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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Kolb H, Fernandez E, Jones B, et al., editors. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/webvision/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-webvision-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Webvision" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK11504_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK11504_dtls__"><div>Kolb H, Fernandez E, Jones B, et al., editors.</div><div>Salt Lake City (UT): <a href="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">University of Utah Health Sciences Center</a>; 1995-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/webvision/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/webvision/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/webvision/foundations/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/webvision/A5/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK11504_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Introduction</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Helga Kolb</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK11504_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK11504_ai__"><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Helga Kolb</span>, PhD<sup><img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" alt="corresponding author" /></sup><sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ude.hatu.csh@blok.agleH" class="oemail">ude.hatu.csh@blok.agleH</a></div></div><div><sup><img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" alt="corresponding author" /></sup>Corresponding author.</div></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>Our eyes are marvellous sense organs that allow us to appreciate all the beauty of the world we live in, to read and gain knowledge, and to communicate our thoughts and desires to each other through visual expression and visual arts.</p><p>
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK11504/bin/A110-Image001.jpg" alt="Image A110-Image001.jpg" /></div>
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</p><p>Vision is the most fundamental of our senses and it is perhaps the greatest tragedy of all when blindness robs us of this modality. Although all parts of the eye are important for perceiving a good image, the most vital layer for vision is the retina. The retina is essentially a piece of brain tissue that gets direct stimulation from the outside world’s lights and images.</p><p>Understanding the organization of the vertebrate retina has been and still is the goal of many talented visual scientists over the years. Ramon y Cajal in the 19th century presented the first comprehensive anatomic descriptions of the neural cell types that constitute the retina in a number of vertebrate species. There then followed an understanding of the role of visual purple in photochemistry of photoreceptors and important psychophysical studies on image formation, light and dark adaptation and color vision.</p><p>
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK11504/bin/A110-Image002.jpg" alt="Image A110-Image002.jpg" /></div>
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</p><p>By the middle of the 20th century, though, we were beginning to need detailed information of the biophysics, biochemistry and neuroanatomy of circuits that underlie these functions. Newer techniques such as electron microscopy, microelectrode recording, immunostaining and pharmacology allowed us a very rapid advancement of knowledge on the organization of the retina and visual system.</p><p>
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</p><p>In the present century we have advanced knowledge of the retina in the areas of molecular biology, evolution and development with stunning new visualization techniques. The purpose of this Electronic Tutorial is to summarize our present understanding of the field, based primarily on anatomical and physiological investigations. Over time we have invited famous authors to write chapters on their speciality concerning the retina and higher visual pathways. We also attempt to add clinical research findings in cell biology and genetics of retinal diseases. A great addition has been a section on <b>Psychophysics of Vision</b> which we hope will be of general information to all interested in learning the basics of visual perception.</p><p>We have tried to present material at the cutting edge of the present knowledge, but in a simple way that is accessible to both student, professional and non-expert people.</p><p>An additional chapter on How The Retina Works is available <a href="/books/NBK11504/bin/2003-01Kolb.pdf">here</a> (1.8MB pdf file).</p><p>If you have questions, suggestion for improvements, or other useful comments, do not hesitate to contact us at the following addresses:</p><p><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ude.hatu.csh@noisivbew" class="oemail">ude.hatu.csh@noisivbew</a> or <a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ude.hatu.csh@bloK.agleH" class="oemail">ude.hatu.csh@bloK.agleH</a></p><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a>: © 2025 Webvision .<p class="small">All copyright for chapters belongs to the individual authors who created them. However, for non-commercial, academic purposes, images and content from the chapters portion of Webvision may be used with a non-exclusive rights under a Attribution, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC) Creative Commons license</a>. Cite Webvision, http://webvision.med.utah.edu/ as the source. Commercial applications need to obtain license permission from the administrator of Webvision and are generally declined unless the copyright owner can/wants to donate or license material. Use online should be accompanied by a link back to the original source of the material. All imagery or content associated with blog posts belong to the authors of said posts, except where otherwise noted.</p></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK11504</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39808062" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">39808062</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/webvision/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/webvision/foundations/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/webvision/A5/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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