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<!--
UID=581229
ConceptID=C0392692
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Hypoproteinemia</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>581229</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0392692</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
<td>Decreased protein levels in blood; Serum proteins below reference range; Serum proteins low</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Serum proteins low (166778002); Serum proteins below reference range (166778002)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0003075">HP:0003075</a></td></tr>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">A decreased concentration of protein in the blood. [from <a title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">HPO</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Clinical test">C</span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="OMIM">O</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="ClinVar">V</span></span><span class="TLline">Hypoproteinemia</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867443" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Phenotypic abnormality">Phenotypic abnormality</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/867398" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis">Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1701080" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal circulating metabolite concentration">Abnormal circulating metabolite concentration</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/892289" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Abnormal circulating protein concentration">Abnormal circulating protein concentration</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Hypoproteinemia</span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/870253" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Neonatal hypoproteinemia">Neonatal hypoproteinemia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_4844"><div><strong>Gastric mucosal hypertrophy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>4844</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0017155</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A type of gastritis characterized by excessive proliferation of the gastric mucosa and diffuse thickening of the gastric mucosal folds.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/4844">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_19522"><div><strong>Protein-losing enteropathy</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19522</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0033680</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Complement hyperactivation, angiopathic thrombosis, and protein-losing enteropathy (CHAPLE) is characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea, primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, hypoproteinemic edema, and malabsorption. Some patients also exhibit bowel inflammation, recurrent infections associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, and/or angiopathic thromboembolic disease. Patient T lymphocytes show increased complement activation, causing surface deposition of complement and generating soluble C5a (Ozen et al., 2017).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/19522">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_82802"><div><strong>Enterokinase deficiency</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>82802</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0268416</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Deficiency of enterokinase, a sequence-specific protease that activates trypsinogen (see 276000) and has a major role in protein digestion, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe protein malabsorption in early infancy, with failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, and generalized edema. In adulthood, patients have normal body weight and no gastrointestinal symptoms, even when pancreatic enzyme supplements are discontinued (summary by Holzinger et al., 2002).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/82802">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_98011"><div><strong>Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>98011</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0403399</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">The nephrotic syndrome is characterized clinically by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Kidney biopsies show nonspecific histologic changes such as minimal change, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and diffuse mesangial proliferation. Approximately 20% of affected individuals have an inherited steroid-resistant form and progress to end-stage renal failure (summary by Fuchshuber et al., 1996).&#13; Nephrotic syndrome type 1 (NPHS1) is characterized by prenatal onset of massive proteinuria followed by severe steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome apparent at birth with rapid progression to end-stage renal failure (Kestila et al., 1998).&#13; Because of confusion in the literature regarding use of the terms 'nephrotic syndrome' and 'focal segmental glomerulosclerosis' (see NOMENCLATURE section), these disorders in OMIM are classified as NPHS or FSGS according to how they were first designated in the literature.&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Nephrotic Syndrome and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis&#13; Nephrotic syndrome and FSGS are genetically heterogeneous disorders representing a spectrum of hereditary renal diseases. See also NPHS2 (600995), caused by mutation in the podocin gene (604766); NPHS3 (610725), caused by mutation in the PLCE1 gene (608414); NPHS4 (256370), caused by mutation in the WT1 gene (607102); NPHS5 (614199), caused by mutation in the LAMB2 gene (150325); NPHS6 (614196), caused by mutation in the PTPRO gene (600579); NPHS7 (615008), caused by mutation in the DGKE gene (601440); NPHS8 (615244), caused by mutation in the ARHGDIA gene (601925); NPHS9 (615573), caused by mutation in the COQ8B gene (615567); NPHS10 (615861), caused by mutation in the EMP2 gene (602334); NPHS11 (616730), caused by mutation in the NUP107 gene (607617); NPHS12 (616892), caused by mutation in the NUP93 gene (614351); NPHS13 (616893), caused by mutation in the NUP205 gene (614352); NPHS14 (617575), caused by mutation in the SGPL1 gene (603729); NPHS15 (617609), caused by mutation in the MAGI2 gene (606382); NPHS16 (617783), caused by mutation in the KANK2 gene (614610), NPHS17 (618176), caused by mutation in the NUP85 gene (170285); NPHS18 (618177), caused by mutation in the NUP133 gene (607613); NPHS19 (618178), caused by mutation in the NUP160 gene (607614); NPHS20 (301028), caused by mutation in the TBC1D8B gene (301027); NPHS21 (618594) caused by mutation in the AVIL gene (613397); NPHS22 (619155), caused by mutation in the NOS1AP gene (605551); NPHS23 (619201), caused by mutation in the KIRREL1 gene (607428); NPHS24 (619263), caused by mutation in the DAAM2 gene (606627); and NPHS26 (620049), caused by mutation in the LAMA5 gene (601033).&#13; The symbol NPHS25 has been used as an alternative designation for NPHS21.&#13; See also FSGS1 (603278), caused by mutation in the ACTN4 gene (604638); FSGS2 (603965), caused by mutation in the TRPC6 gene (603652); FSGS3 (607832), associated with variation in the CD2AP gene (604241); FSGS4 (612551), mapped to chromosome 22q12; FSGS5 (613237), caused by mutation in the INF2 gene (610982); FSGS6 (614131), caused by mutation in the MYO1E gene (601479); FSGS7 (616002), caused by mutation in the PAX2 gene (167409); FSGS8 (616032), caused by mutation in the ANLN gene (616027); and FSGS9 (616220), caused by mutation in the CRB2 gene (609720).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/98011">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_373199"><div><strong>Pierson syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>373199</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836876</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Pierson syndrome (PIERS) is an autosomal recessive disorder comprising congenital nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial sclerosis and distinct ocular abnormalities, including microcoria and hypoplasia of the ciliary and pupillary muscles, as well as other anomalies. Many patients die early, and those who survive tend to show neurodevelopmental delay and visual loss (summary by Zenker et al., 2004).&#13; Mutations in the LAMB2 gene also cause nephrotic syndrome type 5 with or without mild ocular anomalies (NPHS5; 614199).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/373199">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_343422"><div><strong>Hypoproteinemia, hypercatabolic</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343422</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1855796</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Immunodeficiency-43 (IMD43) is an autosomal recessive immunologic disorder characterized by decreased or absent expression of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. Most affected individuals develop recurrent bacterial respiratory tract infections in childhood or adulthood, which may progress to bronchiectasis, and about half develop ulcerating or necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory skin lesions. Laboratory studies show decreased numbers of B cells, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoproteinemia, and decreased alpha-beta CD8+ T cells with increased gamma-delta CD8+ T cells. The severity is variable, and some individuals may be asymptomatic (summary by Ardeniz et al., 2015).&#13; For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of MHC class I deficiency, see MHC1D1 (604571).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343422">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_343489"><div><strong>Mullerian derivatives-lymphangiectasia-polydactyly syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>343489</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1856159</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A rare genetic disease characterized by the presence of Müllerian duct derivatives (rudimentary uterus, fallopian tubes, and atretic vagina) and other genital anomalies (cryptorchidism, micropenis) in male newborns, intestinal and pulmonary lymphangiectasia, protein-losing enteropathy, hepatomegaly, and renal anomalies. Postaxial polydactyly, facial dysmorphism (including broad nasal bridge, bulbous nasal tip, long and prominent upper lip with smooth philtrum, hypertrophic alveolar ridges, and mild retrognathia, among other features), and short limbs have also been described. The syndrome is fatal in infancy.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/343489">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_347426"><div><strong>Deafness-small bowel diverticulosis-neuropathy syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>347426</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1857338</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Syndrome with characteristics of progressive sensorineural deafness, progressive sensory neuropathy and gastrointestinal abnormalities (progressive loss of gastric motility, small bowel diverticulosis). It has been described in five patients (three sisters in a family and two sisters born to consanguineous parents). This syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/347426">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_349241"><div><strong>Aplasia cutis congenita-intestinal lymphangiectasia syndrome</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>349241</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1859753</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An extremely rare association syndrome, described in only two brothers to date (one of which died at 2 months of age), characterized by aplasia cutis congenita of the vertex and generalized edema (as well as hypoproteinemia and lymphopenia) due to intestinal lymphangiectasia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1985.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/349241">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_400366"><div><strong>Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>400366</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1863727</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-2 (FHL2) is an autosomal recessive disorder of immune dysregulation with onset in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized clinically by fever, edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and liver dysfunction. Neurologic impairment, seizures, and ataxia are frequent. Laboratory studies show pancytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, hypofibrinogenemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. There is increased production of cytokines, such as gamma-interferon (IFNG; 147570) and TNF-alpha (191160), by hyperactivation and proliferation of T cells and macrophages. Activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells is reduced, consistent with a defect in cellular cytotoxicity. Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver show features of hemophagocytosis. Chemotherapy and/or immunosuppressant therapy may result in symptomatic remission, but the disorder is fatal without bone marrow transplantation (summary by Dufourcq-Lagelouse et al., 1999, Stepp et al., 1999, and Molleran Lee et al., 2004).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of FHL, see 267700.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/400366">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_398130"><div><strong>Histiocytic medullary reticulosis</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>398130</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2700553</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Omenn syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) associated with erythrodermia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and alopecia. B cells are mostly absent, T-cell counts are normal to elevated, and T cells are frequently activated and express a restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire (summary by Ege et al., 2005).&#13; Another distinct form of familial histiocytic reticulocytosis (267700) is caused by mutation in the perforin-1 gene (PRF1; 170280) on chromosome 10q22.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/398130">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_419694"><div><strong>DPAGT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>419694</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C2931004</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Like all CDGs, which are caused by a shortage of precursor monosaccharide phosphate or deficiencies in the glycosyltransferases required for lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor (LLO) synthesis, CDG Ij is caused by a defect in the formation of DPAGT1, the first dolichyl-linked intermediate of the protein N-glycosylation pathway.&#13; For a general discussion of CDGs, see CDG1A (212065).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/419694">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_863042"><div><strong>Polyglucosan body myopathy type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>863042</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4014605</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Polyglucosan body myopathy-1 (PGBM1) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by onset in childhood of progressive proximal muscle weakness, resulting in difficulties in ambulation. Most patients also develop progressive dilated cardiomyopathy, which may necessitate cardiac transplant in severe cases. A small subset of patients present with severe immunodeficiency and a hyperinflammatory state in very early childhood (summary by Boisson et al., 2012 and Nilsson et al., 2013).&#13; Genetic Heterogeneity of Polyglucosan Body Myopathy&#13; See also PGBM2 (616199), caused by mutation in the GYG1 gene (603942) on chromosome 3q24.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/863042">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1642840"><div><strong>Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 1</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1642840</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4551514</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Familial Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by a macrophage activation syndrome with an onset usually occurring within a few months or less common several years after birth.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1642840">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1745920"><div><strong>Nephrotic syndrome, type 22</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1745920</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5436909</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Nephrotic syndrome type 22 (NPHS22) is an autosomal recessive renal disease characterized by onset of progressive kidney dysfunction in infancy. Affected individuals usually present with edema associated with hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria. Renal biopsy shows effacement of the podocyte foot processes, glomerulosclerosis, and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. The disease is steroid-resistant and progressive, resulting in end-stage renal disease usually necessitating kidney transplant (Majmundar et al., 2021).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of nephrotic syndrome, see NPHS1 (256300).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1745920">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1823968"><div><strong>Liver disease, severe congenital</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1823968</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C5774195</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Severe congenital liver disease (SCOLIV) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the onset of progressive hepatic dysfunction usually in the first years of life. Affected individuals show feeding difficulties with failure to thrive and features such as jaundice, hepatomegaly, and abdominal distension. Laboratory workup is consistent with hepatic insufficiency and may also show coagulation defects, anemia, or metabolic disturbances. Cirrhosis and hypernodularity are commonly observed on liver biopsy. Many patients die of liver failure in early childhood (Moreno Traspas et al., 2022).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1823968">Condition Record</a></div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_349241" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Aplasia cutis congenita-intestinal lymphangiectasia syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_347426" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Deafness-small bowel diverticulosis-neuropathy syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_419694" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">DPAGT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_82802" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Enterokinase deficiency</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_400366" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2</a></div><div class="jig-moreless" data-jigconfig="class: 'moveDown', moreText: 'See full list (16)', lessText: 'Show less', nodeBefore: 0"><span id="clinMore">
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1642840" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_98011" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_4844" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Gastric mucosal hypertrophy</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_398130" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Histiocytic medullary reticulosis</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_343422" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoproteinemia, hypercatabolic</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1823968" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Liver disease, severe congenital</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_343489" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Mullerian derivatives-lymphangiectasia-polydactyly syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1745920" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Nephrotic syndrome, type 22</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_373199" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pierson syndrome</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_863042" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Polyglucosan body myopathy type 1</a></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_19522" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Protein-losing enteropathy</a></div></span></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39497087">Clinical manifestations and treatment of candidemia caused by different Candida species: a retrospective study.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang C,
Wu S,
Chen X,
Yang H,
Feng W,
Yuan T,
Wang Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Infect Dis</span>
2024 Nov 4;24(1):1234.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-10128-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39497087" target="_blank">39497087</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11533373" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36285854">Optimization of antimicrobial treatment in sepsis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Azanza Perea JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Esp Quimioter</span>
2022 Oct;35 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):30-33.
Epub 2022 Oct 24
doi: 10.37201/req/s03.07.2022.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36285854" target="_blank">36285854</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9717460" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33484734">Phosgene inhalation toxicity: Update on mechanisms and mechanism-based treatment strategies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pauluhn J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Toxicology</span>
2021 Feb 28;450:152682.
Epub 2021 Jan 20
doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152682.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33484734" target="_blank">33484734</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22hypoproteinemia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (35)</a></div></div>
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<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38700889">Analysis of cases with co-infection of COVID-19 and pulmonary aspergillosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zheng Hu H,
Wu LB,
Liu Q,
Wu BY,
Wang Y,
Wang RY</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">New Microbiol</span>
2024 May;47(1):98-102.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38700889" target="_blank">38700889</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35769042">Predictive Value of Risk Factors for Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Laryngectomy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim DH,
Kim SW,
Hwang SH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Laryngoscope</span>
2023 Apr;133(4):742-754.
Epub 2022 Jun 29
doi: 10.1002/lary.30278.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35769042" target="_blank">35769042</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36285854">Optimization of antimicrobial treatment in sepsis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Azanza Perea JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Esp Quimioter</span>
2022 Oct;35 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):30-33.
Epub 2022 Oct 24
doi: 10.37201/req/s03.07.2022.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36285854" target="_blank">36285854</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9717460" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26864729">Bloodstream infections in patients with liver cirrhosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bartoletti M,
Giannella M,
Lewis RE,
Viale P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Virulence</span>
2016 Apr 2;7(3):309-19.
Epub 2016 Feb 11
doi: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1141162.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26864729" target="_blank">26864729</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4871664" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1882023">Hypoalbuminemia in delirium.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dickson LR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Psychosomatics</span>
1991 Summer;32(3):317-23.
doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72071-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1882023" target="_blank">1882023</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypoproteinemia%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (538)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37355874">Drug-induced Capillary Leak Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mudhol RR,
Bhise R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Assoc Physicians India</span>
2022 Oct;70(10):11-12.
doi: 10.5005/japi-11001-0106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37355874" target="_blank">37355874</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24365309">Nephrotic syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liebeskind DS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Handb Clin Neurol</span>
2014;119:405-15.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00026-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24365309" target="_blank">24365309</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20571826">Clinical practice. Protein-losing enteropathy in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Braamskamp MJ,
Dolman KM,
Tabbers MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Pediatr</span>
2010 Oct;169(10):1179-85.
Epub 2010 Jun 23
doi: 10.1007/s00431-010-1235-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20571826" target="_blank">20571826</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2926439" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12459405">Peripheral edema.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cho S,
Atwood JE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med</span>
2002 Nov;113(7):580-6.
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01322-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12459405" target="_blank">12459405</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/1882023">Hypoalbuminemia in delirium.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Dickson LR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Psychosomatics</span>
1991 Summer;32(3):317-23.
doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72071-9.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/1882023" target="_blank">1882023</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypoproteinemia%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (593)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35769042">Predictive Value of Risk Factors for Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Laryngectomy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim DH,
Kim SW,
Hwang SH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Laryngoscope</span>
2023 Apr;133(4):742-754.
Epub 2022 Jun 29
doi: 10.1002/lary.30278.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35769042" target="_blank">35769042</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37355874">Drug-induced Capillary Leak Syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mudhol RR,
Bhise R</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Assoc Physicians India</span>
2022 Oct;70(10):11-12.
doi: 10.5005/japi-11001-0106.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37355874" target="_blank">37355874</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36285854">Optimization of antimicrobial treatment in sepsis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Azanza Perea JR</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Rev Esp Quimioter</span>
2022 Oct;35 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):30-33.
Epub 2022 Oct 24
doi: 10.37201/req/s03.07.2022.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36285854" target="_blank">36285854</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9717460" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26864729">Bloodstream infections in patients with liver cirrhosis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bartoletti M,
Giannella M,
Lewis RE,
Viale P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Virulence</span>
2016 Apr 2;7(3):309-19.
Epub 2016 Feb 11
doi: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1141162.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26864729" target="_blank">26864729</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4871664" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/12459405">Peripheral edema.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cho S,
Atwood JE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Med</span>
2002 Nov;113(7):580-6.
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01322-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/12459405" target="_blank">12459405</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypoproteinemia%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (515)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35769042">Predictive Value of Risk Factors for Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Laryngectomy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim DH,
Kim SW,
Hwang SH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Laryngoscope</span>
2023 Apr;133(4):742-754.
Epub 2022 Jun 29
doi: 10.1002/lary.30278.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35769042" target="_blank">35769042</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31088933">Peritoneal Protein Loss, Leakage or Clearance In Peritoneal Dialysis, Where Do We Stand?</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Guedes AM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Perit Dial Int</span>
2019 May-Jun;39(3):201-209.
doi: 10.3747/pdi.2018.00138.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31088933" target="_blank">31088933</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/22418765">Pregnancy in women with Alport syndrome.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Crovetto F,
Moroni G,
Zaina B,
Acaia B,
Ossola MW,
Fedele L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int Urol Nephrol</span>
2013 Aug;45(4):1223-7.
Epub 2012 Mar 15
doi: 10.1007/s11255-012-0154-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/22418765" target="_blank">22418765</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20571826">Clinical practice. Protein-losing enteropathy in children.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Braamskamp MJ,
Dolman KM,
Tabbers MM</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Eur J Pediatr</span>
2010 Oct;169(10):1179-85.
Epub 2010 Jun 23
doi: 10.1007/s00431-010-1235-2.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20571826" target="_blank">20571826</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2926439" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14676640">Dysproteinemia and the kidney.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Markowitz GS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Adv Anat Pathol</span>
2004 Jan;11(1):49-63.
doi: 10.1097/00125480-200401000-00005.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14676640" target="_blank">14676640</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypoproteinemia%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (399)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39425103">Risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang Y,
Zhang N,
Li T,
Jing L,
Wang Y,
Ge W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Pulm Med</span>
2024 Oct 18;24(1):521.
doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-03309-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39425103" target="_blank">39425103</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11487921" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35769042">Predictive Value of Risk Factors for Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Laryngectomy.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Kim DH,
Kim SW,
Hwang SH</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Laryngoscope</span>
2023 Apr;133(4):742-754.
Epub 2022 Jun 29
doi: 10.1002/lary.30278.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35769042" target="_blank">35769042</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34929520">The application of patient-centered care bundle significantly reduces incidence of perioperative respiratory complications in hip fracture patients aged 80 and over.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Liu Y,
Fu M,
Zhou Q,
Tian M,
Zhang X,
Wang Z</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Geriatr Nurs</span>
2022 Jan-Feb;43:213-218.
Epub 2021 Dec 17
doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.11.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34929520" target="_blank">34929520</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/6101456">Albumin and nutritional oedema.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Golden MH,
Golden BE,
Jackson AA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
1980 Jan 19;1(8160):114-6.
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)90603-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/6101456" target="_blank">6101456</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/436329">Hereditary hypoceruloplasminemia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Edwards CQ,
Williams DM,
Cartwright GE</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Clin Genet</span>
1979 Apr;15(4):311-6.
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb01740.x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/436329" target="_blank">436329</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypoproteinemia%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (334)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39700711">Prevalence and risk factors of frailty in older patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Li T,
Shi W,
Wang G,
Jiang Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Gerontol Geriatr</span>
2025 Mar;130:105721.
Epub 2024 Dec 15
doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105721.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39700711" target="_blank">39700711</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39299169">Prevalence and risk factors of subsyndromal delirium in ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ma X,
Cheng H,
Zhao Y,
Zhu Y</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Intensive Crit Care Nurs</span>
2025 Feb;86:103834.
Epub 2024 Sep 18
doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103834.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39299169" target="_blank">39299169</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/39425103">Risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang Y,
Zhang N,
Li T,
Jing L,
Wang Y,
Ge W</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Pulm Med</span>
2024 Oct 18;24(1):521.
doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-03309-x.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/39425103" target="_blank">39425103</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11487921" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37288551">Risk factors for Hirschsprung disease-associated enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang X,
Sun D,
Xu Q,
Liu H,
Li Y,
Wang D,
Wang J,
Zhang Q,
Hou P,
Mu W,
Jia C,
Li A</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Int J Surg</span>
2023 Aug 1;109(8):2509-2524.
doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000473.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37288551" target="_blank">37288551</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10442125" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35570283">Hypomagnesemia in intestinal lymphangiectasia: a case report and review of the literature.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Feng H,
Zou L,
Zhai X,
Zhang S,
Li J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Gastroenterol</span>
2022 May 15;22(1):246.
doi: 10.1186/s12876-022-02318-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35570283" target="_blank">35570283</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9107688" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hypoproteinemia%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (16)</a></div></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Hypoproteinemia" target="_blank">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Practice_guidelines">Practice guidelines</h1><a sid="121" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul class="a_poppers"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22hypoproteinemia%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">PubMed</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li><li><a target="_blank" href="/books/?term=((%22clinical%20guidelines%22%5BResource%20Type%5D)%20OR%20%22practice%20guideline%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)%20AND%20(%22Hypoproteinemia%22)">Bookshelf</a><div class="help-popup">See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div></li></ul></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&amp;query=Hypoproteinemia" target="_blank">MedlinePlus</a></li></ul></div>
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