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<meta name="keywords" content="C0231835, finding, increased respiratory rate or depth of breathing, polypnea, rapid breathing, rapid respiration, tachypnea, tachypneas, tachypneic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Very rapid breathing." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=66669
ConceptID=C0231835
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Tachypnea</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66669</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0231835</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding; Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Tachypneas</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Tachypneic (271823003); Tachypnea (271823003); Rapid respiration (271823003); Rapid breathing (271823003)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0002789">HP:0002789</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Very rapid breathing. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0231835[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical&amp;redirect=true" ref="ncbi_uid=66669">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=66669" ref="ncbi_uid=66669">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Tachypnea</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/866322" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of the respiratory system">Abnormality of the respiratory system</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/220360" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal respiratory system physiology">Abnormal respiratory system physiology</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/332433" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal pattern of respiration">Abnormal pattern of respiration</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Tachypnea</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/812548" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Episodic tachypnea">Episodic tachypnea</a></span></li><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/452136" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Transitory tachypnea of newborn">Transitory tachypnea of newborn</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_66323"><div><strong>Biotinidase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66323</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0220754</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized primarily by cutaneous and neurologic abnormalities. Symptoms result from the patient's inability to reutilize biotin, a necessary nutrient. Sweetman (1981) recognized that multiple carboxylase deficiency could be classified into early (see 253270) and late forms. The early form showed higher urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and 3-hydroxypropionic acid than the late form and was associated with normal plasma biotin concentrations. Sweetman (1981) proposed a defect in holocarboxylase synthetase and intestinal biotin absorption, respectively.&#13; Some patients with biotinidase deficiency present in infancy (Baumgartner et al., 1985; Kalayci et al., 1994), and some individuals with this deficiency are asymptomatic (Wolf et al., 1997).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66323">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_65962"><div><strong>Desquamative interstitial pneumonia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>65962</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0238378</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Interstitial lung disease (ILD), or pneumonitis, is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized pathologically by expansion of the interstitial compartment of the lung by inflammatory cells. Fibrosis occurs in many cases (Visscher and Myers, 2006). See also interstitial lung disease-1 (ILD1; 619611).&#13; Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) was originally described as a pathologic entity by Liebow et al. (1965). Lung biopsy shows diffuse and uniform filling of alveoli by clusters of cells which Liebow et al. (1965) speculated to be 'desquamated pneumocytes.' Since then, these cells have been shown primarily to be pigmented alveolar macrophages. Other features include thickened alveolar septa with an infiltrate of inflammatory cells and plump, cuboidal type II pneumocytes. Mild collagen deposition without architectural distortion or honeycombing may be present. Different forms of ILD represent pathologic classifications based on histologic patterns rather than clinical diagnoses and may occur in a variety of clinical contexts (Visscher and Myers, 2006).&#13; Although DIP occurs most often as a sporadic disorder in adults during the third to fifth decade of life and is highly associated with smoking (Carrington et al., 1978), reports of a familial form with onset in infancy and early death suggest a genetic basis (Sharief et al., 1994).&#13; Cases of DIP reported in infants are often more severe and refractory to treatment than those reported in adults (Nogee et al., 2001).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/65962">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_120649"><div><strong>Hyperammonemia, type III</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120649</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268543</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (NAGSD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. The clinical and biochemical features of the disorder are indistinguishable from carbamoyl phosphate synthase I deficiency (237300), since the CPS1 enzyme (608307) has an absolute requirement for NAGS (Caldovic et al., 2007).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120649">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_75694"><div><strong>Propionic acidemia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>75694</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268579</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The spectrum of propionic acidemia (PA) ranges from neonatal onset to late-onset disease. Neonatal-onset PA, the most common form, is characterized by a healthy newborn with poor feeding and decreased arousal in the first few days of life, followed by progressive encephalopathy of unexplained origin. Without prompt diagnosis (often through newborn screening) and management, this is followed by progressive encephalopathy manifesting as lethargy, seizures, or coma that can result in death. It is frequently accompanied by metabolic acidosis with anion gap, lactic acidosis, ketonuria, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and cytopenias. Individuals with late-onset PA may remain asymptomatic and suffer a metabolic crisis under catabolic stress (e.g., illness, surgery, fasting) or may experience a more insidious onset with the development of multiorgan complications including vomiting, protein intolerance, failure to thrive, hypotonia, developmental delays or regression, movement disorders, or cardiomyopathy. Isolated cardiomyopathy can be observed on rare occasions in the absence of clinical metabolic decompensation or neurocognitive deficits. Manifestations of neonatal-onset and late-onset PA over time can include growth impairment, intellectual disability, seizures, basal ganglia lesions, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, and chronic kidney disease. Other rarely reported complications include optic atrophy, sensorineural hearing loss, and premature ovarian insufficiency.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/75694">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_120653"><div><strong>Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>120653</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268581</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, a biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD), is characterized by metabolic acidosis, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions, and dermatitis. Most patients present in the newborn or early infantile period, but some become symptomatic in the later infantile period (summary by Suzuki et al., 2005).&#13; Also see biotinidase deficiency (253260), another form of MCD with a later onset.&#13; Care must be taken to differentiate the inherited multiple carboxylase deficiencies from acquired biotin deficiencies, such as those that develop after excessive dietary intake of avidin, an egg-white glycoprotein that binds specifically and essentially irreversibly to biotin (Sweetman et al., 1981) or prolonged parenteral alimentation without supplemental biotin (Mock et al., 1981).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/120653">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_78693"><div><strong>Familial methionine malabsorption</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>78693</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268622</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/78693">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_137979"><div><strong>Succinyl-CoA acetoacetate transferase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>137979</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0342792</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Ketone bodies are major vectors of energy transfer from the liver to extrahepatic tissues and are the main source of lipid-derived energy for the brain. Mitchell et al. (1995) reviewed medical aspects of ketone body metabolism, including the differential diagnosis of abnormalities. As the first step of ketone body utilization, succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase (SCOT, or OXCT1; EC 2.8.3.5) catalyzes the reversible transfer of CoA from succinyl-CoA to acetoacetate.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/137979">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_140788"><div><strong>Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140788</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0403529</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Goodpasture syndrome, also known as anti-GBM disease, is a rare autoimmune disease consisting of alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis secondary to circulating antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. Anti-GBM antibodies are directed against an antigen intrinsic to the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen (COL4A3; 120070) that is expressed in the GBMs of the glomerular capillary loops and the basal membrane of the pulmonary alveoli. Goodpasture syndrome is suspected in patients with hemoptysis and hematuria and is confirmed by the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in renal biopsy specimens and serum. Patients with human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR4 are susceptible to the development of Goodpasture syndrome. Reported cases of familial Goodpasture syndrome are extremely rare (summary by Angioi et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140788">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331326"><div><strong>Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331326</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1832615</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism usually manifests in the first 6 months of life with severe hypercalcemia, bone demineralization, and failure to thrive. Early diagnosis is critical because untreated NSHPT can be a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder, which in some cases is lethal without parathyroidectomy. Some infants have milder hyperparathyroidism and a substantially milder clinical presentation and natural history (summary by Egbuna and Brown, 2008).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331326">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_340930"><div><strong>Joubert syndrome with oculorenal defect</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>340930</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1855675</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Classic Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by three primary findings: A distinctive cerebellar and brain stem malformation called the molar tooth sign (MTS). Hypotonia. Developmental delays. Often these findings are accompanied by episodic tachypnea or apnea and/or atypical eye movements. In general, the breathing abnormalities improve with age, truncal ataxia develops over time, and acquisition of gross motor milestones is delayed. Cognitive abilities are variable, ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal. Additional findings can include retinal dystrophy, renal disease, ocular colobomas, occipital encephalocele, hepatic fibrosis, polydactyly, oral hamartomas, and endocrine abnormalities. Both intra- and interfamilial variation are seen.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/340930">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_387801"><div><strong>Congenital lactic acidosis, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>387801</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857355</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 5 (MC4DN5) is an autosomal recessive severe metabolic multisystemic disorder with onset in infancy. Features include delayed psychomotor development, impaired intellectual development with speech delay, mild dysmorphic facial features, hypotonia, ataxia, and seizures. There is increased serum lactate and episodic hypoglycemia. Some patients may have cardiomyopathy, abnormal breathing, or liver abnormalities, reflecting systemic involvement. Brain imaging shows lesions in the brainstem and basal ganglia, consistent with a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome (see 256000). Affected individuals tend to have episodic metabolic and/or neurologic crises in early childhood, which often lead to early death (summary by Debray et al., 2011).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) deficiency, see 220110.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/387801">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_388083"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>388083</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1858517</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive distal hereditary motor neuronopathy-1 (HMNR1) is characterized by distal and proximal muscle weakness and diaphragmatic palsy that leads to respiratory distress. Without intervention, most infants with the severe form of the disease die before 2 years of age. Affected individuals present in infancy with inspiratory stridor, weak cry, recurrent bronchopneumonia, and swallowing difficulties. The disorder is caused by distal and progressive motor neuronopathy resulting in muscle weakness (summary by Perego et al., 2020).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Autosomal Recessive Distal Hereditary Motor Neuronopathy&#13; See also HMNR2 (605726), caused by mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene (601978); HMNR3 (607088) (encompassing Harding HMN types III and IV), which maps to chromosome 11q13; HMNR4 (611067), caused by mutation in the PLEKHG5 gene (611101); HMNR5 (614881), caused by mutation in the DNAJB2 gene (604139); HMNR6 (620011), caused by mutation in the REEP1 gene (609139); HMNR7 (619216), caused by mutation in the VWA1 gene (611901); HMNR8 (618912), caused by mutation in the SORD gene (182500); HMNR9 (620402), caused by mutation in the COQ7 gene (601683); HMNR10 (620542), caused by mutation in the VRK1 gene (602168); and HMNR11 (620854), caused by mutation in the RTN2 gene (603183).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/388083">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_368840"><div><strong>Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>368840</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1968593</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The main cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants is a developmental deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. The frequency of RDS is inversely proportional to gestational age. However, not all infants born prematurely develop RDS, suggesting that there may be susceptibility factors. Because multiple factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of RDS specifically in premature infants, the etiology is considered to be multifactorial (summaries by Ramet et al., 2000; Clark and Clark, 2005).&#13; Pathogenic germline mutations in several genes involved in surfactant metabolism, including SFTPB (178640) and SFTPC (178620), can cause clinical features of respiratory distress syndrome in term neonates, children, and adults, disorders referred to as 'surfactant metabolism dysfunction' (see, e.g., SMDP1, 265120). Susceptibility to the development of RDS in premature infants may be associated with polymorphisms in surfactant genes, such as surfactant protein A1 (SFTPA1; 178630), SFTPB, and SFTPC (see MOLECULAR GENETICS).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/368840">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_368844"><div><strong>Surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary, 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>368844</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1968602</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Inborn errors of pulmonary surfactant metabolism are genetically heterogeneous disorders resulting in severe respiratory insufficiency or failure in full-term neonates or infants. These disorders are associated with various pathologic entities, including pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP), or cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) (Clark and Clark, 2005).&#13; A clinically similar disorder characterized by respiratory distress (267450) can affect preterm infants, who show developmental deficiency of surfactant.&#13; Acquired PAP (610910) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to CSF2 (138960).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Pulmonary Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction&#13; See also SMDP2 (610913), caused by mutation in the SPTPC gene (178620) on 8p21; SMDP3 (610921), caused by mutation in the ABCA3 gene (601615) on 16p13; SMDP4 (300770), caused by mutation in the CSF2RA gene (306250) on Xp22; and SMDP5 (614370), caused by mutation in the CSF2RB gene (138981) on 22q12.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/368844">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_369401"><div><strong>Joubert syndrome 7</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>369401</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1969053</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Classic Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by three primary findings: A distinctive cerebellar and brain stem malformation called the molar tooth sign (MTS). Hypotonia. Developmental delays. Often these findings are accompanied by episodic tachypnea or apnea and/or atypical eye movements. In general, the breathing abnormalities improve with age, truncal ataxia develops over time, and acquisition of gross motor milestones is delayed. Cognitive abilities are variable, ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal. Additional findings can include retinal dystrophy, renal disease, ocular colobomas, occipital encephalocele, hepatic fibrosis, polydactyly, oral hamartomas, and endocrine abnormalities. Both intra- and interfamilial variation are seen.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/369401">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_369694"><div><strong>Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>369694</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1970269</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">NKX2-1-related disorders range from benign hereditary chorea (BHC) to choreoathetosis, congenital hypothyroidism, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (also known as brain-lung-thyroid syndrome). Childhood-onset chorea, the hallmark feature of NKX2-1-related disorders, may or may not be associated with pulmonary disease or congenital hypothyroidism. Age of onset of chorea varies from early infancy (most commonly) to late childhood or adolescence and may progress into the second decade, after which it remains static or (rarely) remits. Pulmonary disease, the second most common manifestation, can include respiratory distress syndrome in neonates, interstitial lung disease in young children, and pulmonary fibrosis in older individuals. The risk for pulmonary carcinoma is increased in young adults with NKX2-1-related disorders. Thyroid dysfunction, occurring as a result of thyroid dysgenesis, can present as congenital or compensated hypothyroidism. In one review, 50% of affected individuals had the full brain-lung-thyroid syndrome, 30% had brain and thyroid involvement only, and 13% had chorea only.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/369694">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_410074"><div><strong>Interstitial lung disease due to ABCA3 deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>410074</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1970456</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction, see SMDP1 (265120).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/410074">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_410078"><div><strong>Surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary, 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>410078</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1970470</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction-2 (SMDP2) is a rare autosomal dominant disease associated with progressive respiratory insufficiency and lung disease with a variable clinical course. The pathophysiology of the disorder is postulated to involve intracellular accumulation of a structurally defective SPC protein (Thomas et al., 2002).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction, see SMDP1 (265120).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/410078">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_393858"><div><strong>Surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary, 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>393858</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2677877</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disorder in which surfactant-derived lipoproteins accumulate excessively within pulmonary alveoli, causing severe respiratory distress. Three forms of PAP have been described: hereditary (usually congenital), secondary, and acquired. Hereditary PAP is associated with mutations in the CSF2RA gene or in genes encoding surfactant proteins. Secondary PAP develops in conditions in which there are reduced numbers or functional impairment of alveolar macrophages and is associated with inhalation of inorganic dust (silica) or toxic fumes, hematologic malignancies, pharmacologic immunosuppression, infections, and impaired CSF2RB (138960) expression. Acquired PAP (610910), the most common form, usually occurs in adults and is caused by neutralizing autoantibodies to CSF2 (138960) (Martinez-Moczygemba et al., 2008).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction, see SMDP1 (265120).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/393858">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_413221"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Megarbane type</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>413221</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2750075</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Autosomal recessive spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Mégarbané type is a rare, primary bone dysplasia characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, pre- and postnatal disproportionate short stature with short, rhizomelic limbs, facial dysmorphism, a short neck and small thorax. Hypotonia, cardiomegaly and global developmental delay have also been associated. Several radiographic findings have been reported, including ribs with cupped ends, platyspondyly, square iliac bones, horizontal and trident acetabula, hypoplastic ischia, and delayed epiphyseal ossification.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/413221">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_462551"><div><strong>Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>462551</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3151201</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome (SMDYS) presents with a recognizable pattern of complications, including congenital mydriasis, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary artery hypertension, aortic and other arterial aneurysms, moyamoya-like cerebrovascular disease, intestinal hypoperistalsis and malrotation, and hypotonic bladder. It is caused by heterozygous mutations of the ACTA2 gene altering the arginine-179 codon (summary by Regalado et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/462551">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_482008"><div><strong>Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>482008</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3280378</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome-2 (MMDS2) with hyperglycinemia is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental regression in infancy. Affected children have an encephalopathic disease course with seizures, spasticity, loss of head control, and abnormal movement. Additional more variable features include optic atrophy, cardiomyopathy, and leukodystrophy. Laboratory studies show increased serum glycine and lactate. Most patients die in childhood. The disorder represents a form of 'variant' nonketotic hyperglycinemia and is distinct from classic nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH, or GCE; 605899), which is characterized by significantly increased CSF glycine. Several forms of 'variant' NKH, including MMDS2, appear to result from defects of mitochondrial lipoate biosynthesis (summary by Baker et al., 2014).&#13; For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome, see MMDS1 (605711).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/482008">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_766829"><div><strong>Methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria, type cblJ</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>766829</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3553915</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Combined methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) and homocystinuria is a genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorder of cobalamin (cbl; vitamin B12) metabolism, which is essential for hematologic and neurologic function. Biochemically, the defect causes decreased levels of the coenzymes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl), which results in decreased activity of the respective enzymes methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT; 609058) and methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase, also known as methionine synthase (MTR; 156570). The cblJ type is phenotypically and biochemically similar to the cblF type (MAHCF; 277380) (summary by Coelho et al., 2012).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/766829">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_816734"><div><strong>Hyperammonemic encephalopathy due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>816734</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3810404</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Most children with carbonic anhydrase VA (CA-VA) deficiency reported to date have presented between day 2 of life and early childhood (up to age 20 months) with hyperammonemic encephalopathy (i.e., lethargy, feeding intolerance, weight loss, tachypnea, seizures, and coma). Given that fewer than 20 affected individuals have been reported to date, the ranges of initial presentations and long-term prognoses are not completely understood. As of 2021 the oldest known affected individual is an adolescent. Almost all affected individuals reported to date have shown normal psychomotor development and no further episodes of metabolic crisis; however, a few have shown mild learning difficulties or delayed motor skills.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/816734">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_854382"><div><strong>Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>854382</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3887523</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Deficiency of very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD), which catalyzes the initial step of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids with a chain length of 14 to 20 carbons, is associated with three phenotypes. The severe early-onset cardiac and multiorgan failure form typically presents in the first months of life with hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, and arrhythmias, as well as hypotonia, hepatomegaly, and intermittent hypoglycemia. The hepatic or hypoketotic hypoglycemic form typically presents during early childhood with hypoketotic hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly, but without cardiomyopathy. The later-onset episodic myopathic form presents with intermittent rhabdomyolysis provoked by exercise, muscle cramps and/or pain, and/or exercise intolerance. Hypoglycemia typically is not present at the time of symptoms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/854382">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_862877"><div><strong>Mitochondrial complex III deficiency nuclear type 8</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>862877</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014440</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 8, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration with onset in childhood. Affected individuals may have normal or delayed early development, and often have episodic acute neurologic decompensation and regression associated with febrile illnesses. The developmental regression results in variable intellectual disability and motor deficits, such as hypotonia, axial hypertonia, and spasticity; some patients may lose the ability to walk independently. Laboratory studies show increased serum lactate and isolated deficiency of mitochondrial complex III in skeletal muscle and fibroblasts. Brain imaging shows a characteristic pattern of multifocal small cystic lesions in the periventricular and deep cerebral white matter (summary by Dallabona et al., 2016).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial complex III deficiency, see MC3DN1 (124000).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/862877">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863159"><div><strong>STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863159</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014722</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy is an autoinflammatory vasculopathy causing severe skin lesions, particularly affecting the face, ears, nose, and digits, and resulting in ulceration, eschar formation, necrosis, and, in some cases, amputation. Many patients have interstitial lung disease. Tissue biopsy and laboratory findings show a hyperinflammatory state, with evidence of increased beta-interferon (IFNB1; 147640) signaling (summary by Liu et al., 2014).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863159">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_900119"><div><strong>Joubert syndrome 23</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>900119</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4084822</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Classic Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by three primary findings: A distinctive cerebellar and brain stem malformation called the molar tooth sign (MTS). Hypotonia. Developmental delays. Often these findings are accompanied by episodic tachypnea or apnea and/or atypical eye movements. In general, the breathing abnormalities improve with age, truncal ataxia develops over time, and acquisition of gross motor milestones is delayed. Cognitive abilities are variable, ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal. Additional findings can include retinal dystrophy, renal disease, ocular colobomas, occipital encephalocele, hepatic fibrosis, polydactyly, oral hamartomas, and endocrine abnormalities. Both intra- and interfamilial variation are seen.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/900119">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_905398"><div><strong>Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency 4</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>905398</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4225304</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 13 (MC4DN13) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the onset of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy soon after birth. Affected individuals have hypotonia, weakness, and failure to thrive, resulting in death in infancy. Laboratory studies show increased serum lactate and decreased levels and activity of mitochondrial respiratory complex IV (summary by Baertling et al., 2015).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) deficiency, see 220110.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/905398">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1613861"><div><strong>Joubert syndrome 30</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1613861</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4539937</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1613861">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1648312"><div><strong>Fibrosis, neurodegeneration, and cerebral angiomatosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1648312</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4748939</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Fibrosis, neurodegeneration, and cerebral angiomatosis (FINCA) is characterized by severe progressive cerebropulmonary symptoms, resulting in death in infancy from respiratory failure. Features include malabsorption, progressive growth failure, recurrent infections, chronic hemolytic anemia, and transient liver dysfunction. Neuropathology shows increased angiomatosis-like leptomeningeal, cortical, and superficial white matter vascularization and congestion, vacuolar degeneration and myelin loss in white matter, as well as neuronal degeneration. Interstitial fibrosis and granuloma-like lesions are seen in the lungs, and there is hepatomegaly with steatosis and collagen accumulation (Uusimaa et al., 2018).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1648312">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1800821"><div><strong>Autoimmune interstitial lung disease-arthritis syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1800821</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5243948</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Systemic autoinflammation and autoimmunity with immune dysregulation (AIAISD) is an autosomal dominant systemic autoinflammatory disorder with autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. Affected individuals present in the first decade of life with variable features that may include interstitial lung disease, alveolar hemorrhage, inflammatory arthritis, neuromyelitis optica, livedo reticularis, dysautonomia, recurrent infections, and renal disease. Laboratory studies usually show high-titer autoantibodies and features of inflammation, including a type I interferon (e.g., 147660) signature and elevation of inflammatory cytokines. The disorder shows significant incomplete penetrance; most carrier parents are unaffected (summary by Watkin et al., 2015; Delafontaine et al., 2024).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1800821">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1748867"><div><strong>Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1748867</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5399977</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 2 (MC4DN2) is an autosomal recessive multisystem metabolic disorder characterized by the onset of symptoms at birth or in the first weeks or months of life. Affected individuals have severe hypotonia, often associated with feeding difficulties and respiratory insufficiency necessitating tube feeding and mechanical ventilation. The vast majority of patients develop hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the first days or weeks of life, which usually leads to death in infancy or early childhood. Patients also show neurologic abnormalities, including developmental delay, nystagmus, fasciculations, dystonia, EEG changes, and brain imaging abnormalities compatible with a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome (see 256000). There may also be evidence of systemic involvement with hepatomegaly and myopathy, although neurogenic muscle atrophy is more common and may resemble spinal muscular atrophy type I (SMA1; 253300). Serum lactate is increased, and laboratory studies show decreased mitochondrial complex IV protein and activity levels in various tissues, including heart and skeletal muscle. Most patients die in infancy of cardiorespiratory failure (summary by Papadopoulou et al., 1999).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) deficiency, see 220110.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1748867">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1750003"><div><strong>Rajab interstitial lung disease with brain calcifications 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1750003</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5436276</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Rajab interstitial lung disease with brain calcifications-1 (RILDBC1) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder with a highly variable phenotype. Most patients present in infancy or early childhood with poor growth and interstitial lung disease, which may lead to death. Some may also have liver, skeletal, and renal abnormalities, and most have intracranial calcifications on brain imaging. Some may have early impaired motor development, but most have normal cognitive development (summary by Xu et al., 2018).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Rajab Interstitial Lung Disease with Brain Calcifications&#13; Also see Rajab interstitial disease with brain calcifications-2 (RILDBC2; 619013), caused by mutation in the FARSA gene (602918).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1750003">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824010"><div><strong>Hypermetabolism due to uncoupled mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824010</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774237</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hypermetabolism due to uncoupled mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation-2 (HUMOP2) is characterized by failure to thrive apparent in infancy despite adequate caloric intake. Affected individuals show normal thyroid function, hyperphagia, tachypnea, increased basal temperature, and increased sweating. Biochemical studies demonstrate increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption with inefficient production of ATP in the final steps of oxidative phosphorylation due to an uncoupling defect (Ganetzky et al., 2022).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Hypermetabolism due to Uncoupled Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation&#13; See also HUMOP1 (238800).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824010">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1824069"><div><strong>Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2H</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1824069</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774296</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">CMD2H is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by rapidly progressive dilated cardiomyopathy and death in early infancy (Verhagen et al., 2019).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy, see 115200.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1824069">Condition Record</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33464919">Acute lung injury - from pathophysiology to treatment.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mokrá D</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Physiol Res</span>
2020 Dec 31;69(Suppl 3):S353-S366.
doi: 10.33549/physiolres.934602.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33464919" target="_blank">33464919</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8603709" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32538594">Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Saguil A,
Fargo MV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2020 Jun 15;101(12):730-738.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32538594" target="_blank">32538594</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26903335">Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Seymour CW,
Liu VX,
Iwashyna TJ,
Brunkhorst FM,
Rea TD,
Scherag A,
Rubenfeld G,
Kahn JM,
Shankar-Hari M,
Singer M,
Deutschman CS,
Escobar GJ,
Angus DC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
2016 Feb 23;315(8):762-74.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0288.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26903335" target="_blank">26903335</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5433435" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22tachypnea%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (128)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27659026">Hypothyroxinemia and Risk for Transient Tachypnea of Newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ulanovsky I,
Smolkin T,
Almashanu S,
Mashiach T,
Makhoul IR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Pediatr</span>
2016 Dec;179:266-268.e1.
Epub 2016 Sep 19
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.061.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27659026" target="_blank">27659026</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25274969">Respiratory distress in the newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reuter S,
Moser C,
Baack M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Rev</span>
2014 Oct;35(10):417-28; quiz 429.
doi: 10.1542/pir.35-10-417.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25274969" target="_blank">25274969</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4533247" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22317884">Developmental physiology of late and moderate prematurity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Raju TN</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Fetal Neonatal Med</span>
2012 Jun;17(3):126-31.
Epub 2012 Feb 7
doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2012.01.010.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22317884" target="_blank">22317884</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20807157">Transient tachypnea of the newborn: what is new?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yurdakök M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</span>
2010 Oct;23 Suppl 3:24-6.
doi: 10.3109/14767058.2010.507971.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20807157" target="_blank">20807157</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2647221">The septic syndrome. Definition and clinical implications.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Balk RA,
Bone RC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Crit Care Clin</span>
1989 Jan;5(1):1-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2647221" target="_blank">2647221</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Tachypnea%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1332)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34913645">Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: Rapid Evidence Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Smith DK,
Kuckel DP,
Recidoro AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am Fam Physician</span>
2021 Dec 1;104(6):618-625.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34913645" target="_blank">34913645</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32753712">Recent Advances in Pathophysiology and Management of Transient Tachypnea of Newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Alhassen Z,
Vali P,
Guglani L,
Lakshminrusimha S,
Ryan RM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Perinatol</span>
2021 Jan;41(1):6-16.
Epub 2020 Aug 4
doi: 10.1038/s41372-020-0757-3.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32753712" target="_blank">32753712</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11867197" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32906174">Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Scott RA,
Rabinstein AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Neurol</span>
2020 Oct;40(5):485-491.
Epub 2020 Sep 9
doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1713845.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32906174" target="_blank">32906174</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26001943">Newborn respiratory distress: airway abnormalities.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hegde SV,
Greenberg B</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Semin Ultrasound CT MR</span>
2015 Apr;36(2):138-45.
Epub 2015 Feb 3
doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.01.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26001943" target="_blank">26001943</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25274969">Respiratory distress in the newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reuter S,
Moser C,
Baack M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Rev</span>
2014 Oct;35(10):417-28; quiz 429.
doi: 10.1542/pir.35-10-417.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25274969" target="_blank">25274969</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4533247" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Tachypnea%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1508)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33915557">Pathophysiology and Treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Gregory H,
Weant KA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Emerg Nurs J</span>
2021 Apr-Jun 01;43(2):102-110.
doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000344.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33915557" target="_blank">33915557</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33755619">Monoclonal Antibody Approved to Treat Ebola.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Aschenbrenner DS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Nurs</span>
2021 Apr 1;121(4):22.
doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000742484.81331.b2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33755619" target="_blank">33755619</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31040503">Malignant Hyperthermia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kaur H,
Katyal N,
Yelam A,
Kumar K,
Srivastava H,
Govindarajan R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mo Med</span>
2019 Mar-Apr;116(2):154-159.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31040503" target="_blank">31040503</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6461318" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29932038">Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Leung AKC,
Wong AHC,
Hon KL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov</span>
2018;12(2):136-144.
doi: 10.2174/1872213X12666180621163821.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29932038" target="_blank">29932038</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25274969">Respiratory distress in the newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Reuter S,
Moser C,
Baack M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatr Rev</span>
2014 Oct;35(10):417-28; quiz 429.
doi: 10.1542/pir.35-10-417.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25274969" target="_blank">25274969</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4533247" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Tachypnea%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (956)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32591787">Severe Morbidity and Short- and Mid- to Long-term Mortality in Older Adults Hospitalized with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Tseng HF,
Sy LS,
Ackerson B,
Solano Z,
Slezak J,
Luo Y,
Fischetti CA,
Shinde V</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Infect Dis</span>
2020 Sep 14;222(8):1298-1310.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa361.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32591787" target="_blank">32591787</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28716515">Calming the Storm: Dysautonomia for the Pediatrician.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Burton JM,
Morozova OM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care</span>
2017 Jul;47(7):145-150.
Epub 2017 Jul 15
doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2017.06.009.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28716515" target="_blank">28716515</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27275634">Delivery room hospice.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Garbi LR,
Shah S,
La Gamma EF</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Acta Paediatr</span>
2016 Nov;105(11):1261-1265.
Epub 2016 Jul 11
doi: 10.1111/apa.13497.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27275634" target="_blank">27275634</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26903335">Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Seymour CW,
Liu VX,
Iwashyna TJ,
Brunkhorst FM,
Rea TD,
Scherag A,
Rubenfeld G,
Kahn JM,
Shankar-Hari M,
Singer M,
Deutschman CS,
Escobar GJ,
Angus DC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
2016 Feb 23;315(8):762-74.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0288.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26903335" target="_blank">26903335</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5433435" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23466134">Pulmonary embolism and amniotic fluid embolism in pregnancy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Brennan MC,
Moore LE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am</span>
2013 Mar;40(1):27-35.
doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2012.11.005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23466134" target="_blank">23466134</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Tachypnea%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (874)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35467819">Traumatic pneumothorax: updates in diagnosis and management in the emergency department.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah K,
Tran J,
Schmidt L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Emerg Med Pract</span>
2022 Apr 15;25(5, Suppl 1):1-28.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35467819" target="_blank">35467819</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26903335">Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Seymour CW,
Liu VX,
Iwashyna TJ,
Brunkhorst FM,
Rea TD,
Scherag A,
Rubenfeld G,
Kahn JM,
Shankar-Hari M,
Singer M,
Deutschman CS,
Escobar GJ,
Angus DC</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
2016 Feb 23;315(8):762-74.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0288.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26903335" target="_blank">26903335</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5433435" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25220846">Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe brain injury.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lump D,
Moyer M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep</span>
2014 Nov;14(11):494.
doi: 10.1007/s11910-014-0494-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25220846" target="_blank">25220846</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20200633">Pericardial fat necrosis: a review and update.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fred HL</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Tex Heart Inst J</span>
2010;37(1):82-4.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20200633" target="_blank">20200633</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2829792" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16159077">Paroxysmal sympathetic storm.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Diamond AL,
Callison RC,
Shokri J,
Cruz-Flores S,
Kinsella LJ</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurocrit Care</span>
2005;2(3):288-91.
doi: 10.1385/NCC:2:3:288.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16159077" target="_blank">16159077</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Tachypnea%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (861)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39087803">Efficacy of Antibiotic Regimens for Pneumonia in Young Infants Aged 0-59 Days: A Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">North K,
Frade Garcia A,
Crouch M,
Kimsen S,
Hoey A,
Wade C,
Kim Y,
Chou R,
Edmond KM,
Lee ACC,
Rees CA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Pediatrics</span>
2024 Aug 1;154(Suppl 1)
doi: 10.1542/peds.2024-066588G.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39087803" target="_blank">39087803</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11460314" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35199848">Interventions for the management of transient tachypnoea of the newborn - an overview of systematic reviews.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bruschettini M,
Hassan KO,
Romantsik O,
Banzi R,
Calevo MG,
Moresco L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2022 Feb 24;2(2):CD013563.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013563.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35199848" target="_blank">35199848</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8867535" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/29989619">Clinical Inquiries: What are the benefits/risks of giving betamethasone to women at risk of late preterm labor?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dresang L,
Hooper-Lane C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Fam Pract</span>
2018 Jul;67(7):448-449.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/29989619" target="_blank">29989619</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28763554">Does This Child Have Pneumonia?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shah SN,
Bachur RG,
Simel DL,
Neuman MI</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">JAMA</span>
2017 Aug 1;318(5):462-471.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.9039.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28763554" target="_blank">28763554</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27210618">Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Moresco L,
Bruschettini M,
Cohen A,
Gaiero A,
Calevo MG</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
2016 May 23;(5):CD011878.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011878.pub2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27210618" target="_blank">27210618</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Tachypnea%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (35)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0231835%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0231835%5bDISCUI%5d&amp;filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (1)</a></li>
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