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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Discovery and characterization of ML398, a potent and selective chiral morpholine based antagonist of the dopamine 4 (D4) receptor - Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Discovery and characterization of ML398, a potent and selective chiral morpholine based antagonist of the dopamine 4 (D4) receptor">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2015/01/16">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Cynthia B. Berry">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Charles W. Locuson">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="J. Scott Daniels">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Craig W. Lindsley">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Corey R. Hopkins">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Discovery and characterization of ML398, a potent and selective chiral morpholine based antagonist of the dopamine 4 (D4) receptor">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Cynthia B. Berry">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Charles W. Locuson">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Scott Daniels">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Craig W. Lindsley">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Corey R. Hopkins">
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<meta name="DC.Date" content="2015/01/16">
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<meta name="description" content="A project was initiated to evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the (R)-phenethyl morpholine scaffold of the previously discovered VU0469118. This medicinal chemistry effort led to the identification of a potent and selective compound for D4.4 (130 nM) versus the other dopamine receptors (D1, D2S, D2L, D3, and D5, all >20 μM). Several analogs were evaluated and it was determined that amides, ureas, and sulfonamide substitutions were not tolerated on the morpholine nitrogen. But rather, benzylic substitution was well tolerated leading to three compounds with excellent antagonist activity against D4.4. From these studies, a novel 4-chlorobenzyl compound was identified and designated a Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN) probe molecule, ML398, which shows >100-fold selectivity for the other dopamine receptors and is a potent antagonist with <100 nM (Ki = 36 nM).">
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<meta name="og:description" content="A project was initiated to evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the (R)-phenethyl morpholine scaffold of the previously discovered VU0469118. This medicinal chemistry effort led to the identification of a potent and selective compound for D4.4 (130 nM) versus the other dopamine receptors (D1, D2S, D2L, D3, and D5, all >20 μM). Several analogs were evaluated and it was determined that amides, ureas, and sulfonamide substitutions were not tolerated on the morpholine nitrogen. But rather, benzylic substitution was well tolerated leading to three compounds with excellent antagonist activity against D4.4. From these studies, a novel 4-chlorobenzyl compound was identified and designated a Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN) probe molecule, ML398, which shows >100-fold selectivity for the other dopamine receptors and is a potent antagonist with <100 nM (Ki = 36 nM).">
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id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK280047_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Discovery and characterization of ML398, a potent and selective chiral morpholine based antagonist of the dopamine 4 (D<sub>4</sub>) receptor</span></h1><p class="contribs">Berry CB, Locuson CW, Daniels JS, et al.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK280047_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p>A project was initiated to evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the (<i>R</i>)-phenethyl morpholine scaffold of the previously discovered VU0469118. This medicinal chemistry effort led to the identification of a potent and selective compound for D<sub>4.4</sub> (130 nM) versus the other dopamine receptors (D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2S</sub>, D<sub>2L</sub>, D<sub>3</sub>, and D<sub>5</sub>, all >20 μM). Several analogs were evaluated and it was determined that amides, ureas, and sulfonamide substitutions were not tolerated on the morpholine nitrogen. But rather, benzylic substitution was well tolerated leading to three compounds with excellent antagonist activity against D<sub>4.4</sub>. From these studies, a novel 4-chlorobenzyl compound was identified and designated a Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN) probe molecule, <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a>, which shows >100-fold selectivity for the other dopamine receptors and is a potent antagonist with <100 nM (K<sub>i</sub> = 36 nM).</p></div><div class="h2"></div><p><b>Assigned Assay Grant #:</b> 5U54 MH084659-05</p><p><b>Screening Center Name & PI</b>: N/A</p><p><i>Chemistry Center Name & PI</i>: Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development, Craig W. Lindsley</p><p><b>Assay Submitter & Institution</b>: Craig W. Lindsley, Vanderbilt University</p><p><b>PubChem Summary Bioassay Identifier (AID)</b>: <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">743362</a></p><div id="ml398.s1"><h2 id="_ml398_s1_">Probe Structure & Characteristics</h2><div id="ml398.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=ML398.&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f1.jpg" alt="ML398." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">ML398</span></h3></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml398t1"><a href="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml398t1" rid-ob="figobml398t1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml398.t1"><a href="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml398t1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="ml398.s2"><h2 id="_ml398_s2_">1. Recommendations for scientific use of the probe</h2><p><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> (CID 72737723) is an antagonist against dopamine D<sub>4</sub> receptor with excellent potency (IC<sub>50</sub> = 130 nM) and binding (K<sub>i</sub> = 36 nM). In addition, <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> shows excellent selectivity (>100-fold) against the other dopamine receptor subtypes (D<sub>1,2S,2L,3,5</sub>; >20 μM). This represents the first potent and selective D<sub>4</sub> antagonist that is not covered by patents from pharmaceutical companies, which, in some cases, can limit their utility. Also, most of these compounds contain chemotypes that have shown high promiscuity towards other dopamine subtypes. As the D<sub>4</sub> receptor has been implicated in modifying cognitive impairment (such as those associated with Alzheimer's disease), cocaine addiction, and relieving L-DOPA induced dyskinesias (LIDs); the develop of this new probe molecule will allow researchers in these areas to validate these mechanisms with a small molecule antagonist. In addition, <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> will be the starting point for the development of a PET tracer.</p></div><div id="ml398.s3"><h2 id="_ml398_s3_">2. Materials and Methods</h2><p><b>Dopamine Receptor Assays.</b> All dopamine receptor assays (single point, IC<sub>50</sub>'s and K<sub>i</sub>'s) were conducted by EuroFins (Luxembourg), as previously reported. In brief, compounds were tested either as a single point determination for radioligand displacement at 10 μM, or for IC<sub>50</sub> determinations were tested at 5 concentrations by 3-fold serial dilutions starting at 20 μM. Human recombinant CHO cells were stably transfected with human D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2L</sub>, D<sub>2S</sub>, D<sub>3</sub>, D<sub>4.4</sub> (CHO-K1 cells) or D<sub>5</sub>. Assay buffer was added 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1.4 mM ascorbic acid, 0.001% BSA and 150 mM NaCl, and the compounds were diluted in 1% DMSO. The incubation time and temperature were 2 hours and 25 °C. The compounds were assayed using a radioligand binding method using the appropriate ligands (D<sub>1</sub>, 1.40 nM, [<sup>3</sup>H] SCH-23390; D<sub>2L</sub> and D<sub>2S</sub>, 0.16 nM [<sup>3</sup>H] Spiperone; D<sub>3</sub>, 0.70 nM [<sup>3</sup>H] Spiperone; D<sub>4.4</sub>, 1.20 nM [<sup>3</sup>H] Spiperone; D<sub>5</sub>, 2.0 nM [<sup>3</sup>H] SCH-23390). IC<sub>50</sub> values were determined by a non-linear, least squares regression analysis using MathIQ™ (ID Business Solutions Ltd., UK).</p><p><b>DMPK Methods.</b>
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<u><i>In vitro</i>:</u> The metabolism of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> was investigated in human, rat and mouse hepatic microsomes (BD Biosciences, Billerica, MA) using substrate depletion methodology (% test article remaining). A potassium phosphate-buffered reaction mixture (0.1 M, pH 7.4) of test article (1 μM) and microsomes (0.5 mg/mL) was pre-incubated (5 min) at 37 °C prior to the addition of NADPH (1 mM). The incubations, performed in 96-well plates, were continued at 37 °C under ambient oxygenation and aliquots (80 μL) were removed at selected time intervals (0, 3, 7, 15, 25 and 45 min). Protein was precipitated by the addition of chilled acetonitrile (160 μL), containing glyburide as an internal standard (50 ng/mL), and centrifuged at 3000 rpm (4°C) for 10 min. Resulting supernatants were transferred to new 96-well plates in preparation for LC/MS/MS analysis. The in vitro half-life (<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>, min, <a href="#ml398.eq1">Eq. 1</a>), intrinsic clearance (CL<sub>int</sub>, mL/min/kg, <a href="#ml398.eq2">Eq. 2</a>) and subsequent predicted hepatic clearance (CL<sub>hep</sub>, mL/min/kg, <a href="#ml398.eq3">Eq. 3</a>) were determined employing the following equations:</p><div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="ml398.eq1"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow eleven_col">
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<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub> = Ln(2) / <i>k</i> ; where <i>k</i> represents the slope from linear regression analysis (% test article remaining)</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap">1</span></div></div></div><div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="ml398.eq2"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow eleven_col">
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CL<sub>int</sub> = (0.693 / <i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>) (rxn volume / mg of microsomes) (45 mg microsomes / gram of liver) (20<i><sup>a</sup></i> gm of liver / kg body weight); <i><sup>a</sup></i>scale-up factors of 20 (human) and 45 (rat)</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap">2</span></div></div></div><div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="ml398.eq3"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow eleven_col">
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<math id="ml398.m1" display="block"><mrow><mtext mathvariant="italic">CLhep</mtext><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>·</mo><mtext mathvariant="italic">CL</mtext><mtext>int</mtext></mrow><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>+</mo><mtext mathvariant="italic">CL</mtext><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></math></div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap">3</span></div></div></div><p><b>Plasma Protein Binding.</b> Protein binding of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> was determined in human, rat and mouse plasma via equilibrium dialysis employing Single-Use RED Plates with inserts (ThermoFisher Scientific, Rochester, NY). Briefly plasma (220 μL) was added to the 96-well plate containing test article (5 μL) and mixed thoroughly. Subsequently, 200 μL of the plasma-test article mixture was transferred to the <i>cis</i> chamber (red) of the RED plate, with an accompanying 350 μL of phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 7.4) in the <i>trans</i> chamber. The RED plate was sealed and incubated 4 h at 37 °C with shaking. At completion, 50 μL aliquots from each chamber were diluted 1:1 (50 μL) with either plasma (<i>cis</i>) or buffer (<i>trans</i>) and transferred to a new 96-well plate, at which time ice-cold acetonitrile (2 volumes) was added to extract the matrices. The plate was centrifuged (3000 rpm, 10 min) and supernatants transferred to a new 96-well plate. The sealed plate was stored at -20 °C until LC/MS/MS analysis.</p><p><b>Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis</b>. <i>In vitro experiments</i>. <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> was analyzed via electrospray ionization (ESI) on an AB Sciex API-4000 (Foster City, CA) triple-quadrupole instrument that was coupled with Shimadzu LC-10AD pumps (Columbia, MD) and a Leap Technologies CTC PAL auto-sampler (Carrboro, NC). Analytes were separated by gradient elution using a Fortis C18 2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm column (Fortis Technologies Ltd, Cheshire, UK) thermostated at 40 °C. HPLC mobile phase A was 0.1% NH<sub>4</sub>OH (pH unadjusted), mobile phase B was acetonitrile. The gradient started at 30% B after a 0.2 min hold and was linearly increased to 90% B over 0.8 min; held at 90% B for 0.5 min and returned to 30% B in 0.1 min followed by a re-equilibration (0.9 min). The total run time was 2.5 min and the HPLC flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The source temperature was set at 500°C and mass spectral analyses were performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) utilizing a Turbo-Ionspray<sup>®</sup> source in positive ionization mode (5.0 kV spray voltage). LC/MS/MS analysis was performed employing a TSQ Quantum<sup>ULTRA</sup> that was coupled to a ThermoSurveyor LC system (Thermoelectron Corp., San Jose, CA) and a Leap Technologies CTC PAL auto-sampler (Carrboro, NC). Chromatographic separation of analytes was achieved with an Acquity BEH C18 2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm column (Waters, Taunton, MA).</p><div id="ml398.s4"><h3>2.1. Assays</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.1.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743372</a> Discovery of Novel Antagonists for Human D4 Antagonists, Confirmatory Assay</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.2.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743374</a> D4 Antagonists, CounterScreen Against Dopamine 5 DRD5 (Human)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.3.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743375</a> D4 Antagonists, CounterScreen Against Dopamine 3 DRD3 (Human)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.4.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743376</a> D4 Antagonists, CounterScreen Against Dopamine 2S, D2L (Human)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.5.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743377" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743377</a> D4 Antagonists, CounterScreen Against Dopamine 2L, D2L (Human)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.6.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743378" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743378</a> D4 Antagonists, CounterScreen Against Dopamine 1 (Human)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.7.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743362</a> Design and Development of D4 Antagonists, Summary Assay</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.8.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743371" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743371</a> Primary Screen for Human D4 Antagonists Discovery of novel antagonists of the dopamine 4 (D4) human receptor</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.1.9.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743435</a> Development of inhibitors for Dopamine D4 Receptors: Eurofin Panel Assay Results</p></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="ml398.s5"><h3>2.2. Probe Chemical Characterization</h3><div id="ml398.f2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Chemical%20Characterization%20of%20ML398.&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f2.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Chemical Characterization of ML398." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Chemical Characterization of ML398</span></h3></div><p>Probe compound <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> (CID 73737723, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/172236217" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID 172236217</a>) was prepared according to the above scheme and had the following characterization. <b>(<i>R</i>)-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-phenethylmorpholine</b>. <b><sup>1</sup></b>H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.73 (dm, <i>J</i> = 64 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (t, <i>J</i> = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.00 (dt, <i>J</i> = 3.1, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 2.59-2.71 (m, 3H), 2.73-2.84 (m, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 3.45-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.65 (t, <i>J</i> = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (d, <i>J</i> = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.32 (m, 6H). <sup>13</sup>C NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 100 MHz) δ (ppm): 31.5, 35.2, 53.1, 58.5, 62.4, 66.6, 74.8, 125.7, 128.3 (2C), 128.4, 130.3, 132.8, 136.3, 141.9. HRMS: C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>23</sub>NOCl, [M+H]<sup>+</sup> calc = 316.1468, found = 316.1470. [α]<sub>D</sub><sup>20</sup> = +29.3 (c = 1.0, CH<sub>3</sub>OH, 92% ee).</p><p><b>Solubility.</b> Solubility for <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> in PBS was determined to be <5 μM, which is >35-fold higher than the cellular IC<sub>50</sub> for D<sub>4</sub> inhibition.</p><p><b>Stability.</b> Stability was determined for <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> at 23 °C in PBS (no antioxidants or other protectorants and DMSO concentration below 0.1%). After 48 hours, ∼6% of the initial concentration of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> remained in solution. The loss is most likely due to limited solubility in buffer. However, as evidenced by the <i>in vivo</i> PK study (vide infra), the compound is present in the plasma and brain, again suggesting solubility issues with the solution for this study.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml398t2"><a href="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml398t2" rid-ob="figobml398t2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml398.t2"><a href="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml398t2">Table</a></h4></div></div><p><b>Compounds added to the SMR collection (MLS#s):</b> MLS005886361 (<a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a>, CID 73737723, 25.0 mg); MLS005886362 (CID 72737772, 5.4 mg); MLS005886363 (CID 72737750, 5.8 mg); MLS005886364 (CID 72737745, 5.8 mg); MLS005886365 (CID 72737730, 8.2 mg); MLS005886366 (CID 72737723, 8.6 mg)</p></div><div id="ml398.s6"><h3>2.3. Probe Preparation<a class="bibr" href="#ml398.r1" rid="ml398.r1">1</a></h3><div id="ml398.f3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Preparation%20of%20ML398.&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f3.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Preparation of ML398." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Preparation of ML398</span></h3></div><p>Probe compound <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> (CID 73737723, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/172236217" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID 172236217</a>) was prepared according to the above scheme and had the following characterization. <b>(<i>R</i>)-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-phenethylmorpholine.</b></p><div id="ml398.f4" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f4.jpg" alt="Image ml398f4" /></div></div><p><b>(<i>S</i>)-2-chloro-4-phenylbutan-1-ol.</b> Suspended 4-phenylbutanal (147 mg, 0.992 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (4.0 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. (2<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-Diphenylpyrrolidine (22.0 mg, 0.099 mmol) added followed by <i>N</i>-chlorosuccinimide (172 mg, 1.29 mmol). The progress of this reaction was monitored by proton NMR (the starting material aldehyde peak being converted to the mono-chlorinated aldehyde). Once complete, methanol (4.0 mL) was added followed by slow addition of sodium borohydride (187 mg, 4.96 mmol). Continued stirring for 30 minutes before water was added and the solution was extracted with dichloromethane. After drying over sodium sulfate, filtering, and concentrating, the crude material was purified by column chromatography (0-15% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Pure chloro-alcohol was collected (158 mg, 86%) in 93% ee. <sup>1</sup>H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.99-2.09 (m, 3H), 2.73-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.94 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.96-4.02 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.33 (m, 5H). <sup>13</sup>C NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 100 MHz) δ (ppm): 32.3, 35.8, 64.0, 66.9, 126.2, 128.4, 128.5, 140.6. [α]<sub>D</sub><sup>20</sup> = -48.4 (c = 1.0, CH<sub>3</sub>OH). Spectral data matches that recorded by M. O'Reilly and C. Lindsley, Organic Letters, <i>14</i>, 2910.</p><div id="ml398.f5" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f5.jpg" alt="Image ml398f5" /></div></div><p><b>(<i>S</i>)-2-(benzyl(2-chloro-4-phenylbutyl)amino)ethanol.</b> (<i>S</i>)-2-chloro-4-phenylbutan-1-ol (0.530 g, 2.87 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous dichloromethane (28.0 mL) and to this 2,6-lutidine (3.3 mL, 28.7 mmol) was added. This solution was cooled to -78 °C before triflic anhydride (0.63 mL, 3.73 mmol) was added dropwise. This was stirred 30 minutes and the triflate was confirmed to be formed by proton NMR. <i>N</i>-benzylethanolamine (2.1 mL, 14.3 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (2.0 mL) was added to the solution dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly overnight and the consumption of the triflate was established by NMR. Diethyl ether (100 mL) and water (100 mL) was added and the organic layer was separated from the aqueous, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated <i>in vacuo</i>. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield the chloro-aminoalcohol (0.715 g, 78%). <sup>1</sup>H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.88-1.99 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.96 (m, 7H), 3.53-3.76 (m, 4H), 3.90-3.99 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.40 (m, 10H). <sup>13</sup>C NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 100 MHz) δ (ppm): 32.3, 37.6, 56.3, 58.8, 59.3, 60.3, 61.1, 126.1, 127.4, 128.4, 128.5, 128.5, 129.0, 138.2, 140.8. [α]<sub>D</sub><sup>20</sup> = -15.1 (c = 1.0, CH<sub>3</sub>OH). Spectral data matches that recorded by M. O'Reilly and C. Lindsley, Organic Letters, <i>14</i>, 2910.</p><div id="ml398.f6" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f6.jpg" alt="Image ml398f6" /></div></div><p><b>(<i>R</i>)-4-benzyl-2-phenethylmorpholine.</b> Suspended (<i>S</i>)-2-(benzyl(2-chloro-4-phenylbutyl) amino)ethanol (0.660 g, 2.08 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (100 mL) and cooled to -20 °C. Potassium <i>tert</i>-butoxide (1.17 g, 10.4 mmol) was added and the progress of the reaction was followed by TLC. Upon consumption of starting material, water and diethyl ether were added to the reaction and it was extracted with ether, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (0-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the morpholine (0.316 g, 54%). <sup>1</sup>H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.63-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.92 (t, <i>J</i> = 10.7 Hz, 1H), 2.21 (td, <i>J</i> = 3.2, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.63-2.86 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.58 (m, 3H), 3.70 (td, <i>J</i> = 2.4, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, <i>J</i> = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.39 (m, 7H). <sup>13</sup>C NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 100 MHz) δ (ppm): 31.5, 35.3, 53.2, 58.6, 63.3, 66.7, 74.8, 125.7, 127.1, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 129.1, 137.7, 142.0. [α]<sub>D</sub><sup>20</sup> = +30.3 (c = 1.0, CH<sub>3</sub>OH). Spectral data matches that recorded by M. O'Reilly and C. Lindsley, Organic Letters, <i>14</i>, 2910.</p><div id="ml398.f7" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f7.jpg" alt="Image ml398f7" /></div></div><p><b>(<i>R</i>)-2-phenethylmorpholine.</b> Suspended (<i>R</i>)-4-benzyl-2-phenethylmorpholine (88.0 mg, 0.313 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (6.3 mL). The flask was purged three times alternating vacuum and argon. Added 10% Pd/C (6.6 mg, 0.063 mmol) then purged the flask three times alternating vacuum and hydrogen gas. The reaction was followed by TLC and LCMS until it was complete. The solution was then filtered through celite with methanol, concentrated, and carried on crude.</p><div id="ml398.f8" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f8.jpg" alt="Image ml398f8" /></div></div><p><b>(<i>R</i>)-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-phenethylmorpholine.</b> In a microwave vial, suspended (<i>R</i>)-2-phenethylmorpholine (0.100 g, 0.523 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (2.6 mL). Potassium carbonate (0.361 g, 2.61 mmol) and 4-chlorobenzyl bromide (0.107 g, 0.523 mmol) were added. This was heated under microwave conditions to 120 °C for 10 minutes. Water was added and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated <i>in vacuo</i>. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (0-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide pure product (0.103 mg, 61%, >98% pure). <sup>1</sup>H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.73 (dm, <i>J</i> = 64 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (t, <i>J</i> = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.00 (dt, <i>J</i> = 3.1, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 2.59-2.71 (m, 3H), 2.73-2.84 (m, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 3.45-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.65 (t, <i>J</i> = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (d, <i>J</i> = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.32 (m, 6H). <sup>13</sup>C NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>, 100 MHz) δ (ppm): 31.5, 35.2, 53.1, 58.5, 62.4, 66.6, 74.8, 125.7, 128.3 (2C), 128.4, 130.3, 132.8, 136.3, 141.9. HRMS: C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>23</sub>NOCl, [M+H]<sup>+</sup> calc = 316.1468, found = 316.1470. [α]<sub>D</sub><sup>20</sup> = +29.3 (c = 1.0, CH<sub>3</sub>OH, 92% ee).</p></div></div><div id="ml398.s7"><h2 id="_ml398_s7_">3. Results</h2><div id="ml398.s8"><h3>3.1. Dose Response Curves</h3><div id="ml398.f9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Concentration-response%20curves%20for%20ML398%20in%20the%20dopamine%20D4.4%20assay%20(EuroFins).&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f9.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Concentration-response curves for ML398 in the dopamine D4.4 assay (EuroFins)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Concentration-response curves for ML398 in the dopamine D<sub>4.4</sub> assay (EuroFins)</span></h3></div><p><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> is a selective compound D<sub>4</sub> antagonist exhibiting >100-fold selectivity over the other dopamine receptors (D<sub>1,2L,2S,3,5</sub>).</p></div><div id="ml398.s9"><h3>3.2. Cellular Activity</h3><p>The primary screening assay (dopamine D<sub>4</sub>) is a cell-based assays, indicating that <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> can gain access to its molecular target when applied to cells.</p></div><div id="ml398.s10"><h3>3.3. Profiling Assays</h3><p>To more fully characterize this potent, selective D<sub>4</sub> antagonist, <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> was tested using EuroFins (formerly MDS Pharma's) Lead Profiling Screen (binding assay panel of 68 GPCRs, ion channels and transporters screened at 10 μM). Included in the EuroFins screening panel are a number of ion channels (Calcium Channel, L-Type and N-Type; Potassium channel [K<sub>ATP</sub>]; Potassium channel [hERG]) and class A GPCRs (D<sub>1-5</sub>, H<sub>1-3</sub>, etc…). <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> was found to not significantly interact with 63 out of the 68 assays conducted (inhibition of radio ligand binding > 50% at 10 μM). <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> did have activity against several targets, however, it should be pointed out that these are only single-point values and that functional selectivity may be significantly better than suggested by these “% activities.”</p></div></div><div id="ml398.s11"><h2 id="_ml398_s11_">4. Discussion</h2><div id="ml398.s12"><h3>4.1. Comparison to existing art and how the new probe is an improvement</h3><p><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> (CID 72737723) is a potent dopamine D<sub>4.4</sub> receptor antagonist (IC<sub>50</sub> = 130 nM), which excellent binding affinity for the receptor (K<sub>i</sub> = 36 nM) and is selective against the other dopamine receptors (>20 mM, D<sub>1,2L,2S,3,5</sub>). The existing art all possess scaffolds that are known to be privileged structures for GPCRs and thus do not possess the appropriate selectivity for probing the dopamine D<sub>4</sub> receptor function. With the selectivity of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> for the dopamine receptors and rather clean ancillary pharmacology (as assessed by the EuroFins Lead Profiling screen), <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> represents an improvement on the compounds in the literature. <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> is highly brain penetrant with a total B:P ∼2.0. In addition, <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> will be freely available to anyone in the scientific community, another improvement over the previous compounds, as many (if not all) are covered in the patent literature.</p></div><div id="ml398.s13"><h3>4.2. Mechanism of Action Studies</h3><p><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a> is a competitive antagonist of the dopamine D<sub>4.4</sub> receptor.</p></div><div id="ml398.s14"><h3>4.3. Efficacy in Cell-Based Assays</h3><p>The primary dopamine D<sub>4</sub> receptor assay is a cell based functional assay.</p></div></div><div id="ml398.s15"><h2 id="_ml398_s15_">5. References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml398.r1">O'Reilly MC, Lindsley CW. A general, enantioselective synthesis of protected morpholines and piperazines. <span><span class="ref-journal">Org. Lett. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>:2910–2913.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3369273/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3369273</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22616979" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22616979</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK280047_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Cynthia B. Berry</span>, <span itemprop="author">Charles W. Locuson</span>, <span itemprop="author">J. Scott Daniels</span>, <span itemprop="author">Craig W. Lindsley</span>, and <span itemprop="author">Corey R. Hopkins</span><sup><img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" alt="corresponding author" /></sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development</div><div><sup><img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" alt="corresponding author" /></sup>Corresponding author.</div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Received: <span itemprop="datePublished">April 15, 2014</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 16, 2015</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p>National Center for Biotechnology Information (US), Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Berry CB, Locuson CW, Daniels JS, et al. Discovery and characterization of ML398, a potent and selective chiral morpholine based antagonist of the dopamine 4 (D4) receptor. 2014 Apr 15 [Updated 2015 Jan 16]. In: Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/mlprobe/ml397/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/mlprobe/ml399/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f1"><div id="ml398.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=ML398.&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f1.jpg" alt="ML398." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">ML398</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml398t1"><div id="ml398.t1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml398.t1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CID/ML#</th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Target Name</th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IC<sub>50</sub>/ (nM) [SID, AID]</th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anti-target Name(s)</th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IC<sub>50</sub> (μM) [SID, AID]</th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fold Selective</th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Secondary Assay(s) Name: IC<sub>50</sub> (μM) [SID, AID]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CID 72737723/<a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dopamine D<sub>4</sub></td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">130 nM [<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/172236217" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID 172236217</a>; <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743362</a>]</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dopamine D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2S</sub>, D<sub>2L</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>5</sub> receptors</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>20 μM [<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/172236217" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID 172236217</a>] [<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743374</a>, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743375</a>, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743376</a>, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743377" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743377</a>, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/743378" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 743378</a>]</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>100-fold</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t1_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dopamine D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2S</sub>, D<sub>2L</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>5</sub> receptors, >20 μM</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f2"><div id="ml398.f2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Chemical%20Characterization%20of%20ML398.&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f2.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Chemical Characterization of ML398." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Chemical Characterization of ML398</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml398t2"><div id="ml398.t2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK280047/table/ml398.t2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml398.t2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Percent Remaining (%)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Compound</th><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0 min</th><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">26 min</th><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">45 min</th><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">103 min</th><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">24 Hour</th><th headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">48 Hour</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML398[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML398</a>, CID 73737723</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100 ± 0.0</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">82.9 ± 3.6</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">71.7 ± 4.1</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">46.2 ± 4.7</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">8.4 ± 1.6</td><td headers="hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml398.t2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5.9 ± 1.1</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f3"><div id="ml398.f3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Preparation%20of%20ML398.&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f3.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Preparation of ML398." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Preparation of ML398</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f4"><div id="ml398.f4" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f4.jpg" alt="Image ml398f4" /></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f5"><div id="ml398.f5" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f5.jpg" alt="Image ml398f5" /></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f6"><div id="ml398.f6" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f6.jpg" alt="Image ml398f6" /></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f7"><div id="ml398.f7" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f7.jpg" alt="Image ml398f7" /></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f8"><div id="ml398.f8" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f8.jpg" alt="Image ml398f8" /></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml398f9"><div id="ml398.f9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Concentration-response%20curves%20for%20ML398%20in%20the%20dopamine%20D4.4%20assay%20(EuroFins).&p=BOOKS&id=280047_ml398f9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK280047/bin/ml398f9.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Concentration-response curves for ML398 in the dopamine D4.4 assay (EuroFins)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Concentration-response curves for ML398 in the dopamine D<sub>4.4</sub> assay (EuroFins)</span></h3></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/mathjax/2.7.9/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG"> </script></div></div>
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