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<!--
UID=69133
ConceptID=C0241137
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Pallor</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>69133</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0241137</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>pale skin</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Pale complexion (398979000)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0000980">HP:0000980</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=163921">ORPHA163921</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Abnormally pale skin. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0241137[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=69133">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Pallor</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871273" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the integument">Abnormality of the integument</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1845238" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the skin">Abnormality of the skin</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/869110" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal skin morphology">Abnormal skin morphology</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Pallor</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/871323" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Anemic pallor">Anemic pallor</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_7929"><div><strong>Primary myelofibrosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7929</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0001815</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Neoplastic Process</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Primary myelofibrosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the bone marrow, the tissue that produces blood cells. Because of the fibrosis, the bone marrow is unable to make enough normal blood cells. The shortage of blood cells causes many of the signs and symptoms of primary myelofibrosis.\n\nInitially, most people with primary myelofibrosis have no signs or symptoms. Eventually, fibrosis can lead to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A shortage of red blood cells (anemia) often causes extreme tiredness (fatigue) or shortness of breath. A loss of white blood cells can lead to an increased number of infections, and a reduction of platelets can cause easy bleeding or bruising.\n\nBecause blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in the bone marrow is disrupted, other organs such as the spleen or liver may begin to produce blood cells. This process, called extramedullary hematopoiesis, often leads to an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) or an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly). People with splenomegaly may feel pain or fullness in the abdomen, especially below the ribs on the left side. Other common signs and symptoms of primary myelofibrosis include fever, night sweats, and bone pain.\n\nPrimary myelofibrosis is most commonly diagnosed in people aged 50 to 80 but can occur at any age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7929">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_7049"><div><strong>Incontinentia pigmenti syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7049</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0021171</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, nails, eyes, and central nervous system; it occurs primarily in females and on occasion in males. Characteristic skin lesions evolve through four stages: I.. Blistering (birth to age ~4 months). II.. Wart-like rash (for several months). III.. Swirling macular hyperpigmentation (age ~6 months into adulthood). IV.. Linear hypopigmentation. Alopecia, hypodontia, abnormal tooth shape, and dystrophic nails are observed. Neovascularization of the retina, present in some individuals, predisposes to retinal detachment. Neurologic findings including seizures, intellectual disability, and developmental delays are occasionally seen.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7049">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_7311"><div><strong>Letterer-Siwe disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7311</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0023381</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A multifocal, multisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple organ systems including the bones, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Patients are usually infants presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone and skin lesions, and pancytopenia.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7311">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_11713"><div><strong>Tay-Sachs disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>11713</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0039373</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">HEXA disorders are best considered as a disease continuum based on the amount of residual beta-hexosaminidase A (HEX A) enzyme activity. This, in turn, depends on the molecular characteristics and biological impact of the HEXA pathogenic variants. HEX A is necessary for degradation of GM2 ganglioside; without well-functioning enzymes, GM2 ganglioside builds up in the lysosomes of brain and nerve cells. The classic clinical phenotype is known as Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), characterized by progressive weakness, loss of motor skills beginning between ages three and six months, decreased visual attentiveness, and increased or exaggerated startle response with a cherry-red spot observable on the retina followed by developmental plateau and loss of skills after eight to ten months. Seizures are common by 12 months with further deterioration in the second year of life and death occurring between ages two and three years with some survival to five to seven years. Subacute juvenile TSD is associated with normal developmental milestones until age two years, when the emergence of abnormal gait or dysarthria is noted followed by loss of previously acquired skills and cognitive decline. Spasticity, dysphagia, and seizures are present by the end of the first decade of life, with death within the second decade of life, usually by aspiration. Late-onset TSD presents in older teens or young adults with a slowly progressive spectrum of neurologic symptoms including lower-extremity weakness with muscle atrophy, dysarthria, incoordination, tremor, mild spasticity and/or dystonia, and psychiatric manifestations including acute psychosis. Clinical variability even among affected members of the same family is observed in both the subacute juvenile and the late-onset TSD phenotypes.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/11713">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_57509"><div><strong>Cyclical vomiting syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57509</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0152164</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A condition characterized by recurrent, self-limiting episodes of vomiting associated with intense nausea, pallor, and lethargy. It is commonly a migraine precursor.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57509">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_78692"><div><strong>Deficiency of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78692</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268601</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (HMGCLD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with the cardinal manifestations of metabolic acidosis without ketonuria, hypoglycemia, and a characteristic pattern of elevated urinary organic acid metabolites, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaric, and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acids. Urinary levels of 3-methylcrotonylglycine may be increased. Dicarboxylic aciduria, hepatomegaly, and hyperammonemia may also be observed. Presenting clinical signs include irritability, lethargy, coma, and vomiting (summary by Gibson et al., 1988).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78692">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_137902"><div><strong>Autosomal dominant optic atrophy classic form</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>137902</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0338508</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal dominant optic atrophy is characterized by an insidious onset of visual impairment in early childhood with moderate to severe loss of visual acuity, temporal optic disc pallor, color vision deficits, and centrocecal scotoma of variable density (Votruba et al., 1998).&#13; Some patients with mutations in the OPA1 gene may also develop extraocular neurologic features, such as deafness, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, and ataxia; see 125250. There appears to be a wide range of intermediate phenotypes (Yu-Wai-Man et al., 2010).&#13; Yu-Wai-Man et al. (2009) provided a detailed review of autosomal dominant optic atrophy and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON; 535000), with emphasis on the selective vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to mitochondrial dysfunction in both disorders.&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Optic Atrophy&#13; Also see optic atrophy-2 (OPA2; 311050), mapped to chromosome Xp11.4-p11.21; OPA3 (165300), caused by mutation in the OPA3 gene (606580) on chromosome 19q13; OPA4 (605293), mapped to chromosome 18q12.2-q12.3; OPA5 (610708), caused by mutation in the DNM1L gene (603850) on chromosome 12p11; OPA6 (258500), mapped to chromosome 8q21-q22; OPA7 (612989), caused by mutation in the TMEM126A gene (612988) on chromosome 11q14; OPA8 (616648), mapped to chromosome 16q21-q22; OPA9 (616289), caused by mutation in the ACO2 gene (100850) on chromosome 22q13; OPA10 (616732), caused by mutation in the RTN4IP1 gene (610502) on chromosome 6q21; OPA11 (617302), caused by mutation in the YME1L1 gene (607472) on chromosome 10p12; OPA12 (618977), caused by mutation in the AFG3L2 gene (604581) on chromosome 18p11; OPA13 (165510), caused by mutation in the SSBP1 gene (600439) on chromosome 7q34; OPA14 (620550), caused by mutation in the MIEF1 gene (615497) on chromosome 22q13; OPA15 (620583), caused by mutation in the MCAT gene (614479) on chromosome 22q13; and OPA16 (620629), caused by mutation in the MECR gene (608205) on chromosome 1p35.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/137902">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_473069"><div><strong>Pyruvate kinase deficiency of red cells</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>473069</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0340968</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency, or congenital nonspherocytic hemolyic anemia-2 (CNSHA2), is the most common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. PK deficiency is also the most frequent enzyme abnormality of the glycolytic pathway (Zanella et al., 2005).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/473069">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_87458"><div><strong>Fumarase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87458</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0342770</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency results in severe neonatal and early infantile encephalopathy that is characterized by poor feeding, failure to thrive, hypotonia, lethargy, and seizures. Dysmorphic facial features include frontal bossing, depressed nasal bridge, and widely spaced eyes. Many affected individuals are microcephalic. A spectrum of brain abnormalities are seen on magnetic resonance imaging, including cerebral atrophy, enlarged ventricles and generous extra-axial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) spaces, delayed myelination for age, thinning of the corpus callosum, and an abnormally small brain stem. Brain malformations including bilateral polymicrogyria and absence of the corpus callosum can also be observed. Development is severely affected: most affected individuals are nonverbal and nonambulatory, and many die during early childhood. Less severely affected individuals with moderate cognitive impairment and long-term survival have been reported.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87458">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_87459"><div><strong>Pearson syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87459</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0342784</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletion syndromes (SLSMDSs) comprise overlapping clinical phenotypes including Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), KSS spectrum, Pearson syndrome (PS), chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), and CPEO-plus. KSS is a progressive multisystem disorder with onset before age 20 years characterized by pigmentary retinopathy, CPEO, and cardiac conduction abnormality. Additional features can include cerebellar ataxia, tremor, intellectual disability or cognitive decline, dementia, sensorineural hearing loss, oropharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction, exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, and endocrinopathies. Brain imaging typically shows bilateral lesions in the globus pallidus and white matter. KSS spectrum includes individuals with KSS in addition to individuals with ptosis and/or ophthalmoparesis and at least one of the following: retinopathy, ataxia, cardiac conduction defects, hearing loss, growth deficiency, cognitive impairment, tremor, or cardiomyopathy. Compared to CPEO-plus, individuals with KSS spectrum have more severe muscle involvement (e.g., weakness, atrophy) and overall have a worse prognosis. PS is characterized by pancytopenia (typically transfusion-dependent sideroblastic anemia with variable cell line involvement), exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, poor weight gain, and lactic acidosis. PS manifestations also include renal tubular acidosis, short stature, and elevated liver enzymes. PS may be fatal in infancy due to neutropenia-related infection or refractory metabolic acidosis. CPEO is characterized by ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, oropharyngeal weakness, variable proximal limb weakness, and/or exercise intolerance. CPEO-plus includes CPEO with additional multisystemic involvement including neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, migraines, hypothyroidism, neuropsychiatric manifestations, and optic neuropathy. Rarely, an SLSMDS can manifest as Leigh syndrome, which is characterized as developmental delays, neurodevelopmental regression, lactic acidosis, and bilateral symmetric basal ganglia, brain stem, and/or midbrain lesions on MRI.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87459">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_140788"><div><strong>Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140788</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0403529</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Goodpasture syndrome, also known as anti-GBM disease, is a rare autoimmune disease consisting of alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis secondary to circulating antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. Anti-GBM antibodies are directed against an antigen intrinsic to the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen (COL4A3; 120070) that is expressed in the GBMs of the glomerular capillary loops and the basal membrane of the pulmonary alveoli. Goodpasture syndrome is suspected in patients with hemoptysis and hematuria and is confirmed by the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in renal biopsy specimens and serum. Patients with human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR4 are susceptible to the development of Goodpasture syndrome. Reported cases of familial Goodpasture syndrome are extremely rare (summary by Angioi et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140788">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_105400"><div><strong>Breath-holding Spells</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>105400</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0476287</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The diagnosis of severe breath-holding spells (BHS) in childhood is based on a distinctive and stereotyped sequence of clinical events beginning with a provocation resulting in crying or emotional upset that leads to a noiseless state of expiration accompanied by color change and ultimately loss of consciousness and postural tone (Lombroso and Lerman, 1967; DiMario, 1992). Two clinical types are recognized based on the child's coloration (cyanotic or pallid) during these events. Most children experience the cyanotic type, although some experience mixed types. BHS is an involuntary, nonvolitional, reflexic, nonepileptic paroxysmal phenomenon of childhood. The episodes occur during full expiration despite its misnomer. Autonomic dysregulation has been hypothesized as an underlying mechanism that results in loss of consciousness (Hunt, 1990; DiMario and Burleson, 1993; Dimario et al., 1998).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/105400">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_316921"><div><strong>Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>316921</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832162</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hair loss followed by progressive macular degeneration and early blindness. Scalp hair is lost during the first months of life, with onset of retinal degeneration and vision loss a few years to 2 decades later (summary by Sprecher et al., 2001 and Indelman et al., 2002).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/316921">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_322767"><div><strong>Cone-rod dystrophy 11</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>322767</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1835865</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">There are more than 30 types of cone-rod dystrophy, which are distinguished by their genetic cause and their pattern of inheritance: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked. Additionally, cone-rod dystrophy can occur alone without any other signs and symptoms or it can occur as part of a syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body.\n\nThe first signs and symptoms of cone-rod dystrophy, which often occur in childhood, are usually decreased sharpness of vision (visual acuity) and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). These features are typically followed by impaired color vision (dyschromatopsia), blind spots (scotomas) in the center of the visual field, and partial side (peripheral) vision loss. Over time, affected individuals develop night blindness and a worsening of their peripheral vision, which can limit independent mobility. Decreasing visual acuity makes reading increasingly difficult and most affected individuals are legally blind by mid-adulthood. As the condition progresses, individuals may develop involuntary eye movements (nystagmus).\n\nCone-rod dystrophy is a group of related eye disorders that causes vision loss, which becomes more severe over time. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In people with cone-rod dystrophy, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/322767">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_323031"><div><strong>Peripheral cone dystrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>323031</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836946</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/323031">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_335078"><div><strong>X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>335078</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1845028</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia-6 with or without sideroblastic anemia (SCAX6) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by delayed motor development apparent in infancy with delayed walking (often by several years) due to ataxia and poor coordination. Additional features may include dysmetria, dysarthria, spasticity of the lower limbs, hyperreflexia, dysdiadochokinesis, strabismus, and nystagmus. The disorder is slowly progressive, and patients often lose ambulation. Brain imaging usually shows cerebellar atrophy. Most affected individuals have mild hypochromic, microcytic sideroblastic anemia, which may be asymptomatic. Laboratory studies show increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and ringed sideroblasts on bone marrow biopsy. Female carriers do not have neurologic abnormalities, but may have subtle findings on peripheral blood smear (Pagon et al., 1985; D'Hooghe et al., 2012).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAX), see SCAX1 (302500).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/335078">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_341256"><div><strong>Cobalamin C disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>341256</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1848561</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Disorders of intracellular cobalamin metabolism have a variable phenotype and age of onset that are influenced by the severity and location within the pathway of the defect. The prototype and best understood phenotype is cblC; it is also the most common of these disorders. The age of initial presentation of cblC spans a wide range: In utero with fetal presentation of nonimmune hydrops, cardiomyopathy, and intrauterine growth restriction. Newborns, who can have microcephaly, poor feeding, and encephalopathy. Infants, who can have poor feeding and slow growth, neurologic abnormality, and, rarely, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Toddlers, who can have poor growth, progressive microcephaly, cytopenias (including megaloblastic anemia), global developmental delay, encephalopathy, and neurologic signs such as hypotonia and seizures. Adolescents and adults, who can have neuropsychiatric symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, thromboembolic complications, and/or subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/341256">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_342870"><div><strong>Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>342870</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1853396</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">ALS2-related disorder involves retrograde degeneration of the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts and comprises a clinical continuum of the following three phenotypes: Infantile ascending hereditary spastic paraplegia (IAHSP), characterized by onset of spasticity with increased reflexes and sustained clonus of the lower limbs within the first two years of life, progressive weakness and spasticity of the upper limbs by age seven to eight years, and wheelchair dependence in the second decade with progression toward severe spastic tetraparesis and a pseudobulbar syndrome caused by progressive cranial nerve involvement. Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS), characterized by upper motor neuron findings of pseudobulbar palsy and spastic quadriplegia without dementia or cerebellar, extrapyramidal, or sensory signs. Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS or ALS2), characterized by onset between ages three and 20 years. All affected individuals show a spastic pseudobulbar syndrome (spasticity of speech and swallowing) together with spastic paraplegia. Some individuals are bedridden by age 12 to 50 years.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/342870">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_381360"><div><strong>Cone-rod dystrophy 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>381360</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1854180</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A cone-rod dystrophy that has material basis in variation in the chromosome region 1q12-q24.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/381360">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_350353"><div><strong>Dermatitis, atopic</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>350353</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1864155</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/350353">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_390966"><div><strong>Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>390966</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2676137</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is characterized by a profound normochromic and usually macrocytic anemia with normal leukocytes and platelets, congenital malformations in up to 50%, and growth deficiency in 30% of affected individuals. The hematologic complications occur in 90% of affected individuals during the first year of life. The phenotypic spectrum ranges from a mild form (e.g., mild anemia or no anemia with only subtle erythroid abnormalities, physical malformations without anemia) to a severe form of fetal anemia resulting in nonimmune hydrops fetalis. DBA is associated with an increased risk for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and solid tumors including osteogenic sarcoma.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/390966">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_394841"><div><strong>Elliptocytosis 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>394841</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2678497</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Elliptocytosis is a hematologic disorder characterized by elliptically shaped erythrocytes and a variable degree of hemolytic anemia. Usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, elliptocytosis results from mutation in any one of several genes encoding proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton (summary by McGuire et al., 1988).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Elliptocytosis&#13; Elliptocytosis-2 (130600) is caused by mutation in the SPTA1 gene (182860). Elliptocytosis-3 (617948) is caused by mutation in the SPTB gene (182870). Elliptocytosis-4 (166900), also known as Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, is caused by mutation in the SLC4A1 gene (109270). Also see pyropoikilocytosis (266140).&#13; See Delaunay (2007) for a discussion of the molecular basis of hereditary red cell membrane disorders.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/394841">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_403555"><div><strong>Anemia, nonspherocytic hemolytic, due to G6PD deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>403555</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2720289</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia-1 (CNSHA1), caused by mutation in the G6PD gene, is the most common genetic form of chronic and drug-, food-, or infection-induced hemolytic anemia. G6PD catalyzes the first reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is the only NADPH-generation process in mature red cells; therefore, defense against oxidative damage is dependent on G6PD. Most G6PD-deficient patients are asymptomatic throughout their life, but G6PD deficiency can be life-threatening. The most common clinical manifestations of G6PD deficiency are neonatal jaundice and acute hemolytic anemia, which in most patients is triggered by an exogenous agent, e.g., primaquine or fava beans. Acute hemolysis is characterized by fatigue, back pain, anemia, and jaundice. Increased unconjugated bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and reticulocytosis are markers of the disorder. The striking similarity between the areas where G6PD deficiency is common and Plasmodium falciparum malaria (see 611162) is endemic provided evidence that G6PD deficiency confers resistance against malaria (summary by Cappellini and Fiorelli, 2008).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/403555">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_442375"><div><strong>Leber congenital amaurosis 14</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>442375</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750063</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive childhood-onset severe retinal dystrophy is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting rod and cone photoreceptors simultaneously. The most severe cases are termed Leber congenital amaurosis, whereas the less aggressive forms are usually considered juvenile retinitis pigmentosa (Gu et al., 1997).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Leber congenital amaurosis, see LCA1 (204000); for retinitis pigmentosa, see 268000.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/442375">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_414112"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, OPA7 type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>414112</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2751812</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare, syndromic, hereditary optic neuropathy disorder characterized by early-onset, severe, progressive visual impairment, optic disc pallor and central scotoma, variably associated with dyschromatopsia, auditory neuropathy (e.g. mild progressive sensorineural hearing loss), sensorimotor axonal neuropathy and, occasionally, moderate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/414112">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462065"><div><strong>Retinitis pigmentosa 51</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462065</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150715</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any retinitis pigmentosa in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the TTC8 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462065">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462152"><div><strong>Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462152</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150802</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia-2 (MLASA2) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The disorder shows marked phenotypic variability: some patients have a severe multisystem disorder from infancy, including cardiomyopathy and respiratory insufficiency resulting in early death, whereas others present in the second or third decade of life with sideroblastic anemia and mild muscle weakness (summary by Riley et al., 2013).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MLASA, see MLASA1 (600462).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462152">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462555"><div><strong>Constitutional megaloblastic anemia with severe neurologic disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462555</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151205</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the hematologic findings of megaloblastic anemia and variable neurologic symptoms, ranging from severe developmental delay and generalized seizures in infancy (Banka et al., 2011) to childhood absence epilepsy with learning difficulties to lack of symptoms (Cario et al., 2011). Treatment with folinic acid can ameliorate some of the symptoms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462555">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462869"><div><strong>Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462869</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151519</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the POMGNT1 gene. It is associated with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, and death usually in the first years of life.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462869">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_477139"><div><strong>Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>477139</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3275508</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome-2 (MCAHS2) is an X-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by dysmorphic features, neonatal hypotonia, early-onset myoclonic seizures, and variable congenital anomalies involving the central nervous, cardiac, and urinary systems. Some affected individuals die in infancy (summary by Johnston et al., 2012). The phenotype shows clinical variability with regard to severity and extraneurologic features. However, most patients present in infancy with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy associated with developmental arrest and subsequent severe neurologic disability; these features are consistent with a form of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) (summary by Belet et al., 2014, Kato et al., 2014). The disorder is caused by a defect in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis.&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MCAHS, see MCAHS1 (614080).&#13; For a discussion of nomenclature and genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350.&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of GPI biosynthesis defects, see GPIBD1 (610293).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/477139">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_815250"><div><strong>Severe congenital hypochromic anemia with ringed sideroblasts</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>815250</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3808920</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">STEAP3/TSAP6-related sideroblastic anemia is a very rare severe non-syndromic hypochromic anemia, which is characterized by transfusion-dependent hypochromic, poorly regenerative anemia, iron overload, resembling non-syndromic sideroblastic anemia (see this term) except for increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/815250">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816515"><div><strong>Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type type 1B</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816515</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3810185</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I (CDA I) is characterized by moderate-to-severe macrocytic anemia presenting occasionally in utero as severe anemia associated with hydrops fetalis but more commonly in neonates as hepatomegaly, early jaundice, and intrauterine growth restriction. Some individuals present in childhood or adulthood. After the neonatal period, most affected individuals have lifelong moderate anemia, usually accompanied by jaundice and splenomegaly. Secondary hemochromatosis develops with age as a result of increased iron absorption even in those who are not transfused. Distal limb anomalies occur in 4%-14% of affected individuals.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816515">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_905171"><div><strong>Senior-Loken syndrome 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>905171</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225376</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any Senior-Loken syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the WDR19 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/905171">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_934726"><div><strong>Retinitis pigmentosa 75</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>934726</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4310759</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Any retinitis pigmentosa in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the AGBL5 gene.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/934726">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1620960"><div><strong>Mitochondrial myopathy-cerebellar ataxia-pigmentary retinopathy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1620960</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4540096</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial myopathy and ataxia (MMYAT) is an autosomal recessive mtDNA depletion disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, congenital muscle involvement with histologic findings ranging from myopathic to dystrophic, and pigmentary retinopathy (summary by Donkervoort et al., 2019).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1620960">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1638271"><div><strong>Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis with or without pseudohyperkalemia and/or perinatal edema</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1638271</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551512</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1638271">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1634824"><div><strong>Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1634824</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551958</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia (MLASA) is a rare autosomal recessive oxidative phosphorylation disorder specific to skeletal muscle and bone marrow (Bykhovskaya et al., 2004).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Myopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Sideroblastic Anemia &#13; MLASA2 (613561) is caused by mutation in the YARS2 gene (610957) on chromosome 12p11. MLASA3 (500011) is caused by heteroplasmic mutation in the mitochondrially-encoded MTATP6 gene (516060).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1634824">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1771439"><div><strong>Renal tubular acidosis, distal, 4, with hemolytic anemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1771439</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5436235</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Individuals with hereditary distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) typically present in infancy with failure to thrive, although later presentations can occur, especially in individuals with autosomal dominant SLC4A1-dRTA. Initial clinical manifestations can also include emesis, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and episodes of dehydration. Electrolyte manifestations include hyperchloremic non-anion gap metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia. Renal complications of dRTA include nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, medullary cysts, and impaired renal function. Additional manifestations include bone demineralization (rickets, osteomalacia), growth deficiency, sensorineural hearing loss (in ATP6V0A4-, ATP6V1B1-, and FOXI1-dRTA), and hereditary hemolytic anemia (in some individuals with SLC4A1-dRTA).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1771439">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1794177"><div><strong>DEGCAGS syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1794177</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5561967</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">DEGCAGS syndrome is an autosomal recessive syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay, coarse and dysmorphic facial features, and poor growth and feeding apparent from infancy. Affected individuals have variable systemic manifestations often with significant structural defects of the cardiovascular, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and/or skeletal systems. Additional features may include sensorineural hearing loss, hypotonia, anemia or pancytopenia, and immunodeficiency with recurrent infections. Death in childhood may occur (summary by Bertoli-Avella et al., 2021).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1794177">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_403555" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anemia, nonspherocytic hemolytic, due to G6PD deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_140788" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease</a></div>
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<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_414112" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive optic atrophy, OPA7 type</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_105400" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Breath-holding Spells</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (39)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_341256" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cobalamin C disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_322767" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cone-rod dystrophy 11</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_381360" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cone-rod dystrophy 8</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_816515" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type type 1B</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_316921" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462555" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Constitutional megaloblastic anemia with severe neurologic disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_57509" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Cyclical vomiting syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_78692" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Deficiency of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1794177" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">DEGCAGS syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1638271" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis with or without pseudohyperkalemia and/or perinatal edema</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_350353" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dermatitis, atopic</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_390966" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_394841" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Elliptocytosis 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_87458" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Fumarase deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_7049" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Incontinentia pigmenti syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_342870" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_442375" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Leber congenital amaurosis 14</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_7311" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Letterer-Siwe disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1620960" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mitochondrial myopathy-cerebellar ataxia-pigmentary retinopathy syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_477139" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462869" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A3</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1634824" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462152" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia 2</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_87459" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pearson syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_323031" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Peripheral cone dystrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_7929" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Primary myelofibrosis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_473069" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pyruvate kinase deficiency of red cells</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1771439" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Renal tubular acidosis, distal, 4, with hemolytic anemia</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_462065" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinitis pigmentosa 51</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_934726" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Retinitis pigmentosa 75</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_905171" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Senior-Loken syndrome 8</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_815250" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Severe congenital hypochromic anemia with ringed sideroblasts</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_11713" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Tay-Sachs disease</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_335078" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27244835">Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (Formerly Apparent Life-Threatening Events) and Evaluation of Lower-Risk Infants.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tieder JS,
Bonkowsky JL,
Etzel RA,
Franklin WH,
Gremse DA,
Herman B,
Katz ES,
Krilov LR,
Merritt JL 2nd,
Norlin C,
Percelay J,
Sapién RE,
Shiffman RN,
Smith MB;
SUBCOMMITTEE ON APPARENT LIFE THREATENING EVENTS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
2016 May;137(5)
Epub 2016 Apr 25
doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0590.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27244835" target="_blank">27244835</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22081912">ICSH recommendations for identification, diagnostic value, and quantitation of schistocytes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zini G,
d'Onofrio G,
Briggs C,
Erber W,
Jou JM,
Lee SH,
McFadden S,
Vives-Corrons JL,
Yutaka N,
Lesesve JF;
International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH)</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Lab Hematol</span>
2012 Apr;34(2):107-16.
Epub 2011 Nov 15
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2011.01380.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22081912" target="_blank">22081912</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21401971">Raynaud's phenomenon (primary).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pope JE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Clin Evid</span>
2011 Mar 14;2011
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21401971" target="_blank">21401971</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3275138" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22pallor%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (101)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37497686">Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leung AKC,
Lam JM,
Wong AHC,
Hon KL,
Li X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Pediatr Rev</span>
2024;20(3):339-356.
doi: 10.2174/1573396320666230727102042.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37497686" target="_blank">37497686</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36678214">Favism: Clinical Features at Different Ages.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Beretta A,
Manuelli M,
Cena H</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Nutrients</span>
2023 Jan 10;15(2)
doi: 10.3390/nu15020343.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36678214" target="_blank">36678214</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9864644" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31940621">Chapter 6: Vitamins and Oral Health.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gutierrez Gossweiler A,
Martinez-Mier EA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Monogr Oral Sci</span>
2020;28:59-67.
Epub 2019 Nov 7
doi: 10.1159/000455372.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31940621" target="_blank">31940621</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30578520">Autoimmune Retinopathy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tsang SH,
Sharma T</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Exp Med Biol</span>
2018;1085:223-226.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95046-4_47.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30578520" target="_blank">30578520</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9259942">Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Akanli LF,
Cohen-Addad NE,
Malabanan NV,
Margono F,
Krilov MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Perinatol</span>
1997 May;14(5):271-3.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-994142.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9259942" target="_blank">9259942</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pallor%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (958)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34173203">Conjunctival and Palmar Pallor.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lee AQ,
Aronowitz P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Gen Intern Med</span>
2021 Nov;36(11):3575-3576.
Epub 2021 Jun 25
doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-06981-5.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34173203" target="_blank">34173203</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8606490" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26457951">Pallor.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cohen O,
Brian D,
Leonard P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Br J Hosp Med (Lond)</span>
2015 Oct;76(10):C146-9.
doi: 10.12968/hmed.2015.76.10.C146.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26457951" target="_blank">26457951</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11093411">Neurally mediated syncope.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zaqqa M,
Massumi A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Tex Heart Inst J</span>
2000;27(3):268-72.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11093411" target="_blank">11093411</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC101078" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10449928">Nevus anemicus.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ahkami RN,
Schwartz RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Dermatology</span>
1999;198(4):327-9.
doi: 10.1159/000018169.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10449928" target="_blank">10449928</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9225356">Breath-holding spells.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Evans OB</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Ann</span>
1997 Jul;26(7):410-4.
doi: 10.3928/0090-4481-19970701-05.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9225356" target="_blank">9225356</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pallor%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1722)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38517431">Association of Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis With Intravitreal Faricimab.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Li Y,
Chong R,
Fung AT</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA Ophthalmol</span>
2024 May 1;142(5):489-491.
doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.0928.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38517431" target="_blank">38517431</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37497686">Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leung AKC,
Lam JM,
Wong AHC,
Hon KL,
Li X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Pediatr Rev</span>
2024;20(3):339-356.
doi: 10.2174/1573396320666230727102042.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37497686" target="_blank">37497686</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36150481">Shot in the dark.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bhatti MT,
Gilbert AL,
Watson G,
Waheed M,
Spencer D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Surv Ophthalmol</span>
2023 Jul-Aug;68(4):821-829.
Epub 2022 Sep 21
doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.09.003.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36150481" target="_blank">36150481</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9489960" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34046142">Vitamin B12 deficiency: case report and review of literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hasbaoui BE,
Mebrouk N,
Saghir S,
Yajouri AE,
Abilkassem R,
Agadr A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pan Afr Med J</span>
2021;38:237.
Epub 2021 Mar 4
doi: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.237.20967.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34046142" target="_blank">34046142</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8140678" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26338243">The painted shoes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Noronha N,
Rosa Alexandre A,
Cavaca Santos J,
Rodrigues F</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2015 Sep 3;2015
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-210619.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26338243" target="_blank">26338243</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4567729" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pallor%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (810)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34046142">Vitamin B12 deficiency: case report and review of literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hasbaoui BE,
Mebrouk N,
Saghir S,
Yajouri AE,
Abilkassem R,
Agadr A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pan Afr Med J</span>
2021;38:237.
Epub 2021 Mar 4
doi: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.237.20967.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34046142" target="_blank">34046142</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8140678" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/18656283">Raynaud's phenomenon: pathogenesis and management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bakst R,
Merola JF,
Franks AG Jr,
Sanchez M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Am Acad Dermatol</span>
2008 Oct;59(4):633-53.
Epub 2008 Jul 24
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.004.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/18656283" target="_blank">18656283</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/17901676">Revesz syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Riyaz A,
Riyaz N,
Jayakrishnan MP,
Mohamed Shiras PT,
Ajith Kumar VT,
Ajith BS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Indian J Pediatr</span>
2007 Sep;74(9):862-3.
doi: 10.1007/s12098-007-0155-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/17901676" target="_blank">17901676</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/9259942">Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Akanli LF,
Cohen-Addad NE,
Malabanan NV,
Margono F,
Krilov MA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Perinatol</span>
1997 May;14(5):271-3.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-994142.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/9259942" target="_blank">9259942</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14079136">TRANYLCYPROMINE CEPHALGIA.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">MANN AM,
LAING WA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Can Med Assoc J</span>
1963 Nov 30;89(22):1115-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14079136" target="_blank">14079136</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1921828" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pallor%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (657)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37497686">Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leung AKC,
Lam JM,
Wong AHC,
Hon KL,
Li X</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Pediatr Rev</span>
2024;20(3):339-356.
doi: 10.2174/1573396320666230727102042.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37497686" target="_blank">37497686</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37723096">Abnormal uterine bleeding: an insidious presentation.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Almeida Lopes T,
Carvalho MM,
Brito N,
Neves C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Case Rep</span>
2023 Sep 18;16(9)
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255501.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37723096" target="_blank">37723096</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10510857" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30421679">Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leung AKC,
Leung AAM,
Wong AHC,
Hon KL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Pediatr Rev</span>
2019;15(1):22-29.
doi: 10.2174/1573396314666181113094047.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30421679" target="_blank">30421679</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6696822" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22081912">ICSH recommendations for identification, diagnostic value, and quantitation of schistocytes.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zini G,
d'Onofrio G,
Briggs C,
Erber W,
Jou JM,
Lee SH,
McFadden S,
Vives-Corrons JL,
Yutaka N,
Lesesve JF;
International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH)</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Lab Hematol</span>
2012 Apr;34(2):107-16.
Epub 2011 Nov 15
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2011.01380.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22081912" target="_blank">22081912</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16978405">Plummer-Vinson syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Novacek G</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Orphanet J Rare Dis</span>
2006 Sep 15;1:36.
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-1-36.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16978405" target="_blank">16978405</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1586011" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pallor%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (729)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27647842">Clinical presentation of childhood leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Clarke RT,
Van den Bruel A,
Bankhead C,
Mitchell CD,
Phillips B,
Thompson MJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Dis Child</span>
2016 Oct;101(10):894-901.
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311251.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27647842" target="_blank">27647842</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24112969">Raynaud's phenomenon (primary).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pope J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Clin Evid</span>
2013 Oct 10;2013:1119.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24112969" target="_blank">24112969</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3794700" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22234334">Cerebral microinfarcts: a systematic review of neuropathological studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Brundel M,
de Bresser J,
van Dillen JJ,
Kappelle LJ,
Biessels GJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Cereb Blood Flow Metab</span>
2012 Mar;32(3):425-36.
Epub 2012 Jan 11
doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.200.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22234334" target="_blank">22234334</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3293128" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/21401971">Raynaud's phenomenon (primary).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pope JE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Clin Evid</span>
2011 Mar 14;2011
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/21401971" target="_blank">21401971</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3275138" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/19445785">Raynaud's phenomenon (primary).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pope JE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Clin Evid</span>
2008 Dec 16;2008
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/19445785" target="_blank">19445785</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2907991" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pallor%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (25)</a></div></div>
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