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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield. Clinical Guidelines for the Classification and Care of Women at Risk of Familial Breast Cancer in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Care [Internet]. Sheffield (UK): University of Sheffield; 2004 May. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 14.)</p></div><div class="bk_msg_box bk_bttm_mrgn clearfix bk_noprnt"><div class="iconblock clearfix"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/nicecg164guid/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nicecg164guid-lrg.png" alt="Cover" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><ul class="messages"><li class="info icon"><span class="icon"><a href="/books/n/nicecg164guid/">A new version of this title is available</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="messagearea bk_noprnt" style="margin-bottom:1.3846em "><ul class="messages"><li class="warn icon"><span class="icon">This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.</span></li></ul></div><div class="bk_prnt"><p style="color:red;"><strong>This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.</strong></p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/nicecg14/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nicecg14-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Clinical Guidelines for the Classification and Care of Women at Risk of Familial Breast Cancer in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Care" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Clinical Guidelines for the Classification and Care of Women at Risk of Familial Breast Cancer in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Care [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65478_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65478_dtls__"><div>NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 14.</div><div>School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield.</div><div>Sheffield (UK): <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/scharr" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">University of Sheffield</a>; 2004 May.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/nicecg14/">Contents</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/nicecg14/ch10/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/nicecg14/references.rl1/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65478_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">11. Selected glossary</span></h1></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>This glossary was developed for accompanying Information for the Public.</p><dl><dt id="glossary.gl1-d1">Age-specific risk</dt><dd><p>The estimated <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a> of developing the disease in the next year based on a specific age. This is usually calculated over the five or ten year intervals.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d2">Bilateral</dt><dd><p>Both sides, in this case referring to both breasts or ovaries.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d3">Breast Cancer Genes</dt><dd><p>To date, three genes have been found that, if faulty, can result in the individual having an increased <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a> of breast cancer. These are called BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53. There are probably other genes as yet undiscovered that affect the risk of breast cancer. There may also be interactions between genes and with the environment.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d4">Breast Reconstruction</dt><dd><p>An operation carried out following a <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d15/">mastectomy</a> to recreate the breast mound. This may be carried out at the same time as the mastectomy (immediate reconstruction) or at a later date (delayed reconstruction). Breast reconstruction can involve more than one operation.</p><p>There are different methods of reconstruction. Some use the woman’s own tissue either from her back or her abdomen. Others require the insertion of implants usually made of silicone. Operations can also be carried out to recreate the nipple and the surrounding areola.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d5">Cancer centre</dt><dd><p>Cancer services are based in cancer centres. Such centres provide the entire spectrum of cancer care – both on-site and to associated cancer units.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d6">Care plan</dt><dd><p>A document which details the care and treatment that a patient/user receives and identifies who delivers the care and treatment.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d7">Family History</dt><dd><p>An individual who has a blood relative with the disease or condition. In this case it refers to having a blood relative who has developed breast cancer. It does not necessarily mean and increased <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a> compared to women in the general population.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d8">Gene</dt><dd><p>A gene is like a book with many words. A fault can be the result of
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a ‘spelling’ mistake which alters the message, this is called a mutation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a missing ‘word’ or ‘phrase’, this is called a deletion.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d9">GP</dt><dd><p>General Practitioner.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d10">Hormone Replacement Therapy</dt><dd><p>Female hormones administered as tablets or patches and replacing the normal female hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) after a natural menopause (the stopping of periods) or induced menopause (removal of the ovaries often at the time of a hysterectomy).</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d11">Imaging</dt><dd><p>The production of images of organs or tissues using radiological procedures, e.g. x-rays, ultrasound and <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d16/">MRI</a> scans.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d12">Investigation</dt><dd><p>A medical procedure to assist diagnosis.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d13">Lifetime risk</dt><dd><p>The estimated <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a> of an individual woman developing the disease during her lifetime assuming she lives to the age of 80.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d14">Mammogram</dt><dd><p>An <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d34/">x-ray</a> which can detect changes in the breast often at an early stage before a lump (which may be a breast cancer) can be felt.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d15">Mastectomy</dt><dd><p>An operation aiming to remove all of the breast tissue. When the operation is performed on both breasts it is <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d2/">bilateral</a>. There are two different types of mastectomy:</p><p>Simple Mastectomy aims to remove all of the breast. This includes the breast tissue and the nipple and surrounding areola.</p><p>Subcutaneous Mastectomy removes the majority of the breast tissue but leaves the nipple and areola and some underlying breast tissue.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d16">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</dt><dd><p>A special <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d11/">imaging</a> technique used to visualise internal structures of the body. It uses the influence of a large magnet to polarize hydrogen atoms in the tissues and then monitors the summation of the spinning energies within living cells. Images are very clear and are particularly good for soft tissue.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d17">NHS Breast Screening Programme (NHSBP)</dt><dd><p>A service that provides free breast screening every three years for all women in the UK aged 50 and over. Women aged between 50 and 64 are routinely invited for breast screening every three years, and work is being carried out to extend the programme to women up to and including the age of 70 by 2004. Once women reach the upper age limit for routine invitations for breast screening, they are encouraged to make their own appointment</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d18">Oophorectomy</dt><dd><p>The surgical removal of an ovary. When both ovaries are removed, it is <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d2/">bilateral</a>. The operation may often be carried out using laproscopic (“keyhole” ) surgery. If a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus or womb) is being carried out at the same time then it will be an open operation rather than laproscopic surgery (leaving an abdominal scar).</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d19">Osteoporosis</dt><dd><p>A reduction in bone mass which can lead to bones breaking easily.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d20">Primary tumour</dt><dd><p>Original site of the cancer; the first.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d21">Prophylaxis</dt><dd><p>The prevention of disease; preventive treatment. Interventions to prevent an unwanted outcome.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d22">Protocol</dt><dd><p>A policy or strategy which defines appropriate action. Also covers the adoption, by all staff, of national or local guidelines to meet local requirements in a specified way, resulting in what are known as local protocols.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d23">Recurrence</dt><dd><p>Recurrence is when new cancer cells are detected following treatment. This can occur either at the site of the original tumour or at other sites in the body.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d24">Relatives - First degree relatives</dt><dd><p>These are the closest blood relatives (relatives by marriage do not count). These include father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister. They are on <u>both</u> the mother and father’s side of the family.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d25">Relatives – Second degree relatives</dt><dd><p>These are blood related grandparents, grandchildren, uncle, aunt, first cousin,, nephew and niece. They are on <u>both</u> the mother and father’s side of the family. .</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d26">Relatives - Third degree relatives</dt><dd><p>These are blood related great grandparents, great grandchildren, great uncle, great aunt, children of great uncle or great aunt, second first cousin, children of first cousin, grand nephew and grand niece. They are on <u>both</u> the mother and father’s side of the family.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d27">Risk</dt><dd><p>Being at risk of breast cancer means that there is a possibility that the person will develop the disease, but doesn’t necessarily mean that it will happen.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d28">Risk factor</dt><dd><p>A clearly defined occurrence or characteristic that, in research studies of similar people, has been associated with the increased rate of a subsequently occurring disease or health problem. <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">Risk</a> factors include aspects of personal behaviour, lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristics, which are known to be associated with the disease.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d29">Risk - Average risk</dt><dd><p>Women who do not have a <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d7/">family history</a> have a 1 in 11 chance of developing breast cancer by the age of 80 – this is a frequency of 9% in the population. This is average <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a>.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d30">Risk - High Risk</dt><dd><p><a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">Risk</a> is estimated based on <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d7/">family history</a>. High risk of developing breast cancer is defined as an estimated risk of
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>greater than 8% between age 40 and 50 years</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>or a <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d13/">lifetime risk</a> of 30% or greater</div></li></ul>High risk also includes a 20% or greater chance of a faulty <i>BRCA1, BRCA2</i> or <i>TP53</i> <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d8/">gene</a> in the family. (If, however, a person has a genetic test and is found not to be carrying the identified faulty gene, their risk is then, in most cases, average.)</p><p>Less than 1% of women will have are at high <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a> of developing breast cancer.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d31">Risk - Moderate risk</dt><dd><p>When the frequency of breast cancer within a family suggests that there may be a faulty <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d8/">gene</a> or combinations of genes that are passed down through generations and may contribute to the development of breast cancer. Moderate <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d7/">family history</a> is more common than strong family history and accounts for an estimated 20% of all breast cancers. However, relatively little is currently understood about this form of familial breast cancer and it cannot currently be identified through genetic testing.</p><p>Moderate <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d27/">risk</a> of developing breast cancer is defined as a risk of
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>3–8% between age 40 and 50 years</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>or a <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d13/">lifetime risk</a> of 17% or greater but less than 30%.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d32">Specialist</dt><dd><p>Person who is an expert in the subject.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d33">Trial or Clinical Trial</dt><dd><p>Research study conducted with patients, usually to evaluate a new treatment or drug. Each trial is designed to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to treat individuals with a specific disease.</p></dd><dt id="glossary.gl1-d34">X-ray</dt><dd><p>An <a class="def" href="/books/NBK65478/def-item/glossary.gl1-d11/">imaging</a> technique that uses energy beams of very short wavelengths that can penetrate most substances except heavy metals. This is the most common form of imaging technique used in clinical practice everywhere in the world, with the image captured on photographic film.</p></dd></dl><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2004, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65478</span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/nicecg14/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/nicecg14/ch10/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/nicecg14/references.rl1/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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