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||
<!--
|
||
UID=1801
|
||
ConceptID=C0001973
|
||
-->
|
||
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Alcohol dependence</div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1801</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0001973</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonyms:</td>
|
||
<td>Addictive alcohol use; ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, PROTECTION AGAINST</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
|
||
<td>Alcohol dependence (66590003); Alcoholism (7200002); Persistent alcohol abuse (284591009); Chronic alcohol abuse (284591009); Alcohol dependence syndrome (66590003); Dipsomania (7200002); Alcohol problem drinking (7200002)</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Genes (locations):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
|
||
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
|
||
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" title="ADH1B - ID: 125 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/125" class="medgenPMinfo">ADH1B</a> (4q23); <a target="_blank" title="ADH1C - ID: 126 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/126" class="medgenPMinfo">ADH1C</a> (4q23); <a target="_blank" title="GABRA2 - ID: 2555 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/2555" class="medgenPMinfo">GABRA2</a> (4p12); <a target="_blank" title="TAS2R16 - ID: 50833 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/50833" class="medgenPMinfo">TAS2R16</a> (7q31.32)</td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>HPO:</td>
|
||
<td><a target="_blank" title="Human Phenotype Ontology" href="https://hpo.jax.org/app/browse/term/HP:0030955">HP:0030955</a></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
|
||
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0007079" target="_blank">MONDO:0007079</a></td></tr>
|
||
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
|
||
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/103780" target="_blank">103780</a></td></tr>
|
||
</tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
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<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
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||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln">Alcohol dependence is a common complex behavioral disorder with both environmental and genetic contributions. Epidemiologic studies suggest that genetic effects account for 40 to 60% of the variance in risk (summary by Kalsi et al., 2010). [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_117">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Additional_description">Additional description</h1><a sid="117" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><div class="mgSection"><strong>From MedlinePlus Genetics</strong><br />Alcohol use disorder is a diagnosis made when an individual has severe problems related to drinking alcohol. Alcohol use disorder can cause major health, social, and economic problems, and can endanger affected individuals and others through behaviors prompted by impaired decision-making and lowered inhibitions, such as aggression, unprotected sex, or driving while intoxicated.<br /><br />Alcohol use disorder is a broad diagnosis that encompasses several commonly used terms describing problems with drinking. It includes alcoholism, also called alcohol addiction, which is a long-lasting (chronic) condition characterized by a powerful, compulsive urge to drink alcohol and the inability to stop drinking after starting. In addition to alcoholism, alcohol use disorder includes alcohol abuse, which involves problem drinking without addiction.<br /><br />Habitual excessive use of alcohol changes the chemistry of the brain and leads to tolerance, which means that over time the amount of alcohol ingested needs to be increased to achieve the same effect. Long-term excessive use of alcohol may also produce dependence, which means that when people stop drinking, they have physical and psychological symptoms of withdrawal, such as sleep problems, irritability, jumpiness, shakiness, restlessness, headache, nausea, sweating, anxiety, and depression. In severe cases, agitation, fever, seizures, and hallucinations can occur; this pattern of severe withdrawal symptoms is called delirium tremens.<br /><br />The heavy drinking that often occurs in alcohol use disorder, and can also occur in short-term episodes called binge drinking, can lead to a life-threatening overdose known as alcohol poisoning. Alcohol poisoning occurs when a large quantity of alcohol consumed over a short time causes problems with breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and the gag reflex. Signs and symptoms can include vomiting, choking, confusion, slow or irregular breathing, pale or blue-tinged skin, seizures, a low body temperature, a toxic buildup of substances called ketones in the blood (alcoholic ketoacidosis), and passing out (unconsciousness). Coma, brain damage, and death can occur if alcohol poisoning is not treated immediately.<br /><br />Chronic heavy alcohol use can also cause long-term problems affecting many organs and systems of the body. These health problems include irreversible liver disease (cirrhosis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), brain dysfunction (encephalopathy), nerve damage (neuropathy), high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia), and immune system problems. Long-term overuse of alcohol also increases the risk of certain cancers, including cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and breast. Alcohol use in pregnant women can cause birth defects and fetal alcohol syndrome, which can lead to lifelong physical and behavioral problems in the affected child. <a target="_blank" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alcohol-use-disorder">https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alcohol-use-disorder</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1801"><div><strong>Alcohol dependence</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1801</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0001973</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Alcohol dependence is a common complex behavioral disorder with both environmental and genetic contributions. Epidemiologic studies suggest that genetic effects account for 40 to 60% of the variance in risk (summary by Kalsi et al., 2010).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1801">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201801%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite"><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
|
||
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1801" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Alcohol dependence</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test, </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test, </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM, </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>, </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C0001973[DISCUI]&test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=1801">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=1801" target="_blank" href="/omim/103780">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&from_uid=1801" ref="ncbi_uid=1801">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Alcohol dependence</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/21047" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms">Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/18325" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Pathological process">Pathological process</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/4347" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Disease">Disease</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/14047" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/66746" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Substance-related disorder">Substance-related disorder</a></span><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/68632" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Alcohol-related disorders">Alcohol-related disorders</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Alcohol dependence</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_112">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Conditions_with_this_feature">Conditions with this feature</h1><a sid="112" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat">
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_1801"><div><strong>Alcohol dependence</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1801</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C0001973</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">Alcohol dependence is a common complex behavioral disorder with both environmental and genetic contributions. Epidemiologic studies suggest that genetic effects account for 40 to 60% of the variance in risk (summary by Kalsi et al., 2010).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1801">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_331778"><div><strong>Myoclonic dystonia 11</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>331778</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C1834570</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">SGCE myoclonus-dystonia (SGCE-M-D) is a movement disorder characterized by a combination of rapid, brief muscle contractions (myoclonus) and/or sustained twisting and repetitive movements that result in abnormal postures (dystonia). The myoclonic jerks typical of SGCE-M-D most often affect the neck, trunk, and upper limbs with less common involvement of the legs. Approximately 50% of affected individuals have additional focal or segmental dystonia, presenting as cervical dystonia and/or writer's cramp. Non-motor features may include alcohol abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety disorders. Symptom onset is usually in the first decade of life and almost always by age 20 years, but ranges from age six months to 80 years. Most affected adults report a dramatic reduction in myoclonus in response to alcohol ingestion. SGCE-M-D is compatible with an active life of normal span.</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/331778">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="rdis_357391"><div><strong>Sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>357391</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS) Click for more information.">C1867968</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"> •</span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove">De Verneuil et al. (1978) classified porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), the most common type of porphyria, into 2 types: type I, or 'sporadic' type, associated with approximately 50% level of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD; 613521) in liver (Elder et al., 1978; Felsher et al., 1982), and type II, or 'familial' type (176100), characterized by 50% deficient activity of the same enzyme in many tissues (Kushner et al., 1976; Elder et al., 1980). Type I is the most common form of PCT, comprising 70 to 80% of cases. The causes of the deficiency are often unclear and are probably multifactorial (review by Lambrecht et al., 2007).</div>
|
||
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/357391">Condition Record</a></div></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_1801" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Alcohol dependence</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_331778" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Myoclonic dystonia 11</a></div>
|
||
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#rdis_357391" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda</a></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_105">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Professional_guidelines">Professional guidelines</h1><a sid="105" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">PubMed<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpPM"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26944243">Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Marur S,
|
||
Forastiere AA</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Mayo Clin Proc</span>
|
||
2016 Mar;91(3):386-96.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.12.017.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26944243" target="_blank">26944243</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25307571">Alcohol: intoxication and poisoning - diagnosis and treatment.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jung YC,
|
||
Namkoong K</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Handb Clin Neurol</span>
|
||
2014;125:115-21.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25307571" target="_blank">25307571</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14594442">Seizures in alcohol-dependent patients: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hillbom M,
|
||
Pieninkeroinen I,
|
||
Leone M</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">CNS Drugs</span>
|
||
2003;17(14):1013-30.
|
||
doi: 10.2165/00023210-200317140-00002.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14594442" target="_blank">14594442</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(%22alcohol%20dependence%22%5Btiab%3A~0%5D)%20AND%20(%22english%20and%20humans%22%5BFilter%5D)%20AND%20(%20(%22practice%20guideline%22%5BFilter%5D)%20OR%20(practice*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(guideline%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20parameter%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20resource%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20bulletin%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20best%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(genetic*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20counseling%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20screening%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20test*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((expert%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20consensus%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20utility%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(management%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(clinical%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20pain%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20surveillance%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20emergency%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(treatment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20((evaluation%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20diagnosis%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(assessment%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20prevention%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20therap*))%20OR%20(Diagnos*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(prenatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20treatment%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20follow-up%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20differential%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonatal%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonate%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(guideline*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(pharmacogenetic*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20recommendation%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20consensus%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20(technical%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(molecular%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20testing%5Btitl%5D)))%20OR%20(risk%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20assessment%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(recommendation*%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Evidence-based%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(care%20AND%20((Patient%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20standard*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20primary%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20psychosocial%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Health%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20supervision%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(statement%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(policy%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20position%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20Consensus%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(pharmacogenetics%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(Dosing%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20therap*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20drug*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(Chemotherapy%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20decision*%5Btitl%5D)%20OR%20(screening%5Btitl%5D%20AND%20(newborn%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20neonat*%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20detection%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20diagnos*%5Btitl%5D))%20OR%20(criteria%5Btitl%5D%20OR%20genotype*%5Btitl%5D)%20)%20NOT%20(%22Case%20reports%22%5BPublication%20type%5D%20OR%20%22clinical%20study%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D%20OR%20%22randomized%20controlled%20trial%22%5BPublication%20Type%5D)" title="PubMed search">See all (824)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Curated<a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#guidelinesHelpCurated"><img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a></h3><h3 class="nl vspace"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192" target="_blank">UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG192, Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance, 2020</a></h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
|
||
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
|
||
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30852706">Genetics of Alcoholism.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Edenberg HJ,
|
||
Gelernter J,
|
||
Agrawal A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Curr Psychiatry Rep</span>
|
||
2019 Mar 9;21(4):26.
|
||
doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-1008-1.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30852706" target="_blank">30852706</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/27575312">The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Stickel F,
|
||
Moreno C,
|
||
Hampe J,
|
||
Morgan MY</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Hepatol</span>
|
||
2017 Jan;66(1):195-211.
|
||
Epub 2016 Aug 27
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.011.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/27575312" target="_blank">27575312</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/28453170">Variation in gastric alcohol dehydrogenase and the risk of alcohol dependence.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Całka P,
|
||
Ciesielka M,
|
||
Buszewicz G,
|
||
Teresiński G</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol</span>
|
||
2016;66(3):172-181.
|
||
doi: 10.5114/amsik.2016.66401.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/28453170" target="_blank">28453170</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23104613">Alcohol dependence in same-sex and opposite-sex twins.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lenz B,
|
||
Müller CP,
|
||
Kornhuber J</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Neural Transm (Vienna)</span>
|
||
2012 Dec;119(12):1561-4.
|
||
Epub 2012 Oct 27
|
||
doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0907-7.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23104613" target="_blank">23104613</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/2758974">Grief, alcohol dependence and women.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blankfield A</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drug Alcohol Depend</span>
|
||
1989 Aug;24(1):45-9.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(89)90007-0.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/2758974" target="_blank">2758974</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (5396)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36890659">Targeting electroencephalography for alcohol dependence: A narrative review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zhang H,
|
||
Yao J,
|
||
Xu C,
|
||
Wang C</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">CNS Neurosci Ther</span>
|
||
2023 May;29(5):1205-1212.
|
||
Epub 2023 Mar 8
|
||
doi: 10.1111/cns.14138.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36890659" target="_blank">36890659</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10068473" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31786126">Association between alcohol consumption and Alzheimer's disease: A Mendelian randomization study.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Andrews SJ,
|
||
Goate A,
|
||
Anstey KJ</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Alzheimers Dement</span>
|
||
2020 Feb;16(2):345-353.
|
||
Epub 2020 Jan 4
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.086.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31786126" target="_blank">31786126</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7057166" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30602322">Pharmacotherapeutic options for co-morbid depression and alcohol dependence.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Hillemacher T,
|
||
Frieling H</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Expert Opin Pharmacother</span>
|
||
2019 Apr;20(5):547-569.
|
||
Epub 2019 Jan 3
|
||
doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1561870.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30602322" target="_blank">30602322</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/3050633">Alcohol dependence and its medical consequences.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Miller NS,
|
||
Gold MS,
|
||
Cocores JA,
|
||
Pottash AC</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">N Y State J Med</span>
|
||
1988 Sep;88(9):476-81.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/3050633" target="_blank">3050633</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7096790">Alcohol dependence syndrome: measurement and validation.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Skinner HA,
|
||
Allen BA</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Abnorm Psychol</span>
|
||
1982 Jun;91(3):199-209.
|
||
doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.91.3.199.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7096790" target="_blank">7096790</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3505)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/26311211">Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Gene and Alcoholism: Risk and Response to Pharmacotherapy.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Thompson MD,
|
||
Kenna GA</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Alcohol Alcohol</span>
|
||
2016 Mar;51(2):164-71.
|
||
Epub 2015 Aug 26
|
||
doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agv090.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/26311211" target="_blank">26311211</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4755552" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25586396">Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bogenschutz MP,
|
||
Forcehimes AA,
|
||
Pommy JA,
|
||
Wilcox CE,
|
||
Barbosa PC,
|
||
Strassman RJ</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Psychopharmacol</span>
|
||
2015 Mar;29(3):289-99.
|
||
Epub 2015 Jan 13
|
||
doi: 10.1177/0269881114565144.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25586396" target="_blank">25586396</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11336616">Citalopram: a comprehensive review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Pollock BG</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Expert Opin Pharmacother</span>
|
||
2001 Apr;2(4):681-98.
|
||
doi: 10.1517/14656566.2.4.681.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11336616" target="_blank">11336616</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/11487800">Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">West SL,
|
||
Garbutt JC,
|
||
Carey TS,
|
||
Lux LJ,
|
||
Jackman AM,
|
||
Tolleson-Rinehart S,
|
||
Lohr KN,
|
||
Crews FT</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ)</span>
|
||
1999 Jan;(3):1-5.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/11487800" target="_blank">11487800</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4781062" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7637475">Naltrexone in alcohol dependence.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Volpicelli JR</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet</span>
|
||
1995 Aug 19;346(8973):456.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91316-5.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/7637475" target="_blank">7637475</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2849)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38388300">Measuring progress in publishing scholarship in Drug and Alcohol Dependence on race, ethnicity, and health equity in substance use disorder incidence and outcomes.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Keyes KM,
|
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Mauro PM</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drug Alcohol Depend</span>
|
||
2024 Mar 1;256:111111.
|
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Epub 2024 Feb 1
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111111.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38388300" target="_blank">38388300</a></div>
|
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||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30818132">What is the cause of death, when alcohol dependent persons die prematurely?</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Abdul Ghani AM,
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Faiz E,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drug Alcohol Depend</span>
|
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2019 Apr 1;197:120-126.
|
||
Epub 2019 Feb 13
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.032.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30818132" target="_blank">30818132</a></div>
|
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|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25586396">Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bogenschutz MP,
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Forcehimes AA,
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Wilcox CE,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Psychopharmacol</span>
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2015 Mar;29(3):289-99.
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|
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25586396" target="_blank">25586396</a></div>
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/7118843">Psychiatric diagnosis and prediction of drug and alcohol dependence.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Croughan JL,
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Miller JP,
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<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/4715077">Alcohol dependence.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lundquist GA</span><br />
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|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (2362)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38547739">Accelerated epigenetic aging in alcohol dependence.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Shirai T,
|
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Okazaki S,
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Otsuka I,
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Miyachi M,
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Tanifuji T,
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Shindo R,
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Okada S,
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Horai T,
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Mouri K,
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Hishimoto A</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Psychiatr Res</span>
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2024 May;173:175-182.
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Epub 2024 Mar 23
|
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doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.025.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38547739" target="_blank">38547739</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/37993282">Relationship between self-stigma about alcohol dependence and severity of alcohol drinking and craving.</a></div>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Crozier ME,
|
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Farokhnia M,
|
||
Persky S,
|
||
Leggio L,
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Curtis B</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ Ment Health</span>
|
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2023 Nov 22;26(1)
|
||
doi: 10.1136/bmjment-2023-300852.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/37993282" target="_blank">37993282</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10668173" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/31786126">Association between alcohol consumption and Alzheimer's disease: A Mendelian randomization study.</a></div>
|
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Andrews SJ,
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Goate A,
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Anstey KJ</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Alzheimers Dement</span>
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2020 Feb;16(2):345-353.
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||
Epub 2020 Jan 4
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.086.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/31786126" target="_blank">31786126</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7057166" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30336701">Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in Two Population-Based Cohorts.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Sanchez-Roige S,
|
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Palmer AA,
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Fontanillas P,
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Elson SL;
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||
23andMe Research Team, the Substance Use Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,
|
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Adams MJ,
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Howard DM,
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Edenberg HJ,
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Davies G,
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Crist RC,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Am J Psychiatry</span>
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2019 Feb 1;176(2):107-118.
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Epub 2018 Oct 19
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doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18040369.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30336701" target="_blank">30336701</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6365681" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/16716850">Alcohol relapse repetition, gender, and predictive validity.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Zywiak WH,
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Stout RL,
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Trefry WB,
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Glasser I,
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Connors GJ,
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Maisto SA,
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Subst Abuse Treat</span>
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2006 Jun;30(4):349-53.
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<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/16716850" target="_blank">16716850</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3260)</a></div></div>
|
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</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
|
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<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln">
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36637087">Baclofen for alcohol use disorder.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Agabio R,
|
||
Saulle R,
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||
Rösner S,
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||
Minozzi S</span><br />
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<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cochrane Database Syst Rev</span>
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||
2023 Jan 13;1(1):CD012557.
|
||
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012557.pub3.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36637087" target="_blank">36637087</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9837849" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/35113930">The rates and measurement of adherence to acamprosate in randomised controlled clinical trials: A systematic review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Donoghue K,
|
||
Hermann L,
|
||
Brobbin E,
|
||
Drummond C</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">PLoS One</span>
|
||
2022;17(2):e0263350.
|
||
Epub 2022 Feb 3
|
||
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263350.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/35113930" target="_blank">35113930</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8812903" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34963039">Why do women consume alcohol during pregnancy or while breastfeeding?</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Popova S,
|
||
Dozet D,
|
||
Akhand Laboni S,
|
||
Brower K,
|
||
Temple V</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Drug Alcohol Rev</span>
|
||
2022 May;41(4):759-777.
|
||
Epub 2021 Dec 28
|
||
doi: 10.1111/dar.13425.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34963039" target="_blank">34963039</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9305227" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33239318">Treatment interventions to maintain abstinence from alcohol in primary care: systematic review and network meta-analysis.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Cheng HY,
|
||
McGuinness LA,
|
||
Elbers RG,
|
||
MacArthur GJ,
|
||
Taylor A,
|
||
McAleenan A,
|
||
Dawson S,
|
||
López-López JA,
|
||
Higgins JPT,
|
||
Cowlishaw S,
|
||
Lingford-Hughes A,
|
||
Hickman M,
|
||
Kessler D</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMJ</span>
|
||
2020 Nov 25;371:m3934.
|
||
doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3934.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33239318" target="_blank">33239318</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7687021" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30470200">Factors influencing the quality of life of pregnant women: a systematic review.</a></div>
|
||
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Lagadec N,
|
||
Steinecker M,
|
||
Kapassi A,
|
||
Magnier AM,
|
||
Chastang J,
|
||
Robert S,
|
||
Gaouaou N,
|
||
Ibanez G</span><br />
|
||
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Pregnancy Childbirth</span>
|
||
2018 Nov 23;18(1):455.
|
||
doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-2087-4.
|
||
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30470200" target="_blank">30470200</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6251086" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
|
||
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Alcohol%20dependence%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (151)</a></div></div>
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|
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<h2 class="offscreen_noflow">Supplemental Content</h2>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0001973%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F8" target="_blank">Deletion/duplication analysis (11)</a></li>
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<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0001973%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F7" target="_blank">Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (16)</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0001973%5bDISCUI%5d&filter=method%3A2%5F19" target="_blank">Targeted variant analysis (1)</a></li>
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<li class="portletSeeAll portletSeeAllPad"><total><a href="/gtr/tests?term=C0001973%5bDISCUI%5d" target="_blank">See all (18)</a></total></li>
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<div class="portlet_content ln"><ul><li><a href="http://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&start=1&limit=10&sort=score%20desc&field=number&search=103720%20103730%20137140%20604867" target="_blank">OMIM</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=125[geneid]" target="_blank">View ADH1B variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=126[geneid]" target="_blank">View ADH1C variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=2555[geneid]" target="_blank">View GABRA2 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/clinvar/?term=50833[geneid]" target="_blank">View TAS2R16 variations in ClinVar</a></li><li><a href="/nuccore/224809230,225735573,228480242,257467476" target="_blank">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="https://catalog.coriell.org/Search?q=103780" target="_blank">Coriell Institute for Medical Research</a></li></ul></div>
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