end part of bone, abnormal development of the ends of long bones in arms and legs, congenital abnormality, epiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="" /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
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<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Epiphyseal dysplasia</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>95932</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0392476</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Abnormal development of end part of bone; Abnormal development of the ends of long bones in arms and legs</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Epiphyseal dysplasia (254080004)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002656">HP:0002656</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="TLline">Epiphyseal dysplasia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1763488" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867418" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the skeletal system">Abnormality of the skeletal system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868760" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal skeletal morphology">Abnormal skeletal morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/868758" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal appendicular skeleton morphology">Abnormal appendicular skeleton morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866811" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal long bone morphology">Abnormal long bone morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867251" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal epiphysis morphology">Abnormal epiphysis morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Epiphyseal dysplasia</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_44514"><div><strong>Mucopolysaccharidosis type 6</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>44514</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026709</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS6) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from a deficiency of arylsulfatase B. Clinical features and severity are variable, but usually include short stature, hepatosplenomegaly, dysostosis multiplex, stiff joints, corneal clouding, cardiac abnormalities, and facial dysmorphism. Intelligence is usually normal (Azevedo et al., 2004).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/44514">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_88602"><div><strong>Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-III-D</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>88602</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0086650</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) is a multisystem lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive central nervous system degeneration manifest as severe intellectual disability (ID), developmental regression, and other neurologic manifestations including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), behavioral problems, and sleep disturbances. Disease onset is typically before age ten years. Disease course may be rapidly or slowly progressive; some individuals with an extremely attenuated disease course present in mid-to-late adulthood with early-onset dementia with or without a history of ID. Systemic manifestations can include musculoskeletal problems (joint stiffness, contractures, scoliosis, and hip dysplasia), hearing loss, respiratory tract and sinopulmonary infections, and cardiac disease (valvular thickening, defects in the cardiac conduction system). Neurologic decline is seen in all affected individuals; however, clinical severity varies within and among the four MPS III subtypes (defined by the enzyme involved) and even among members of the same family. Death usually occurs in the second or third decade of life secondary to neurologic regression or respiratory tract infections.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/88602">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_82699"><div><strong>Metatropic dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82699</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0265281</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The autosomal dominant TRPV4 disorders (previously considered to be clinically distinct phenotypes before their molecular basis was discovered) are now grouped into neuromuscular disorders and skeletal dysplasias; however, the overlap within each group is considerable. Affected individuals typically have either neuromuscular or skeletal manifestations alone, and in only rare instances an overlap syndrome has been reported. The three autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorders (mildest to most severe) are: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C. Scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy. Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy. The autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorders are characterized by a congenital-onset, static, or later-onset progressive peripheral neuropathy with variable combinations of laryngeal dysfunction (i.e., vocal fold paresis), respiratory dysfunction, and joint contractures. The six autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasias (mildest to most severe) are: Familial digital arthropathy-brachydactyly. Autosomal dominant brachyolmia. Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Kozlowski type. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Maroteaux type. Parastremmatic dysplasia. Metatropic dysplasia. The skeletal dysplasia is characterized by brachydactyly (in all 6); the five that are more severe have short stature that varies from mild to severe with progressive spinal deformity and involvement of the long bones and pelvis. In the mildest of the autosomal dominant TRPV4 disorders life span is normal; in the most severe it is shortened. Bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) can occur with both autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorders and skeletal dysplasias.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82699">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_140926"><div><strong>Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140926</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0432217</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by permanent neonatal or early infancy insulin-dependent diabetes. Epiphyseal dysplasia, osteoporosis, and growth retardation develop at a later age. Other frequent multisystem manifestations include hepatic and renal dysfunction, mental retardation, and cardiovascular abnormalities (summary by Delepine et al., 2000).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140926">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_322091"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>322091</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832998</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) presents in early childhood, usually with pain in the hips and/or knees after exercise. Affected children report fatigue with long-distance walking. Waddling gait may be present. Adult height is either in the lower range of normal or mildly shortened. The limbs are relatively short in comparison to the trunk. Pain and joint deformity progress, resulting in early-onset osteoarthritis, particularly of the large weight-bearing joints.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/322091">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_322764"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia, Baumann type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>322764</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1835830</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/322764">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_324484"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, with severe proximal femoral dysplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324484</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836315</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare primary bone dysplasia characterised by severe early-onset dysplasia of the proximal femurs, with almost complete absence of the secondary ossification centres and abnormal development of the femoral necks (short and broad with irregular metaphyses). It is associated with gait abnormality, mild short stature, arthralgia, and joint stiffness with limited mobility of the hips and irregular acetabula, and hip and knee pain. Coxa vara and mild spinal changes are also associated.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324484">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_325376"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>325376</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1838280</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) presents in early childhood, usually with pain in the hips and/or knees after exercise. Affected children report fatigue with long-distance walking. Waddling gait may be present. Adult height is either in the lower range of normal or mildly shortened. The limbs are relatively short in comparison to the trunk. Pain and joint deformity progress, resulting in early-onset osteoarthritis, particularly of the large weight-bearing joints.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/325376">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_333092"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>333092</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1838429</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) presents in early childhood, usually with pain in the hips and/or knees after exercise. Affected children report fatigue with long-distance walking. Waddling gait may be present. Adult height is either in the lower range of normal or mildly shortened. The limbs are relatively short in comparison to the trunk. Pain and joint deformity progress, resulting in early-onset osteoarthritis, particularly of the large weight-bearing joints.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/333092">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_337364"><div><strong>IMAGe syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>337364</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846009</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">IMAGe syndrome is an acronym for the major findings of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and genitourinary abnormalities (in males). Findings reported in individuals with a clinical and/or molecular diagnosis include: IUGR; Some type of skeletal abnormality (most commonly delayed bone age and short stature, and occasionally, metaphyseal and epiphyseal dysplasia of varying severity); Adrenal insufficiency often presenting in the first month of life as an adrenal crisis or (rarely) later in childhood with failure to thrive and recurrent vomiting; Genital abnormalities in males (cryptorchidism, micropenis, and hypospadias) but not in females. Hypotonia and developmental delay are reported in some individuals; cognitive outcome appears to be normal in the majority of individuals.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/337364">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_335505"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Al-Gazali type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335505</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846722</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Al-Gazali-Bakalinova syndrome (AGBK) is characterized by multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, macrocephaly, and distinctive facial features including frontal bossing, hypertelorism, flat malar regions, low-set ears, and short neck. Other features include pectus excavatum, spindle-shaped fingers, clinodactyly, prominent joints, and genu valgum (summary by Ali et al., 2012).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335505">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_335542"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 5</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335542</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1846843</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) presents in early childhood, usually with pain in the hips and/or knees after exercise. Affected children report fatigue with long-distance walking. Waddling gait may be present. Adult height is either in the lower range of normal or mildly shortened. The limbs are relatively short in comparison to the trunk. Pain and joint deformity progress, resulting in early-onset osteoarthritis, particularly of the large weight-bearing joints.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335542">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_376164"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>376164</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1847593</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">SLC26A2-related multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (SLC26A2-MED) is characterized by joint pain (usually in the hips or knees); malformations of hands, feet, and knees; and scoliosis. Approximately 50% of affected individuals have an abnormal finding at birth, including clubfoot, clinodactyly, or (rarely) cystic ear swelling. Onset of articular pain is variable but usually occurs in late childhood. Stature is usually within the normal range prior to puberty; in adulthood, stature is only slightly diminished and ranges from 150 to 180 cm. Functional disability is mild.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/376164">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_341234"><div><strong>Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>341234</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848488</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Stickler syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that can include ocular findings of myopia, cataract, and retinal detachment; hearing loss that is both conductive and sensorineural; midfacial underdevelopment and cleft palate (either alone or as part of the Pierre Robin sequence); and early-onset degenerative joint disease. Variable phenotypic expression of Stickler syndrome occurs both within and among families; interfamilial variability is in part explained by locus and allelic heterogeneity.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/341234">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_341339"><div><strong>Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>341339</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848934</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The FLNB disorders include a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from mild to severe. At the mild end are spondylocarpotarsal synostosis (SCT) syndrome and Larsen syndrome; at the severe end are the phenotypic continuum of atelosteogenesis types I (AOI) and III (AOIII) and Piepkorn osteochondrodysplasia (POCD). SCT syndrome is characterized by postnatal disproportionate short stature, scoliosis and lordosis, clubfeet, hearing loss, dental enamel hypoplasia, carpal and tarsal synostosis, and vertebral fusions. Larsen syndrome is characterized by congenital dislocations of the hip, knee, and elbow; clubfeet (equinovarus or equinovalgus foot deformities); scoliosis and cervical kyphosis, which can be associated with a cervical myelopathy; short, broad, spatulate distal phalanges; distinctive craniofacies (prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, malar flattening, and widely spaced eyes); vertebral anomalies; and supernumerary carpal and tarsal bone ossification centers. Individuals with SCT syndrome and Larsen syndrome can have midline cleft palate and hearing loss. AOI and AOIII are characterized by severe short-limbed dwarfism; dislocated hips, knees, and elbows; and clubfeet. AOI is lethal in the perinatal period. In individuals with AOIII, survival beyond the neonatal period is possible with intensive and invasive respiratory support. Piepkorn osteochondrodysplasia (POCD) is a perinatal-lethal micromelic dwarfism characterized by flipper-like limbs (polysyndactyly with complete syndactyly of all fingers and toes, hypoplastic or absent first digits, and duplicated intermediate and distal phalanges), macrobrachycephaly, prominant forehead, hypertelorism, and exophthalmos. Occasional features include cleft palate, omphalocele, and cardiac and genitourinary anomalies. The radiographic features at mid-gestation are characteristic.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/341339">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_377049"><div><strong>Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Beighton type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>377049</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1851536</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare primary bone dysplasia characterized by the association of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, visual impairment (with early-onset progressive myopia, retinal thinning, and cataracts), and conductive hearing loss. Patients are of short stature and present brachydactyly, genu valgus deformity, and joint pain.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/377049">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_346470"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia of femoral head, myopia, and deafness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>346470</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856918</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/346470">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_383181"><div><strong>Hunter-Macdonald syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>383181</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2677745</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/383181">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_481571"><div><strong>Stickler syndrome, type 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>481571</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3279941</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Stickler syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that can include ocular findings of myopia, cataract, and retinal detachment; hearing loss that is both conductive and sensorineural; midfacial underdevelopment and cleft palate (either alone or as part of the Pierre Robin sequence); and early-onset degenerative joint disease. Variable phenotypic expression of Stickler syndrome occurs both within and among families; interfamilial variability is in part explained by locus and allelic heterogeneity.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/481571">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766485"><div><strong>TMEM165-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766485</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553571</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CDG2K is an autosomal recessive disorder with a variable phenotype. Affected individuals show psychomotor retardation and growth retardation, and most have short stature. Other features include dysmorphism, hypotonia, eye abnormalities, acquired microcephaly, hepatomegaly, and skeletal dysplasia. Serum transferrin analysis shows a CDG type II pattern (summary by Foulquier et al., 2012).&#13; For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065) and CDG2A (212066).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766485">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815540"><div><strong>Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, spondylodysplastic type, 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815540</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3809210</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome spondylodysplastic type 2 (EDSSPD2) include an aged appearance, developmental delay, short stature, craniofacial disproportion, generalized osteopenia, defective wound healing, hypermobile joints, hypotonic muscles, and loose but elastic skin (Okajima et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of the spondylodysplastic type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, see 130070.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815540">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_862731"><div><strong>Desbuquois dysplasia 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>862731</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014294</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Desbuquois dysplasia, which belongs to the multiple dislocation group of disorders, is characterized by dislocations of large joints, severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, joint laxity, and flat face with prominent eyes. Radiologic features include short long bones with an exaggerated trochanter that gives a 'monkey wrench' appearance to the proximal femur, and advanced carpal and tarsal ossification (summary by Bui et al., 2014).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Desbuquois dysplasia, see DBQD1 (251450).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/862731">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863127"><div><strong>Tall stature-scoliosis-macrodactyly of the great toes syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863127</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014690</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Miura-type epiphyseal chondrodysplasia (ECDM) is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by tall stature, arachnodactyly of the hands, macrodactyly of the great toes, scoliosis, coxa valga, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (Miura et al., 2014). Multiple extra epiphyses are present in the hands (Boudin et al., 2018).&#13; Mutation in the NPR3 gene (108962) results in Boudin-Mortier syndrome (BOMOS; 619543), a similar phenotype of tall stature, arachnodactyly, elongated great toes, and multiple extra epiphyses.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863127">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_865814"><div><strong>Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, type 1, with or without fractures</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>865814</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4017377</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the B3GALT6 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/865814">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_904613"><div><strong>Even-plus syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>904613</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225180</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">EVEN-plus syndrome (EVPLS) is characterized by prenatal-onset short stature, vertebral and epiphyseal changes, microtia, midface hypoplasia with flat nose and triangular nares, cardiac malformations, and other findings including anal atresia, hypodontia, and aplasia cutis. The features overlap those reported in patients with CODAS syndrome (600373; Royer-Bertrand et al., 2015).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/904613">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1381460"><div><strong>Immunoskeletal dysplasia with neurodevelopmental abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1381460</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4479452</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1381460">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1620874"><div><strong>Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1620874</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4540251</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1620874">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1615724"><div><strong>Geleophysic dysplasia 3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1615724</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4540511</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Geleophysic dysplasia, a progressive condition resembling a lysosomal storage disorder, is characterized by short stature, short hands and feet, progressive joint limitation and contractures, distinctive facial features, progressive cardiac valvular disease, and thickened skin. Intellect is normal. The characteristic clinical findings are likely to be present in the first year of life. Cardiac, airway, and pulmonary involvement result in death before age five years in approximately 33% of individuals.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1615724">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1634867"><div><strong>Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cataracts, and renal abnormalities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1634867</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4693567</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1634867">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1790497"><div><strong>Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1790497</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5551484</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED) is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, enlarged epiphyses, disproportionate shortness of the limbs, abnormalities in vertebral bodies, and typical facial features (summary by Harel et al., 2005).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1790497">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_862731" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Desbuquois dysplasia 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815540" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, spondylodysplastic type, 2</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_322764" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Epiphyseal dysplasia, Baumann type</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_904613" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Even-plus syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_337364" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">IMAGe syndrome</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_44514" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mucopolysaccharidosis type 6</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_88602" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-III-D</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_325376" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_376164" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_335542" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia type 5</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_335505" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Al-Gazali type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_377049" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Beighton type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_324484" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, with severe proximal femoral dysplasia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1634867" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cataracts, and renal abnormalities</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_341234" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1790497" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_341339" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_865814" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, type 1, with or without fractures</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_481571" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Stickler syndrome, type 4</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863127" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tall stature-scoliosis-macrodactyly of the great toes syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_766485" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">TMEM165-congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_140926" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Wolcott-Rallison dysplasia</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33266180">Morquio B Disease. Disease Characteristics and Treatment Options of a Distinct GLB1-Related Dysostosis Multiplex.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yuskiv N,
Higaki K,
Stockler-Ipsiroglu S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Mol Sci</span>
2020 Nov 30;21(23)
doi: 10.3390/ijms21239121.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33266180" target="_blank">33266180</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7729736" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18328978">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: clinical and radiographic features, differential diagnosis and molecular basis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Unger S,
Bonafé L,
Superti-Furga A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol</span>
2008 Mar;22(1):19-32.
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.11.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18328978" target="_blank">18328978</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11968079">Pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: mutation review, molecular interactions, and genotype to phenotype correlations.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Briggs MD,
Chapman KL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Hum Mutat</span>
2002 May;19(5):465-78.
doi: 10.1002/humu.10066.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11968079" target="_blank">11968079</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (12)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33887621">Outcomes of complex primary total knee arthroplasties performed with custom cutting guides.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang J,
Serino J,
Olsen AS,
Berger RA,
Della Valle CJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Knee</span>
2021 Jun;30:106-112.
Epub 2021 Apr 20
doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2021.03.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33887621" target="_blank">33887621</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29024831">Multiple SLC26A2 mutations occurring in a three-generational family.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Barreda-Bonis AC,
Barraza-García J,
Parrón M,
Pastor I,
Heath KE,
González-Casado I</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Med Genet</span>
2018 Jan;61(1):24-28.
Epub 2017 Oct 10
doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.10.007.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29024831" target="_blank">29024831</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18328979">Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cormier-Daire V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol</span>
2008 Mar;22(1):33-44.
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.12.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18328979" target="_blank">18328979</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12612825">Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: two cases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tylki-Szymańska A,
Pyrkosz A,
Krajewska-Walasek M,
Michałkiewicz J,
Kowalska A,
Rokicki D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Radiol</span>
2003 Mar;33(3):216-8.
Epub 2002 Dec 10
doi: 10.1007/s00247-002-0852-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12612825" target="_blank">12612825</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9363632">Collagen IX.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Olsen BR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Biochem Cell Biol</span>
1997 Apr;29(4):555-8.
doi: 10.1016/s1357-2725(96)00100-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9363632" target="_blank">9363632</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (117)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28051032">Diagnosis with Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Using Whole-exome Sequencing in a Chinese Family.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu HY,
Xiao JF,
Huang J,
Wang Y,
Wu D,
Li T,
Wang HD,
Guo LJ,
Guo QN,
Xiao H,
Lyu X,
Yu ZH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Chin Med J (Engl)</span>
2017 Jan 5;130(1):104-107.
doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.196568.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28051032" target="_blank">28051032</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5221098" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25667404">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Anthony S,
Munk R,
Skakun W,
Masini M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Acad Orthop Surg</span>
2015 Mar;23(3):164-72.
Epub 2015 Feb 9
doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-13-00173.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25667404" target="_blank">25667404</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23263430">Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Juneja A,
Sultan A,
Bhatnagar S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</span>
2012 Jul-Sep;30(3):250-3.
doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.105019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23263430" target="_blank">23263430</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18328979">Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cormier-Daire V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol</span>
2008 Mar;22(1):33-44.
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.12.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18328979" target="_blank">18328979</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/841046">Pseudotibiotalar slant: a positioning artifact.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bigongiari LR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Radiology</span>
1977 Mar;122(3):669-70.
doi: 10.1148/122.3.669.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/841046" target="_blank">841046</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (209)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37904148">The favorable outcome of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for the hip osteoarthritis in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chang YY,
Lee CC,
Lin SC,
Kuo KN,
Chang JF,
Wu KW,
Wang TM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2023 Oct 30;18(1):340.
doi: 10.1186/s13023-023-02920-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37904148" target="_blank">37904148</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10614309" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35502749">Treatment outcomes of hips in patients with epiphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lindgren AM,
Bomar JD,
Upasani VV,
Wenger DR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr Orthop B</span>
2022 Nov 1;31(6):554-559.
Epub 2022 May 3
doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000982.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35502749" target="_blank">35502749</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33887621">Outcomes of complex primary total knee arthroplasties performed with custom cutting guides.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang J,
Serino J,
Olsen AS,
Berger RA,
Della Valle CJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Knee</span>
2021 Jun;30:106-112.
Epub 2021 Apr 20
doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2021.03.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33887621" target="_blank">33887621</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26433138">Relative hypoaldosteronism in a patient with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Uçar A,
Aydemir Y,
Doğan A,
Tunçez E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Diabet Med</span>
2016 Mar;33(3):e13-6.
doi: 10.1111/dme.12968.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26433138" target="_blank">26433138</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1925729">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia misdiagnosed as bioinactive growth hormone disorder.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bhowmick SK,
Kaste SC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">South Med J</span>
1991 Oct;84(10):1259-62.
doi: 10.1097/00007611-199110000-00023.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1925729" target="_blank">1925729</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (15)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33887621">Outcomes of complex primary total knee arthroplasties performed with custom cutting guides.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang J,
Serino J,
Olsen AS,
Berger RA,
Della Valle CJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Knee</span>
2021 Jun;30:106-112.
Epub 2021 Apr 20
doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2021.03.019.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33887621" target="_blank">33887621</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29530484">Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein: COMPopathies and beyond.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Posey KL,
Coustry F,
Hecht JT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Matrix Biol</span>
2018 Oct;71-72:161-173.
Epub 2018 Mar 9
doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.023.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29530484" target="_blank">29530484</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6129439" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26920793">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia mimicking osteoarthritis due to acetabular dysplasia: A report of a familial case with a COMP mutation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sakamoto Y,
Yamamoto T,
Kajino Y,
Kabata T,
Tsuchiya H,
Miyake N,
Iwamoto Y,
Matsumoto N,
Ikegawa S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Orthop Sci</span>
2017 Sep;22(5):967-971.
Epub 2016 Feb 23
doi: 10.1016/j.jos.2016.01.010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26920793" target="_blank">26920793</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18328979">Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cormier-Daire V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol</span>
2008 Mar;22(1):33-44.
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.12.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18328979" target="_blank">18328979</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12612825">Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: two cases.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tylki-Szymańska A,
Pyrkosz A,
Krajewska-Walasek M,
Michałkiewicz J,
Kowalska A,
Rokicki D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Radiol</span>
2003 Mar;33(3):216-8.
Epub 2002 Dec 10
doi: 10.1007/s00247-002-0852-y.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12612825" target="_blank">12612825</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (77)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36140680">Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Type 4.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Markova T,
Kenis V,
Melchenko E,
Alieva A,
Nagornova T,
Orlova A,
Ogorodova N,
Shchagina O,
Polyakov A,
Dadali E,
Kutsev S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genes (Basel)</span>
2022 Aug 24;13(9)
doi: 10.3390/genes13091512.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36140680" target="_blank">36140680</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9498659" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28685811">Homozygosity for a missense variant in COMP gene associated with severe pseudoachondroplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tariq M,
Khan TN,
Lundin L,
Jameel M,
Lönnerholm T,
Baig SM,
Dahl N,
Klar J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
2018 Jan;93(1):182-186.
Epub 2017 Nov 21
doi: 10.1111/cge.13091.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28685811" target="_blank">28685811</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21834907">A mutation in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) causes early-onset osteoarthritis in a large kindred study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mu SC,
Lin YJ,
Liu HC,
Wu JY,
Li SC,
Michael Lee MT,
Chou CH,
Chen LK,
Chen YT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Hum Genet</span>
2011 Sep;75(5):575-83.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00667.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21834907" target="_blank">21834907</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12687890">Review: clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Chapman KL,
Briggs MD,
Mortier GR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Pathol Mol Med</span>
2003 Jan-Feb;22(1):53-75.
doi: 10.1080/pdp.22.1.53.75.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12687890" target="_blank">12687890</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/841046">Pseudotibiotalar slant: a positioning artifact.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bigongiari LR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Radiology</span>
1977 Mar;122(3):669-70.
doi: 10.1148/122.3.669.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/841046" target="_blank">841046</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (121)</a></div></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36729370">A Chinese case of CHST3-related skeletal dysplasia and a systematic review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liang H,
Qi W,
Jin C,
Pang Q,
Cui L,
Jiang Y,
Wang O,
Li M,
Xing X,
Liu W,
Xia W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Endocrine</span>
2023 Jun;80(3):658-668.
Epub 2023 Feb 2
doi: 10.1007/s12020-023-03303-z.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36729370" target="_blank">36729370</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epiphyseal%20dysplasia%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div></div>
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