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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Selective GPR35 Antagonists - Probe 3 - Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Selective GPR35 Antagonists - Probe 3">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2011/11/21">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Susanne Heynen-Genel">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Russell Dahl">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Shenghua Shi">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Michelle Sauer">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Santosh Hariharan">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Eduard Sergienko">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Shakeela Dad">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Thomas DY Chung">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Derek Stonich">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Ying Su">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Pingwei Zhao">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Marc G Caron">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Mary E Abood">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Lawrence S Barak">
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<meta name="citation_pmid" content="22834041">
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<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98924/">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Selective GPR35 Antagonists - Probe 3">
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<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
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<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Susanne Heynen-Genel">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Russell Dahl">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Shenghua Shi">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Michelle Sauer">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Santosh Hariharan">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Eduard Sergienko">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Shakeela Dad">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Thomas DY Chung">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Derek Stonich">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ying Su">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Pingwei Zhao">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Marc G Caron">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mary E Abood">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Lawrence S Barak">
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<meta name="DC.Date" content="2011/11/21">
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<meta name="description" content="Although many known receptors that regulate addiction have been pharmacologically and biochemically well characterized, some orphan receptors with homology to known receptors of abuse (i.e. GPR35) remain uncharacterized. GPR35 is a G-protein coupled receptor, first identified in 1998 after a screen of a human genomic library. More recent RT-PCR studies have now confirmed the presence of GPR35 in dorsal root ganglion, the cerebellum and brain, as well as GPR35b, which was cloned from a human whole brain cDNA library. Thus, GPR35 regulation appears to have profound physiological and pathophysiological implications. We have identified a 3rd antagonist, ML194 that represents a different chemical scaffold with potency (160 nM) and selectivity (>57-fold) for GPR35, but not for the related GPR55 orphan receptor, that is intermediate between the previously reported probes, ML145 (CID2286812) and ML144 (CID1542103). ML194 also does not seem to produce non-specific interference with signaling directly at or downstream of the β-arrestin signaling pathway, so it may serve as an additional tool to delineate the biochemistry of GPR35 as potential therapeutics to selectively target pathways underlying pain and to enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of addiction.">
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<meta name="og:title" content="Selective GPR35 Antagonists - Probe 3">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Although many known receptors that regulate addiction have been pharmacologically and biochemically well characterized, some orphan receptors with homology to known receptors of abuse (i.e. GPR35) remain uncharacterized. GPR35 is a G-protein coupled receptor, first identified in 1998 after a screen of a human genomic library. More recent RT-PCR studies have now confirmed the presence of GPR35 in dorsal root ganglion, the cerebellum and brain, as well as GPR35b, which was cloned from a human whole brain cDNA library. Thus, GPR35 regulation appears to have profound physiological and pathophysiological implications. We have identified a 3rd antagonist, ML194 that represents a different chemical scaffold with potency (160 nM) and selectivity (>57-fold) for GPR35, but not for the related GPR55 orphan receptor, that is intermediate between the previously reported probes, ML145 (CID2286812) and ML144 (CID1542103). ML194 also does not seem to produce non-specific interference with signaling directly at or downstream of the β-arrestin signaling pathway, so it may serve as an additional tool to delineate the biochemistry of GPR35 as potential therapeutics to selectively target pathways underlying pain and to enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of addiction.">
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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK98924_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Selective GPR35 Antagonists - Probe 3</span></h1><p class="contribs">Heynen-Genel S, Dahl R, Shi S, et al.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK98924_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p>Although many known receptors that regulate addiction have been pharmacologically and
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biochemically well characterized, some orphan receptors with homology to known
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receptors of abuse (i.e. GPR35) remain uncharacterized. GPR35 is a G-protein coupled
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receptor, first identified in 1998 after a screen of a human genomic library. More
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recent RT-PCR studies have now confirmed the presence of GPR35 in dorsal root
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ganglion, the cerebellum and brain, as well as GPR35b, which was cloned from a human
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whole brain cDNA library. Thus, GPR35 regulation appears to have profound
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physiological and pathophysiological implications. We have identified a
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3<sup>rd</sup> antagonist, <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> that
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represents a different chemical scaffold with potency (160 nM) and selectivity
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(>57-fold) for GPR35, but not for the related GPR55 orphan receptor, that is
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intermediate between the previously reported probes, <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a> (CID2286812) and <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a> (CID1542103).
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<b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=abstract&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> also does not seem to produce
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non-specific interference with signaling directly at or downstream of the
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β-arrestin signaling pathway, so it may serve as an additional tool to
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delineate the biochemistry of GPR35 as potential therapeutics to selectively target
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pathways underlying pain and to enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of
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addiction.</p></div><div class="h2"></div><p><b>Probe project:</b> Selective GPR35 Antagonists</p><p><b>Assigned Assay Grant #:</b> 1 X01 MH085708-01</p><p><b>Screening Center Name & PI:</b> Sanford-Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics (<i>NIH PubChem & MLPCN designation</i>) & John C. Reed</p><p><b>Chemistry Center Name & PI:</b> Sanford-Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics & John C. Reed</p><p><b>Assay Submitter & Institution:</b> Lawrence S. Barak, Duke University Medical
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Center</p><p>Collaborating PI: (Mary E. Abood, Temple University, PA)</p><p><b>PubChem Summary Bioassay Identifier (AID):</b>
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/2079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">2079</a></p><div id="ml194.s1"><h2 id="_ml194_s1_">Probe(s) Structure & Characteristics</h2><p><i>This Center Probe Report describes a third selective antagonist for GPR35, an orphan GPCR receptor, that represent a novel scaffold or chemical series: (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r3" rid="ml194.r3">3</a>) CID9581011. Two probes from other scaffolds were reported in a previous probe report “Antagonists for the Orphan Receptor GPR35” (<a href="/books/NBK50703/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50703/</a>)</i></p><div id="ml194.fu1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu1.jpg" alt="ML194." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194tu1"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194tu1" rid-ob="figobml194tu1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.tu1"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194tu1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s2"><h2 id="_ml194_s2_">Recommendations for the scientific use of this probe</h2><p>Many receptors regulating addiction are pharmacologically and biochemically well characterized, but some orphan receptors like GPR35 with homology to known receptors of abuse remain uncharacterized. The aim of this research is to identify small molecule antagonists of human GPR35. The identification of small molecules capable of selectively inhibiting or activating orphans will provide tools for elucidating novel molecular pathways underlying addictive behaviors. These novel compounds will then be utilized to elucidate a number of things such as characterize GPR35 biology in vitro, GPR35 in animal models of pain and enhance the understanding of the molecular basis of addiction.</p></div><div id="ml194.s3"><h2 id="_ml194_s3_">1. Scientific Rationale for Project</h2><p>Drug addiction continues to remain a major public health concern in the United States. Addictive behavior results from changes in central nervous system signaling pathways that are modified after exposure to drugs of abuse. In particular, compounds such as cannabinoids and opiates that influence mood and pain perception are commonly associated with addictive behaviors. Many receptors regulating addiction are pharmacologically and biochemically well characterized, but some orphan receptors like GPR35 with homology to known receptors of abuse remain almost totally uncharacterized. GPR35 is a G-protein coupled receptor that was first identified in 1998 after a screen of a human genomic library (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r1" rid="ml194.r1">1</a>). GPR35 is homologous to P2Y purinergic receptors and GPR23, whose ligand is lysophosphatidic acid. GPR35 shares a 30 percent identity with the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r2" rid="ml194.r2 ml194.r3 ml194.r4 ml194.r5">2–5</a>). The ability of GPR55 to recognize cannabinoids was first described in a yeast expression system, where the CB1 antagonists AM251 and SR141716A (rimonabant) acted as agonists (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r6" rid="ml194.r6">6</a>). Preliminary studies of GPR35 by mRNA expression showed it expressed predominantly in the immune and gastrointestinal systems (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r1" rid="ml194.r1">1</a>). However, recent RT-PCR studies have confirmed the presence of GPR35 in dorsal root ganglion, the cerebellum and brain, and GPR35b was cloned from a human whole brain cDNA library (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r2" rid="ml194.r2">2</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r5" rid="ml194.r5">5</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r7" rid="ml194.r7">7</a>). Variable Gi/o protein activation by GPR35 that was pertussis toxin sensitive was subsequently observed in rat sympathetic neurons (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r2" rid="ml194.r2">2</a>).</p><p>There are approximately fifteen papers characterizing GPR35 in the PubMed listed peer reviewed literature. An N-terminal splice variant of GPR35, GPR35b, was identified from a genetic screen of gastric carcinomas (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r8" rid="ml194.r8">8</a>), leading to speculation that GPR35 regulates cell growth. The observation that the <i>a</i> isoform possessed a stronger transforming activity than the <i>b</i> also led the authors to postulate that GPR35a possesses constitutive activity (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r8" rid="ml194.r8">8</a>). While GPR35 has been implicated in the formation of gastric cancers (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r8" rid="ml194.r8">8</a>), conversely, deletion of GPR35 may be responsible for a mental retardation syndrome associated with deletions on 2q37.3 (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r9" rid="ml194.r9">9</a>). There are no reports in the peer reviewed literature (PubMed) of GPR35 antagonists other than from our recent publication (Zhao <i>et al.</i>
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<u>Mol Pharmacol</u>. 2010 Oct; <b>78</b>(4):560-8. Epub 2010 Jul 22.) that includes results from this GPR35 antagonist screen. A recent Sci Finder search on March 28, 2011 did not uncover any novel matter than those disclosed by the prior and this MLP probe report.</p><p>GPR35 regulation appears to have profound physiological and pathophysiological implications so that defining compounds that regulate GPR35 will be important. The specific aim of this grant is to identify small molecule antagonists of human GPR35. These novel compounds will be utilized to characterize GPR35 biology in vitro and GPR35 in animal models of pain. Thus, this proposal will provide tools for delineating the biochemistry of GPR35, potentially provide compounds for targeted therapeutics of pathways underlying pain, and enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of addiction.</p></div><div id="ml194.s4"><h2 id="_ml194_s4_">2. Project Description</h2><p>The goal of the high-throughput screen (HTS) was to identify novel and specific inhibitors of GPR35. To date, no antagonists for GPR35 are known and the goal of this project was to identify small molecules that had an IC<sub>50</sub> of 5μM or less in the primary GPR35 β-arrestin HCS assay, with at least 10-fold antagonist selectivity against the related receptor GPR55.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t1"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t1" rid-ob="figobml194t1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Assays for GPR35." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t1"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Assays for GPR35. </p></div></div><div id="ml194.s5"><h3>Primary Screen</h3><p>This image-based high-content screen (HCS) is based on fluorescence redistribution of a
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GFP-β-arrestin complex from homogeneous distribution in the cytoplasm via the plasma
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membrane to intracellular pits and vesicles (assay technology marketed as Transfluor® assay
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by Molecular Devices). Upon activation by ligand binding, GPCRs undergo deactivation or “desensitization” by binding of the β-arrestin protein to the activated receptor. The GPCR-β-arrestin complex internalizes, the ligand is removed and the receptor is recycled back to the cell membrane (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f1" rid-ob="figobml194f1">Figure 1</a>). Localization of the fluorescently labeled β-arrestin can be monitored by image analysis (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r10" rid="ml194.r10">10</a>). The primary screen assay is designed to identify compounds inhibiting GPR35 signaling induced by the GPR35 agonist Zaprinast at an approximately EC<sub>80</sub> concentration (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r5" rid="ml194.r5">5</a>). We utilize stable cell lines generated by Dr. Abood and Dr. Barak’s laboratories, which performed similarly in transient transfections with the GPCR-β-arrestin tagged constructs. Dr. Abood’s laboratory confirmed that the untagged human and mouse GPR35 receptors respond similarly to the tagged receptors (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r12" rid="ml194.r12">12</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f1" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f1"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f1" rid-ob="figobml194f1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. GPR35 Example Images of Positive and Negative Controls." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f1"><h4 id="ml194.f1"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f1">Figure 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">GPR35 Example Images of Positive and Negative Controls. Effect of 10 μM agonist Zaprinast (left panel) compared to DMSO control (right panel). </p></div></div><div id="ml194.s6"><h4>Primary Assay Materials</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t2"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t2" rid-ob="figobml194t2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Critical Reagents used for the uHTS experiments." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t2"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Critical Reagents used for the uHTS experiments. </p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s7"><h4>Primary Screen Protocol</h4><div id="ml194.s8"><h5>A. Plate Preparation</h5><ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>45μl of cell suspension (133,000 cells/ml in culture medium) was dispensed in each well of the assay plates using a Wellmate bulk dispenser.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plates were incubated overnight or approximately 20 hours at 37 degree C and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum was removed by media aspiration and replaced with 45μl serum-free MEM prior to addition of compounds.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Compound addition was done on a Biomek FX with 384-head dispenser (Beckman):</div><ol class="lower-alpha"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5μl of 100μM compound solution was added to columns 3 through 24 of the assay plates for a final assay compound concentration of 10μM and 0.5% DMSO.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5μl of 5% DMSO was added to columns 1 and 2 to balance the volume and DMSO concentration across the plate.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5μl of positive control (2% DMSO) working solution was added to column 1.</div></li></ol></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plates were incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Agonist addition was done on a Biomek FX with 384-head dispenser (Beckman). 5μl of agonist (100μM Zaprinast) working solution was added to columns 2–24. (This also serves as the negative control in column 2.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plates were incubated for 45 minutes at 37 degrees C and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Media was aspirated leaving 20μl liquid in each well using a Titertek plate washer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>40μl of fixative working solution was added to each well using a Wellmate bulk dispenser (Matrix) for a final concentration of 4% PFA.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plates were incubated for 40 minutes at room temperature.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fixative was aspirated and plates were washed twice with 50μl PBS leaving 20μl liquid in each well using a Titertek plate washer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>40μl of DAPI working solution was added using a Wellmate bulk dispenser for a final DAPI concentration of 100 ng/ml. Aluminum plate seals were applied to each plate.</div></li></ol></div><div id="ml194.s9"><h5>B. Image Acquisition and Analysis</h5><ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Image acquisition was performed on an Opera QEHS (Perkin Elmer) with 45 plate capacity loader/stacker and the following settings:</div><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">40x 0.6 NA air objective</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Acquisition camera set to 2-by-2 binning for an image size of 688 by 512 pixels</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">2 channels acquired sequentially: Exp1Cam1 = B-arrestin GFP using 488 nm laser excitation and 540/70 nm 4 mission filters, Exp2Cam2 = DAPI (nuclei) using 365 nm Xenon lamp excitation and 450/50 nm emission filters</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">3 fields per well</p></dd></dl></dl></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Image analysis was performed using the Acapella™ Spot Detection Algorithm with the following analysis settings:</div><div>
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<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194tu2"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194tu2" rid-ob="figobml194tu2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.tu2"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194tu2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Metrics calculated from…</div><div>NUCLEI IMAGES: Cell Count (“Number of Cells Analyzed”), Nuclei Area (“Area of the Nucleus”), Integrated Intensity of the Nuclei (“Total Integrated Intensity of the Nucleus”), Average Intensity of the Nuclei (“Average Intensity of the Nucleus”)</div><div>GFP IMAGES: Integrated Intensity of the Cytoplasm (“Total Cytoplasm Intensity”), Integrated Intensity of the Detected Spots (“Total Spot Intensity”), Ratio of the Integrated Spot to Integrated Cytoplasm Intensities (“Ratio of Spot Intensity to Cytoplasm intensity”), Number of Spots per Cell (“Average Spots Per Cell”)</div></li></ol><p>The primary screen was performed at a compound concentration of 10 μM in 384-well format.
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The average Z′ for the screen was 0.65 and Z′ values ranged from 0.44 to 0.82 using the ratio of the GFP intensity of the spots over the GFP intensity of the cytoplasm (“Ratio of Spot Intensity to Cytoplasm intensity”) as the primary assay read-out.</p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s4.sec1"><h3>Rationale for confirmatory, counter and selectivity assay</h3><p> See
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<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f2" rid-ob="figobml194f2">Fig. 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f2" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f2"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f2" rid-ob="figobml194f2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f2.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. The GPR35 Antagonist Probe Flowchart summarizes the compound triage and decision tree for advancement of the compounds." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f2"><h4 id="ml194.f2"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f2">Figure 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The GPR35 Antagonist Probe Flowchart summarizes the compound triage and decision tree for advancement of the compounds. </p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s10"><h3>Confirmation Assays</h3><p>Initial hit confirmation of compound solutions resupplied by the MLSMR was done at a single compound concentration (10μM) in duplicates using the primary screen assay to confirm activity of the hit compounds. Compounds with confirmed activity at 10 μM were tested from stock solutions resupplied by the MLSMR in 7-point dose responses (0.5 to 32μM) to evaluate potency. Potent compounds (IC<sub>50</sub> <5μM) were clustered into scaffolds and 10-point dose responses (0.06 to 32μM) were performed for dry powder compounds selected from hits and their commercially available analogs.</p></div><div id="ml194.s11"><h3>Counter screen/Selectivity Assays</h3><p>To eliminate artifacts introduced by the β-arrestin-GFP assay technology, an image-based high-content assay using the same assay technology was performed against the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 in antagonist mode. In addition to eliminating false positives caused by assay artifacts, this assay also evaluates selectivity of the GPR35 hit compounds against the GPR55 receptor. This is of additional interest since GPR35 and GPR55 share ~30% identity (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r2" rid="ml194.r2 ml194.r3 ml194.r4 ml194.r5">2–5</a>). In addition, GFP intensity of the cells was quantified to identify compounds causing cellular fluorescence resulting in a decrease in number of detected spots and thus false positive results.</p></div><div id="ml194.s12"><h3>Secondary Probe Characterization Assays</h3><p>The identified GPR35 antagonist probes are characterized further by an assay performed in the Dr. Barak’s and his collaborator’s labs. This assay evaluates ERK1/2 activity downstream in the GPR35 signaling pathway.</p></div></div><div id="ml194.s13"><h2 id="_ml194_s13_">3. Center Summary of Results</h2><p>The GPR35 antagonist primary screen of 291,994 compounds resulted in 549 compounds that were considered as hits using the hit criteria of >50% activity as compared to cells without agonist addition, >30 cells in the imaged area of the well, and a total GFP intensity of <10,000,000 relative units. The upper limit for the total GFP intensity was added as hit criterion to eliminate cell-permeable autofluorescent compounds interfering with detection of spot formation.</p><p>Stock solutions resupplied by the MLSMR of 490 compounds were tested for hit confirmation. Single point confirmations at 10μM concentration were conducted in duplicate on these compounds. 102 of these compounds confirmed using the same hit criteria as for the primary screening campaign. Further testing of these compounds using a seven-point dose response (0.5 to 32μM concentration range) identified 33 compounds with an IC<sub>50</sub> of less than 1μM and 57 compounds with an IC<sub>50</sub> between 1 and 10μM.</p><p>The hits were clustered into scaffolds by using a maximum-common-substructure-based algorithm. Analyzing the assay data in terms of scaffolds therefore, yielded 22 hits from 8 scaffolds and 38 of their commercially available analogs were selected for dry powder purchase. Testing of these dry powder compounds in 10-point dose responses using the primary screen assay and the GPR55 antagonist counter screen/selectivity assay resulted in 26 compounds with IC<sub>50</sub> < 5μM and GPR55 antagonist selectivity of IC<sub>50</sub> (GPR55) > 10 × IC<sub>50</sub> (GPR35) spanning 5 scaffolds (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f2" rid-ob="figobml194f2">Figure 2</a>). Probes resulting from these scaffolds were published in a separate probe report. 14 compounds and analogs from an additional scaffold of interest to Dr. Barak and his collaborators were also ordered and tested in dose responses using the primary screen assay and the GPR55 antagonist selectivity assay. 10 of these compounds resulted in IC<sub>50</sub> < 5μM and all of these were selective against GPR55 Antagonist (See “Round 2” in SAR section of <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f2" rid-ob="figobml194f2">Figure 2</a>).</p><p>We note that the CID and SID of the actual nominated solid sample of the probe and some of the analogs are different than the solutions that were tested during hit validation and primary screening. This is due to the solution sample having an indeterminate double bond stereochemistry around the imine moiety (“X-crossed bond representation) in the original CID enumeration</p><div id="ml194.fu2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu2.jpg" alt="CID9581011 SID99309109 MLS-0300303." /></div><h3><span class="title">CID9581011<br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a><br />MLS-0300303</span></h3></div><div id="ml194.fu3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu3.jpg" alt="CID2745687 SID26730533 MLS-0396531 (indeterminate)." /></div><h3><span class="title">CID2745687<br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/26730533" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID26730533</a><br />MLS-0396531 (indeterminate)</span></h3></div><p>The SAR around the probe molecule <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> can be seen in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t3" rid-ob="figobml194t3">Table 3</a>. This class consists of pyrazole core and a functionalized hydrazonourea moiety. The pyrazole contains either an ester or hydrogen function at the 4 position on the ring (R<sub>1</sub>), a phenyl ring at the 1 position, substituted with an R<sub>2</sub> group, and a terminally substituted hydrozonourea at the pyrazole 5 position (R<sub>3</sub>). As seen in the SAR table (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t3" rid-ob="figobml194t3">Table 3</a>), there is a requirement that R<sub>1</sub> must be an ester group. Replacement of this group by H, as in CIDs 5335766 and 5703674, results in all GPR35 antagonism being lost, regardless of R<sub>2</sub> or R<sub>3</sub> substitution. After establishing this required R<sub>1</sub> functionality, substitution at R<sub>2</sub> was explored. While unsubstituted phenyl did indeed produce potent GPR35 antagonists, exemplified by CID 9581005, this compound also displayed off target antagonism of GPR55. Thus, substitution on this phenyl was pursued to attempt to impart additional selectivity. It was found that <i>ortho</i> and <i>para</i> substitution was preferred. In fact, the 2,4-fluoro analogues were very potent (CIDs 9581011 and 9581010) and selective. Derivatives with 4-chloro substitution also gave potent IC<sub>50</sub> values. Finally, R<sub>3</sub> was explored with both aromatic and alkyl substituents. It is clear that there are preferred groups at this position, specifically <i>tert</i>-butyl, phenyl, or 4-chloro-phenyl. Finally, substitution with H at R<sub>3</sub> yielded only one weakly active GPR35 antagonist, CID 9581014.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t3"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t3" rid-ob="figobml194t3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. SAR for GPR35 Antagonist ML194 (3rd probe)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t3"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">SAR for GPR35 Antagonist ML194 (3<sup>rd</sup> probe). </p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s14"><h2 id="_ml194_s14_">4. Probe(s)</h2><div id="ml194.s15"><h3>a. Chemical name of probe compound (s)</h3><p>The IUPAC name of probe the probe <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> is methyl 5-((2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)hydrazono)methyl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1<i>H</i>-pyrazole-4-carboxylate</p></div><div id="ml194.s16"><h3>b. Probe chem<i>i</i>cal structure(s) including stereochemistry if known</h3><p>The probe <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> has no chiral centers (See <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f3" rid-ob="figobml194f3">Fig. 3</a>)</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f3" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f3"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f3" rid-ob="figobml194f3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f3.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Structure of Probe ML194." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f3"><h4 id="ml194.f3"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f3">Figure 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Structure of Probe ML194. </p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s17"><h3>Structural Verification Information of probe (<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a>)</h3><p><b>c.</b> The compound batch (substance) submitted to the MLSMR is archived as <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a> corresponding to CID9581011 - please see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f4" rid-ob="figobml194f4">Fig. 4(a</a>–<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f6" rid-ob="figobml194f6">c)</a> below for the relevant spectra.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f4" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f4"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 4a" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f4" rid-ob="figobml194f4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f4.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f4.jpg" alt="Figure 4a. 1H-NMR spectrum of ML194." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f4"><h4 id="ml194.f4"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f4">Figure 4a</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin"><sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectrum of ML194. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f5" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f5"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 4b" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f5" rid-ob="figobml194f5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f5.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f5.jpg" alt="Figure 4b. Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatogram of ML194." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f5"><h4 id="ml194.f5"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f5">Figure 4b</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatogram of ML194. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f6" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f6"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 4c" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f6" rid-ob="figobml194f6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f6.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f6.jpg" alt="Figure 4c. Positive ion Mass Spectrum of ML194." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f6"><h4 id="ml194.f6"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f6">Figure 4c</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Positive ion Mass Spectrum of ML194. </p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s18"><h3>d. PubChem CID(s) (corresponding to the SID)</h3><p>For Probe #1: PubChem CID9581011 (corresponding to the <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a>).</p></div><div id="ml194.s19"><h3>e. If available from a vendor, please provide details</h3><p>CID9581011 is commercially available from Maybridge CAT # SPB05142</p></div><div id="ml194.s20"><h3>f. Submission of probe and probe analogs to the MLSMR</h3><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t4" rid-ob="figobml194t4">Table 4</a> below summarizes the deposition of samples of the probe <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> and 5 probe analogs to the MLSMR.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t4"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t4" rid-ob="figobml194t4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Submission information on Probe 1: CID2286812 and analogs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t4"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Submission information on Probe 1: CID2286812 and analogs. </p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s21"><h3>g. Describe mode of action for biological activity of probe</h3><p>Probe <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> identified in this project is acting at the beginning of the GPR35 signaling pathway. Ligand binding causes phosphorylation of the GPCR, which in turn causes translocation of the β-arrestin to the membrane, where it binds to the GPCR. The β-arrestin-GPCR complex internalizes into clathrin-coated pits within the cell, where it dissociates and the receptor recycles back to the membrane. Since the assay read-out quantifies formation of β-arrestin-GPCR pits, the identified antagonist interferes with the pit formation or any process upstream. The selectivity of this probe for GPR35 (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f7" rid-ob="figobml194f7">Fig. 5</a>) but not for the related GPR55 orphan receptor in a cognate β-arrestin HCS assay supports that it is not non-specifically interfering with signaling directly at or downstream of the β-arrestin signaling pathway. An additional secondary assay by Dr. Abood demonstrated that the probes did inhibit Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This confirms that our imaging assay based results translate to the authentic downstream biological response.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f7" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f7"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f7" rid-ob="figobml194f7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f7.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f7.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Potency & Selectivity of GPR35 Antagonist Probe ML194." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f7"><h4 id="ml194.f7"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f7">Figure 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Potency & Selectivity of GPR35 Antagonist Probe ML194. Note: GPR35 results from 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate</p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s22"><h3>h. Synthesis of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></h3><div id="ml194.f10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Scheme%201.%20Synthesis%20of%20ML194.&p=BOOKS&id=98924_ml194f10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f10.jpg" alt="Scheme 1. Synthesis of ML194." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Scheme 1</span><span class="title">Synthesis of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Methyl 4,4-dimethoxy-3-oxobutanoate was mixed with 1.2 equivalents of acetic anhydride in trimethylorthoformate and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3h. The excess solvents and reagents were removed <i>in vacuo</i> and the product methyl 4,4-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-oxobutanoate was mixed with (2,4-diflurophenyl)hydrazine (1.2 eq.) in anhydrous ethanol at 0°C and slowly warmed to rt. After acidic workup and evaporation of solvents and flash chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes), the resultant pyrazole carboxaldehyde was isolated. This product was subsequently treated with <i>N</i>-(<i>tert</i>-butyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (1.3 eq) in dichloromethane with 1% acetic acid. The product mixture was purified via reverse-phase HPLC to afford <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b>.</p></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s23"><h3>i. Center summary of probe properties</h3><p>We have screened the MLSMR library and developed a novel 3<sup>rd</sup> antagonist probe <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> for the GPR35 orphan receptor whose pyrazole core represent a novel chemical scaffold compared to the previous pyrazolo-pyrimidine and the thioxothiazolidinone (rhodanine) based probes, <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a></b> and <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a></b>, respectively. The structures of these probes and the current probe and their salient properties are shown below. While <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> is 8-fold less potent and 19-fold less selective than <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a></b>, we still considered it of value as a probe, since it represents a novel chemical scaffold that does not have the potential liabilities of the rhodanine core (a PAINS chemotype) of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a></b> previously noted in the probe report for this probe.</p><div id="ml194.fu4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu5.jpg" alt="ML194, CID9581011." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a>, CID9581011</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>160 nM GPR35</p><p>~9,080 nM GPR55</p><p>~57-fold selective</p></div></div><div id="ml194.fu5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu6.jpg" alt="ML144, CID1542103." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a>, CID1542103</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>2.2 μM GPR35</p><p>>32 μM GPR55</p><p>>15X selective</p></div></div><div id="ml194.fu6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu7.jpg" alt="ML145, CID2286812." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a>, CID2286812</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>20.1 nM GPR35</p><p>~21,700 nM GPR55</p><p>>1,080-fold selective</p></div></div><p><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> does contain a urea moiety via a hydrazone linkage and
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a methyl ester, though neither seems to be rapidly hydrolyzed in 1:1 PBS/acetonitrile (see
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“<i>In vitro stability and solubility</i> of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b>” <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t5" rid-ob="figobml194t5">Table
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5</a> and paragraph below it). However, <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> does represent an improvement over
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<b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a></b> in terms of <i>in vitro cellular</i> potency (>10-fold) and selectivity (4-fold). While amongst these three probes <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a></b> appears most “drug-like”, <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> (and <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a></b>) may still be useful as a tool compound for acute <i>ex vivo</i> tissue slice studies. For <i>in vivo</i> work though, the very poor microsomal stability presents a challenge.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t5"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t5" rid-ob="figobml194t5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Summary of in vitro ADMET/PK Properties of the GPR35 Antagonist Probe." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t5"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of <i>in vitro</i> ADMET/PK Properties of the GPR35 Antagonist Probe. </p></div></div><p><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a> Glutathione conjugation assay.</b> To assess the potential of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> for covalent modification, the glutathione transferase activity of the probe compound in the rat hepatic S9 fraction was measured (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f8" rid-ob="figobml194f8">Fig. 6a</a>). The S9-based GSH transferase assay has been shown to be a reliable means of identifying compounds known to react with GSH. Briefly, compounds were incubated at 10 μM in PBS buffer with 2 mg/ml rat hepatic S9 fraction and 10 mM glutathione at 37°C for 1.5 hours. The incubation was stopped by protein precipitation using acetonitrile. After drying down of the supernatant, the residues were reconstituted and analyzed by positive-ion electrospray LCMS and analyzed for the presence of any glutathione conjugates. The LCMS data after 1.5 hours showed 98.4% of unchanged probe compound (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f8" rid-ob="figobml194f8">Fig. 6b</a>, compare peak area at 0 and 90 mins), indicating a low propensity for covalent modification. <u>In addition, none of the expected GSH conjugate masses were detected.</u> The compounds were tested in duplicate along with the positive control diclofenac, a known GSH conjugator, which showed the expected conjugate masses. <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> was stable in spite concerns that the hydrazone moiety might be reactive.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f8" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f8"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f8" rid-ob="figobml194f8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f8.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f8.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Lack of glutathione reactivity of ML194." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f8"><h4 id="ml194.f8"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f8">Figure 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Lack of glutathione reactivity of ML194. (<i>a</i>) schematics of S9 incubation -<i>ML194</i> was incubated with glutathione and rat S9 fraction for 1.5 hours. (<i>b</i>) HPLC-MS analysis showed 98.4% of the parent compound remained after 1.5 hours. Also, no GSH adduct masses <a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f8">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><i>In Vitro</i> Pharmacology Profiles of Probe <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> (CID9581011) were evaluated in a detailed <i>in vitro</i> pharmacology screen and the results are shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t5" rid-ob="figobml194t5">Table 5</a>. Profiling assays.</p><p><i>In vitro stability and solubility</i> of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a>.</b> The solubility of this probe was poor at all pH’s tested in phosphate-free buffer (PBS). Stability of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> was investigated in PBS buffer at room temperature (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f1" rid-ob="figobml194f1">Figure 1</a>). Initial experiments examining the stability of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> seemed to suggest that the probe degrades rapidly in PBS buffer. However, visual examination of the <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> PBS stock solution confirmed that most of the compound was not soluble, so we hypothesized that the apparent “degradation” in PBS was a reflection of time-dependent compound precipitation. We also were unable to detect any of the expected pyrazole aldehyde breakdown products of the hydrazone nor the free acid in a full MS scan. Therefore, we prepared the stock solution of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> in acetonitrile then diluted with 1 part PBS (1:1 PBS/ACN), then repeated the stability analysis. Under these conditions, <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> appeared to be <i><u>completely stable</u></i> with more than 98% remaining after 48 hrs (see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194f9" rid-ob="figobml194f9">Fig. 7</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t6" rid-ob="figobml194t6">Table 6</a> below) confirming that confounding poor PBS solubility of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> rather than chemical instability being the culprit. This relatively poor aqueous solubility of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> impacts several of the ADME/T properties to yield apparently poorer values as detailed in the following paragraphs below.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figml194f9" co-legend-rid="figlgndml194f9"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Fig. 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194f9" rid-ob="figobml194f9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f9.gif" src-large="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f9.jpg" alt="Fig. 7. ML194 Stability in 1:1 PBS/ACN." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndml194f9"><h4 id="ml194.f9"><a href="/books/NBK98924/figure/ml194.f9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194f9">Fig. 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ML194 Stability in 1:1 PBS/ACN. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t6"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t6" rid-ob="figobml194t6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Stability of ML194 in 1:1 PBS/ACN." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t6"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stability of ML194 in 1:1 PBS/ACN. </p></div></div><p>The PAMPA (<b>P</b>arallel <b>A</b>rtificial <b>M</b>embrane <b>P</b>ermeability <b>A</b>ssay) assay is used as an <i>in vitro</i> model of passive, transcellular permeability. An artificial membrane immobilized on a filter is placed between a donor and acceptor compartment. At the start of the test, drug is introduced in the donor compartment. Following the permeation period, the concentration of drug in the donor and acceptor compartments is measured using UV spectroscopy. In this assay <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> has a bell-shaped permeability with good permeability at all pHs tested. However, we note that the compound is significantly trapped in the membrane, probably a reflection again of its poor solubility. We have not examined the <i>in vivo</i> CNS penetration potential of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> as this would require animal work that is out of scope of the MLPCN and funding.</p><p>Plasma Protein Binding is a measure of a drug’s efficiency to bind to the proteins within blood plasma. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse. Highly plasma protein bound drugs are confined to the vascular space, thereby having a relatively low volume of distribution. In contrast, drugs that remain largely unbound in plasma are generally available for distribution to other organs and tissues. <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> is highly bound (97.5–98.6%) to both human and mouse plasma.</p><p>Plasma Stability is a measure of the stability of small molecules and peptides in plasma and is an important parameter, which strongly can influence the <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of a test compound. Drug candidates are exposed in plasma to enzymatic processes (proteinases, esterases), and they can undergo intramolecular rearrangement or bind irreversibly (covalently) to proteins. <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> appears to be unstable in human plasma, though much of this apparent instability may be a reflection of its poor solubility and time-dependent precipitation as noted above. This may explain the paradoxically higher <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> remaining in whole plasma (11.3% human/31.5% mouse) compared to 1:1 plasma/PBS (2.1% human/1.4% mouse). Dilution of plasma components would be expected to slow degradative processes and lower protein binding, so the apparently lower % remaining is consistent with the notion of compound insolubility and precipitation, leading to underestimation by LC-MS. We also note that while the apparent 18.5% <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> remaining after 32 hrs in PBS alone higher that the 1:1 plasma/PBS value, these estimations are suspect due to inherent insolubility in PBS, as noted from the “restored” stability of <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> when studied in 1:1 PBS/ACN. We note the duration of the functional GPR35 HCS assay is 1 hr in cell culture media before cell fixation, so most of the effect does come from the parent molecule and little should derive from the expected breakdown products (<b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> acid form from methyl ester hydrolysis or the aldehyde if the hydrazone is cleaved).</p><p>The microsomal stability assay is commonly used to rank compounds according to their metabolic stability. This assay addresses the pharmacologic question of how long the parent compound will remain circulating in plasma within the body. <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> shows poor stability in both human and mouse liver homogenates in the presence of absence of NADPH co-factor.</p><p><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> shows no toxicity (>50 μM) toward human hepatocyctes.</p></div><div id="ml194.s24"><h3>j. A tabular presentation summarizing known probe properties</h3><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t7"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t7" rid-ob="figobml194t7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Properties ML194 (CID9581011) MLS-0300303." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t7"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Properties ML194 (CID9581011) MLS-0300303. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ml194.s25"><h2 id="_ml194_s25_">5. Comparative data showing probe specificity for target in biologically relevant assays</h2><p><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> is a novel 3<sup>rd</sup> antagonist probe for the GPR35 orphan receptor whose pyrazole core represent a novel chemical scaffold compared to the previous pyrazolo-pyrimidine and the thioxothiazolidinone (rhodanine) based probes, <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a></b> and <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a></b>, respectively. Further follow-up work has been conducted in the laboratories of Dr. Barak and collaborator (Dr. Abood) as outlined in the Chemical Probe Development Plan (CPDP) as post Probe Nomination characterization. The additional downstream assay is as described below and the SAR data summarized for the probe series (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t8" rid-ob="figobml194t8">Table 8</a>)</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figml194t8"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figml194t8" rid-ob="figobml194t8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Comparative Downstream assays by Assay Provider for CID9581011." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ml194.t8"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobml194t8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Comparative Downstream assays by Assay Provider for CID9581011. </p></div></div><p><i><u>Assay for ERK1/2 Activity in GPR35-Overexpressing U2OS
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Cells</u></i> [GI: 33695097; Gene: 2859]: Assay performed by Dr.
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Abood’s laboratory characterizes the downstream ERK phosphorylation activity of probe
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compounds. This is an “in-cell” Western assay which utilizes a cell line permanently
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expressing a beta-arrestin GFP biosensor and human GPR35 receptor. Upon agonist-mediated GPCR activation by EC<sub>80</sub> Zaprinast, ERK1/2 phosphorylation occurs as measured by pERK1/2 antibodies (see <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/463217" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 463217</a> for details and <a href="#ml194.s28">Supplemental Materials</a> below). The ERK1/2 assay is generally much less sensitive than the beta-arrestin GPCR assays and the assay protocol does not allow for compound pre-incubation before agonist addition, which may result in much higher IC<sub>50</sub> values (up to 10-fold) for the pERK-ICW potencies as compared the GPR35 assay (<a class="bibr" href="#ml194.r12" rid="ml194.r12">12</a>). This can be seen in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figml194t8" rid-ob="figobml194t8">Table 8</a> where the nanomolar GPR35 probe and analogs yield micromolar potency in ERK phosphorylation. We note that while there are some rank order differences in the apparent pERK IC<sub>50</sub>s versus the GPR35 IC<sub>50</sub>s, possibly due different solubility or ADME properties, the overall conclusion is that the probe scaffold class does have measurable activity in the downstream assay on the authentic signaling pathway.</p><p><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> has been submitted for profiling to the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) in Dr. Bryan Roth’s laboratory at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</p></div><div id="ml194.s26"><h2 id="_ml194_s26_">6. Future studies</h2><p>GPR35 is emerging as an important target in pain (spinal antinociception as well as inflammatory pain), heart disease, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer, areas with unmet medical needs. These probes have only been evaluated in cellular HCS assays, and we have no guidance of any CNS penetration and effective exposure levels (vs. the <i>in vitro</i> IC<sub>50</sub>), so additional studies and limited compound scale-up would need to be planned and funded. There are five recently recognized areas to which GPR35 signaling may play an important role, metabolic disease (diabetes), hypertension, asthma, pain, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), (see review G. Milligan, Orthologue selectivity and ligand bias: translating the pharmacology of GPR35 see TIPS-858 in press). Each of these areas alone is medically important and each would benefit by the use of GPR35 antagonists to further studies in their respective animals models. Moreover, the occurrence of GPR35 receptors outside the CNS also suggests less stringent requirements for the chemical optimization of GPR35 antagonist compounds because a subclass of their medically relevant targets has greater accessibility. In this regard, in addition to our use of GPR35 ligands in visceral pain models (Zhao <i>et al</i>.), we (Barak & Abood) are currently collaborating in preliminary studies on the role of GPR35 ligands in an IBD model; and the ability to obtain more defined physiological data as well as outside financial support would certainly benefit from improved GPR35 antagonists with better pharmacological properties. The current probes are useful for cell based and in vitro studies, but would benefit from additional SAR development and compound optimization of some of the ADME/T properties such as solubility and protein binding, which would also influence the apparent plasma concentration or activity. Other additional studies to delineate whether <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> acts on the GPCR-dependent or the non GPCR-dependent path via direct β-arresting signaling are also contemplated and can be undertaken using the high affinity GPR35 ligand pamoic acid that we discovered (Zhao <i>et al.</i>) in conjunction with the antagonists developed as a consequence of this proposal.</p></div><div id="ml194.s27"><h2 id="_ml194_s27_">7. References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r1">O’Dowd BF, Nguyen T, Marchese A, Cheng R, Lynch KR, Heng HH, Kolakowski LF Jr, George SR. Discovery of three novel G-protein-coupled receptor genes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Genomics. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">47</span>:310–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9479505" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9479505</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r2">Guo J, Williams DJ, Puhl HL 3rd, Ikeda SR. Inhibition of N-type calcium channels by activation of GPR35, an orphan receptor, heterologously expressed in rat sympathetic neurons. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pharmacol Exp Ther. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">324</span>:342–51.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17940199" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17940199</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r3">Johns DG, Behm DJ, Walker DJ, Ao Z, Shapland EM, Daniels DA, Riddick M, Dowell S, Staton PC, Green P, Shabon U, Bao W, Aiyar N, Yue TL, Brown AJ, Morrison AD, Douglas SA. The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR55 is activated by atypical cannabinoids but does not mediate their vasodilator effects. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Pharmacol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">152</span>:825–31.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2190033/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2190033</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17704827" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17704827</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r4">Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjogren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ. The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Pharmacol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">152</span>:1092–101.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2095107/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2095107</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17876302" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17876302</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r5">Taniguchi Y, Tonai-Kachi H, Shinjo K. Zaprinast, a well-known cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is an agonist for GPR35. <span><span class="ref-journal">FEBS Lett. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">580</span>:5003–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16934253" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16934253</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r6">Brown AJ. Novel cannabinoid receptors. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Pharmacol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">152</span>:567–75.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2190013/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2190013</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17906678" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17906678</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r7">Ohshiro H, Tonai-Kachi H, Ichikawa K. GPR35 is a functional receptor in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochem Biophys Res Commun. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">365</span>:344–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17996730" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17996730</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r8">Okumura S, Baba H, Kumada T, Nanmoku K, Nakajima H, Nakane Y, Hioki K, Ikenaka K. Cloning of a G-protein-coupled receptor that shows an activity to transform NIH3T3 cells and is expressed in gastric cancer cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Sci. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">95</span>:131–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14965362" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14965362</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r9">Shrimpton AE, Braddock BR, Thomson LL, Stein CK, Hoo JJ. Molecular delineation of deletions on 2q37.3 in three cases with an Albright hereditary osteodystrophy-like phenotype. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Genet. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">66</span>:537–44.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15521982" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15521982</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r10">Barak LS, Ferguson SS, Zhang J, Martenson C, Meyer T, Caron MG. Internal trafficking and surface mobility of a functionally intact beta2-adrenergic receptor-green fluorescent protein conjugate. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Pharmacol. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">51</span>:177–84.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9203621" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9203621</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r11">Baell BJ, Holloway AG. New Substructure Filters for Removal of Pan Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS) from Screening Libraries and for Their Exclusion in Bioassays. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Med Chem. </span>2010 Feb 4;</span> 2010. [Epub ahead of print] [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20131845" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20131845</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ml194.r12">Zhao P, Sharir H, Kapur A, Cowan A, Geller EB, Adler MW, Seltzman HH, Reggio PH, Heynen-Genel S, Sauer M, Chung TD, Bai Y, Chen W, Caron MG, Barak LS, Abood ME. Targeting of the orphan receptor GPR35 by pamoic acid: a potent activator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and β-arrestin 2 with antinociceptive activity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Pharmacol. </span>2010 Oct;<span class="ref-vol">78</span>(4):560–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2981393/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2981393</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20826425" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20826425</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="ml194.s28"><h2 id="_ml194_s28_">Supplementary Materials</h2><div id="ml194.s29"><h3>Assay for ERK1/2 Activity in GPR35-Overexpressing U2OS Cells</h3><p><b>Data Source:</b> Dr. Mary Abood, Dr. Pingwei Zhao</p><p><b>Source Affiliation:</b> Temple University</p><p><b>Network</b>: NIH Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN)</p><p><b>Grant Proposal Number:</b> 1X01MH085708-01</p><p><b>Assay Provider:</b> Dr. Lawrence Barak, Duke University</p><p>The aim of this assay is to characterize downstream ERK phosphorylation activity of compounds originally identified in “Image-based HTS for Selective Antagonists of GPR35” (<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/2058" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 2058</a>). Compounds were either acquired from commercial sources or synthesized by the Sanford-Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics.</p><p>This On-Cell Western assay utilizes a cell line permanently expressing a beta-arrestin GFP biosensor and human GPR35 receptor. Upon agonist-mediated GPCR activation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation occurs as measured by pERK1/2 antibodies.</p><p>GI: 33695097</p><p>Gene: 2859</p><p>GPR 35, G-Protein Coupled Receptor 35</p></div><div id="ml194.s30"><h3>Protocol</h3><div id="ml194.s31"><h4>Assay Materials</h4><ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>96-well plates (FALCON 353075)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>U2OS (Human Osteosarcoma) cell line stably expressing the Beta-arrestin GFP and human GPR35 receptor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Culture Media: DMEM with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum and selection antibiotics - 200 ug/ml G418 and 100 ug/ml Zeocin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EC<sub>80</sub> concentration of Agonist: 10 μM Zaprinast</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DMSO solution</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Test compounds Working Solution: 10mM Stock in 100% DMSO, diluted in assay buffer (HBSS Cellgro #21-023-CV)</b></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fixative Solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) diluted in PBS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Permeabilization Solution: 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary phosphor-ERK1/2 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, diluted 1:100)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Goat anti-rabbit 800 CW secondary antibody diluted 1:800 in Licor blocking buffer together with Sapphire 700 (diluted 1:1000) and DRAQ5 (diluted 1:2000) for normalization purpose</div></li></ol></div><div id="ml194.s32"><h4>Assay Procedure</h4><ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cells were grown to confluence in 96-well plates and serum-starved overnight prior to assay.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prior to drug treatment cells were washed once with HBSS at room temperature.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Compounds were added at varying dose response concentrations together with the agonist (10μM Zaprinast) to compound and negative control wells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DMSO only was added to wells for a final concentration of 0.1%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plates were incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Media was aspirated from all wells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fixative solution was added to each well for a final concentration of 4% PFA and plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fixative was aspirated and cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Trion X-100 in PBS for 5 washes at 10 minutes per wash.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>LI-COR blocking buffer was added and samples were shaken on a rotator for 1 hour.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary antibodies were applied for overnight at 4 degree C with rotation, followed by washing 4 times for 5 minutes each in PBS+ 0.1% Tween-20 with gentle shaking at RT.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cells were incubated with secondary antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature. Sapphire 700 and DRAQ5 solutions were added together with the secondary antibodies for normalization. Plates were protected from light.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Membranes were washed 4 times for 5 minutes each in PBS + 0.1% Tween-20 with gentle shaking at RT, and were protected from light.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plates were dried and scanned using a LI-COR Odyssey Infrared Imager.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>IC<sub>50</sub> values were calculated employing a sigmoidal dose-response equation through non-linear regression in Prism 4.0 software.</div></li></ol><p>Definition of Active Compound:</p><p>Compounds with IC<sub>50</sub> < 10 μM were considered active.</p></div></div></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK98924_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Susanne Heynen-Genel</span>, <span itemprop="author">Russell Dahl</span>, <span itemprop="author">Shenghua Shi</span>, <span itemprop="author">Michelle Sauer</span>, <span itemprop="author">Santosh Hariharan</span>, <span itemprop="author">Eduard Sergienko</span>, <span itemprop="author">Shakeela Dad</span>, <span itemprop="author">Thomas DY Chung</span>, <span itemprop="author">Derek Stonich</span>, <span itemprop="author">Ying Su</span>, <span itemprop="author">Pingwei Zhao</span>, <span itemprop="author">Marc G Caron</span>, <span itemprop="author">Mary E Abood</span>, and <span itemprop="author">Lawrence S Barak</span>.</p><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Received: <span itemprop="datePublished">March 29, 2011</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">November 21, 2011</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p>National Center for Biotechnology Information (US), Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Heynen-Genel S, Dahl R, Shi S, et al. Selective GPR35 Antagonists - Probe 3. 2011 Mar 29 [Updated 2011 Nov 21]. In: Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/mlprobe/ml199/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/mlprobe/ml193/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194fu1"><div id="ml194.fu1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu1.jpg" alt="ML194." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194tu1"><div id="ml194.tu1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.tu1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CID<sup>**</sup></th><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Target Name</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IC<sub>50</sub>/EC<sub>50</sub> (nM) [SID, AID]</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Anti-target Name(s)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IC<sub>50</sub>/EC<sub>50</sub> (μM) [SID, AID]</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Selectivity</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Secondary Assay(s) Name: IC<sub>50</sub>/EC<sub>50</sub> (nM) [SID, AID]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9581011 <i>(scaffold 3)</i><br /><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">GPR35 Antagonist <i>Orphan GPCR receptor</i></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">160 nM<br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a><br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/463227" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID463227</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">GPR55 Antagonist <i>Orphan GPCR receptor</i></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~ 9.08 μM<br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a><br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/463228" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID463228</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">~57-fold vs. GPR55 Antagonist</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.tu1_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t1"><div id="ml194.t1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Assays for GPR35</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PubChem BioAssay Name</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">AIDs</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Probe Type</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Assay Type</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Assay Format</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Assay Detection (well format)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Summary of Image-based HTS for Selective Antagonists of GPR35</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/2079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">2079</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Antagonists</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Summary</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">N/A</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Image-Based HTS for Selective Antagonists of GPR35 [Primary]</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/2058" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">2058</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Antagonists</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Primary</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cell-based</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imaging method (384)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">HCS GPR35 Antagonist SAR-primary assay used as secondary</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/2480" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">2480</a>, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/463227" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">463227</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Antagonists</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">SAR</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cell-based</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imaging method (384)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">HCS GPR55 antagonist – Counterscreen - SAR</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/2397" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">2397</a>, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/463228" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">463228</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Antagonists</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">SAR</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cell-based</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imaging method (384)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f1"><div id="ml194.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. GPR35 Example Images of Positive and Negative Controls." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">GPR35 Example Images of Positive and Negative Controls</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Effect of 10 μM agonist Zaprinast (left panel) compared to DMSO control (right panel).</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t2"><div id="ml194.t2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Critical Reagents used for the uHTS experiments</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Reagent</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Vendor</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">U2OS (Human Osteosarcoma) cell line stably expressing GFP- tagged β-arrestin & over-expressing the GPR35 receptor</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cells from AP, scaled-up by BCCG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Zaprinast - GPR35 Agonist</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">ALEXIS Biochemicals (now Enzo Life Sciences)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Paraformaldehyde - Fixative</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">ACROS Organics</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">DAPI – Nuclei Stain</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Invitrogen</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194tu2"><div id="ml194.tu2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.tu2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.tu2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NUCLEI DETECTION</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Threshold Adjustment:</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Nuclear Splitting Adjustment:</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Individual Threshold Adjustment</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.05</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Minimum Nuclear Area:</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">200</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Minimum Nuclear Contrast:</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CYTOPLASM DETECTION</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Cytoplasm Individual Threshold Adjustment:</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPOT DETECTION</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Spot Minimum Distance</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Spot Peak Radius</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Spot Reference Radius</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Spot Minimum Contrast</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> - Spot Minimum to Cell Intensity</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f2"><div id="ml194.f2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. The GPR35 Antagonist Probe Flowchart summarizes the compound triage and decision tree for advancement of the compounds." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">The GPR35 Antagonist Probe Flowchart summarizes the compound triage and decision tree for advancement of the compounds</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194fu2"><div id="ml194.fu2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu2.jpg" alt="CID9581011 SID99309109 MLS-0300303." /></div><h3><span class="title">CID9581011<br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID99309109</a><br />MLS-0300303</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194fu3"><div id="ml194.fu3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu3.jpg" alt="CID2745687 SID26730533 MLS-0396531 (indeterminate)." /></div><h3><span class="title">CID2745687<br /><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/26730533" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">SID26730533</a><br />MLS-0396531 (indeterminate)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t3"><div id="ml194.t3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">SAR for GPR35 Antagonist <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a> (3<sup>rd</sup> probe)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu4.jpg" alt="Image ml194fu4.jpg" /></div></th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">PubChem SID</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">PubChem CD</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">GPR35 Antagonist</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">GPR55 Antagonist</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">R<sub>1</sub></th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">R<sub>2</sub></th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">R<sub>3</sub></th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Average IC<sub>50</sub> ± S.E.M. (μM)<br />(<i>n = 3) replicates unless otherwise indicated</i></th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6" id="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Purchased Analog (P) or Hit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe<br /><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i>t-</i>Bu</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309109</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581011</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.160 ± 0.013</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9.11 ± 1.6 <i>(n = 2)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hit</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl-Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309108</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581010</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.171 ± 0.021</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309113" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309113</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581015</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.211 ± 0.019</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i>t-</i>Bu</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309103" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309103</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581005</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.307 ± 0.141</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6.58 ± 0.49 <i>(n = 2)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl-Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309105</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581007</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.319 ± 0.063</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hit</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309110" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309110</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581012</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.379 ± 0.057</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309104</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581006</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.02 ±0.13</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15.1</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hit</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Me</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309111" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309111</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581013</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.25 ±0.21</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Me</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309106" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309106</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581008</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2.49 ±0.42</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hit</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309112</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581014</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4.61 ±1.32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hit</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309114" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309114</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581004</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309107</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581009</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">hit</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309115" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309115</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5335766</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">H</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-OMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i>t-</i>Bu</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309102" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309102</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5703674</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>32</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">16.4 <i>(n = 1)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ml194.t3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">P</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f3"><div id="ml194.f3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Structure of Probe ML194." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Structure of Probe <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f4"><div id="ml194.f4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f4.jpg" alt="Figure 4a. 1H-NMR spectrum of ML194." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4a</span><span class="title"><sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectrum of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f5"><div id="ml194.f5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f5.jpg" alt="Figure 4b. Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatogram of ML194." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4b</span><span class="title">Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatogram of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f6"><div id="ml194.f6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f6.jpg" alt="Figure 4c. Positive ion Mass Spectrum of ML194." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4c</span><span class="title">Positive ion Mass Spectrum of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t4"><div id="ml194.t4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Submission information on Probe 1: CID2286812 and analogs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Probe/Analog</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS# (DPI)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS-(BCCG#)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CID</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">SID</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Source (vendor/BCCG syn)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Amount (mg)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Date received by MLSMR</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Probe<br /><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS003177459</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0300303</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581011</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309109</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Maybridge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10/18/2010</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Analog 1</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS003177460</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">300304</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581008</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309106" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309106</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Maybridge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10/18/2010</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Analog 2</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS003177461</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0437443</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581010</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309108</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Maybridge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10/18/2010</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Analog 3</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS003177462</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0437444</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581012</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309110" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309110</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Maybridge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10/18/2010</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Analog 4</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS003177463</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0437445</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581013</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309111" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309111</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Maybridge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10/18/2010</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Analog 5</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MLS003177464</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0437446</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581015</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309113" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309113</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Maybridge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10/18/2010</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f7"><div id="ml194.f7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f7.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Potency & Selectivity of GPR35 Antagonist Probe ML194." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Potency & Selectivity of GPR35 Antagonist Probe <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Note:</p><p>GPR35 results from 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate</p><p>GPR55 results from 2 independent experiments performed in duplicate</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f10"><div id="ml194.f10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Scheme%201.%20Synthesis%20of%20ML194.&p=BOOKS&id=98924_ml194f10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f10.jpg" alt="Scheme 1. Synthesis of ML194." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Scheme 1</span><span class="title">Synthesis of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Methyl 4,4-dimethoxy-3-oxobutanoate was mixed with 1.2 equivalents of acetic anhydride in trimethylorthoformate and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3h. The excess solvents and reagents were removed <i>in vacuo</i> and the product methyl 4,4-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-oxobutanoate was mixed with (2,4-diflurophenyl)hydrazine (1.2 eq.) in anhydrous ethanol at 0°C and slowly warmed to rt. After acidic workup and evaporation of solvents and flash chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes), the resultant pyrazole carboxaldehyde was isolated. This product was subsequently treated with <i>N</i>-(<i>tert</i>-butyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (1.3 eq) in dichloromethane with 1% acetic acid. The product mixture was purified via reverse-phase HPLC to afford <b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b>.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194fu4"><div id="ml194.fu4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu5.jpg" alt="ML194, CID9581011." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a>, CID9581011</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>160 nM GPR35</p><p>~9,080 nM GPR55</p><p>~57-fold selective</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194fu5"><div id="ml194.fu5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu6.jpg" alt="ML144, CID1542103." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML144[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML144</a>, CID1542103</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>2.2 μM GPR35</p><p>>32 μM GPR55</p><p>>15X selective</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194fu6"><div id="ml194.fu6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu7.jpg" alt="ML145, CID2286812." /></div><h3><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML145[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML145</a>, CID2286812</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>20.1 nM GPR35</p><p>~21,700 nM GPR55</p><p>>1,080-fold selective</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t5"><div id="ml194.t5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Summary of <i>in vitro</i> ADMET/PK Properties of the GPR35 Antagonist Probe</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Probe CID<br />Probe ML#<br />BCCG MLS-#</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Aqueous Solubility (μg/mL)<sup>a</sup> [
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<span style="color:blue"><i>μM]</i></span><sup>a</sup> (@ pH)<br /><br />(1×PBS 7.4)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">PAMPA Pe (×10<sup>−6</sup> cm/s)<sup>b</sup> (@ pH)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_4" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Plasma Protein Binding (% Bound)</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Plasma Stability<sup>c</sup><br />Human/Mouse
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<span style="color:red">1× PBS, pH 7.4</span></th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_6" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hepatic Microsome Stability<sup>d</sup><br />Human/Mouse<br />
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<span style="color:red">NADPH minus</span></th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_7" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hepatic Toxicity<sup>e</sup><br />LC50 (μM)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Human 1μM/10μM</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Mouse 1μM/10μM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CID9581011<br /><b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b><br />MLS-0300303<br />m.w. 395.4</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.31 (5.0)<br />0.51 (6.2)<br />0.59 (7.4)<br />
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<span style="color:red">0.38 (PBS)</span><br />
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<span style="color:blue"><i>0.78 (5.0)</i></span><br />
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<span style="color:blue"><i>1.3 (6.2)1.5 (7.4)</i></span><br />
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<span style="color:blue"><i>0.96 (PBS)</i></span></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">852 (5.0)<sup>*</sup><br />991(6.2)<sup>*</sup><br />586(7.4)<sup>*</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">98.09/97.54</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">97.85/98.61</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">11.28/31.49<br />
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<span style="color:red">2.09/1.42</span><br />
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<span style="color:blue">18.46</span></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.88/0.65<br />
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<span style="color:red">0.79/44.16</span></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">>50</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="ml194.tfn1"><p class="no_margin">in aqueous buffer (phosphate-free), pH’s 5.0/6.2/7.4 or 1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH7.4 (in red font); in μM units in <i>blue italicized text</i></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>b</dt><dd><div id="ml194.tfn2"><p class="no_margin">in aqueous buffer (phosphate-free); Donor compartment pH’s 5.0/6.2/7.4; Acceptor compartment pH 7.4</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>c</dt><dd><div id="ml194.tfn3"><p class="no_margin">% remaining at 3 hr; in Plasma: PBS, (1:1), pH 7.4 (red font); % remaining at 32 hrs in 1X PBS only (in blue font)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>d</dt><dd><div id="ml194.tfn4"><p class="no_margin">% remaining at 1 hr; without NADPH regenerating system (red font)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>e</dt><dd><div id="ml194.tfn5"><p class="no_margin">towards Fa2N-4 immortalized human hepatocytes</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>*</dt><dd><div id="ml194.tfn6"><p class="no_margin">Cmpd was significantly trapped in the membrane</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f8"><div id="ml194.f8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f8.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Lack of glutathione reactivity of ML194." /></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Lack of glutathione reactivity of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></span></h3><div class="caption"><p>(<b>a</b>) schematics of S9 incubation -<b><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a></b> was incubated with glutathione and rat S9 fraction for 1.5 hours. (<b>b</b>) HPLC-MS analysis showed 98.4% of the parent compound remained after 1.5 hours. Also, no GSH adduct masses were detected.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobml194f9"><div id="ml194.f9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194f9.jpg" alt="Fig. 7. ML194 Stability in 1:1 PBS/ACN." /></div><h3><span class="label">Fig. 7</span><span class="title"><a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a> Stability in 1:1 PBS/ACN</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t6"><div id="ml194.t6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Stability of <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a> in 1:1 PBS/ACN</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;">MLS-0300303</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;">CID9581011</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<span class="hr"></span></th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;"><i>Time (hr)</i></th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;"><i>Remaining</i></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">100.0%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">99.2%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">99.2%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">98.6%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">98.9%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">98.4%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">98.1%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ml194.t6_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">98.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t7"><div id="ml194.t7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Properties <a href="/pcsubstance/?term=ML194[synonym]" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=term&targettype=pubchem">ML194</a> (CID9581011) MLS-0300303</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Calculated Property</th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Molecular Weight [g/mol]</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">395.426866</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Molecular Formula</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>19</sub>F<sub>2</sub>N<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">XLogP3-AA</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">H-Bond Donor</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">H-Bond Acceptor</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rotatable Bond Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tautomer Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exact Mass</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">395.122752</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MonoIsotopic Mass</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">395.122752</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Topological Polar Surface Area</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heavy Atom Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Formal Charge</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complexity</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">572</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Isotope Atom Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Defined Atom Stereo Center Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Undefined Atom Stereo Center Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Defined Bond Stereo Center Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Undefined Bond Stereo Center Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Covalently-Bonded Unit Count</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobml194t8"><div id="ml194.t8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Comparative Downstream assays by Assay Provider for CID9581011</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98924/table/ml194.t8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ml194.t8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_top_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK98924/bin/ml194fu8.jpg" alt="Image ml194fu8.jpg" /></div></th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">GPR35<br /><i><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/463227" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">AID 463227</a></i></th><th id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">pERK-ICW</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CID</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">SID</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">R1</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">R2</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">R3</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">IC<sub>50</sub> (μM)</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">IC<sub>50</sub> (μM)</th><th headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">n</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581011</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309109</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">tBu</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.160</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.4±0.09</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581010</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309108</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl-Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.171</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.7±0.17</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581015</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309113" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309113</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Ph</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0.211</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">21.8±0.10</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581013</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309111" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309111</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4-Cl</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Me</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.25</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4.1±0.11</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9581008</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/99309106" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99309106</a></td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">COOMe</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2,4-di-F</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Me</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2.49</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2.29±0.9</td><td headers="hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ml194.t8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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