562 lines
No EOL
89 KiB
HTML
562 lines
No EOL
89 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
||
|
||
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
||
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK23279" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="micad" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK23279/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
||
<!-- Logger end -->
|
||
|
||
<title>Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2008/05/12" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Huiming Zhang" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641481" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23279/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Huiming Zhang" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/05/12" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23279/" /><meta name="description" content="Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) modulates intracellular activation via the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) (1). RNAi suppresses gene expression through degradation of a specific, targeted mRNA, which leads to gene silencing. siRNA is a 21-23 nucleotide (nt) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with symmetric 2-3nt 3’ overhangs and 5’-phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl groups so that it is recognized by an RNAse III enzyme (2). In general, intracellular siRNA undergoes 5’-phosphorylation to unwind the RNA duplex, followed by association with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (1). Then the activated RISC and the unwound anti-sense strand of the siRNA interact with the mRNA target to generate single site-specific cleavage at the mRNA target. The efficiency of gene silencing primarily relies on the optimal incorporation of siRNA into RISC and its stability in RISC, as well as a perfect complementary base pairing with the mRNA target (3). Mismatches can abolish the target degradation, the mRNA cleavage, and the RISC turnover. The high specificity in gene silencing makes siRNA a popular research tool for various gene-inactivation studies such as differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis (3). siRNA is also used in therapeutic applications to identify drug targets and to characterize gene functions in vivo without the use of gene knockout mice (4). Formulation of siRNAs with compounds to promote transit across cell membranes is being developed to address the major challenge of cellular delivery of siRNAs (5). Several imaging modalities have been used for localized in vivo delivery of siRNA (6, 7)." /><meta name="og:title" content="Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) modulates intracellular activation via the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) (1). RNAi suppresses gene expression through degradation of a specific, targeted mRNA, which leads to gene silencing. siRNA is a 21-23 nucleotide (nt) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with symmetric 2-3nt 3’ overhangs and 5’-phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl groups so that it is recognized by an RNAse III enzyme (2). In general, intracellular siRNA undergoes 5’-phosphorylation to unwind the RNA duplex, followed by association with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (1). Then the activated RISC and the unwound anti-sense strand of the siRNA interact with the mRNA target to generate single site-specific cleavage at the mRNA target. The efficiency of gene silencing primarily relies on the optimal incorporation of siRNA into RISC and its stability in RISC, as well as a perfect complementary base pairing with the mRNA target (3). Mismatches can abolish the target degradation, the mRNA cleavage, and the RISC turnover. The high specificity in gene silencing makes siRNA a popular research tool for various gene-inactivation studies such as differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis (3). siRNA is also used in therapeutic applications to identify drug targets and to characterize gene functions in vivo without the use of gene knockout mice (4). Formulation of siRNAs with compounds to promote transit across cell membranes is being developed to address the major challenge of cellular delivery of siRNAs (5). Several imaging modalities have been used for localized in vivo delivery of siRNA (6, 7)." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23279/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/siGFPCLIO/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23279/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8EF9717D636BF10000000000D400B3.m_13" />
|
||
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/4008682/4207974/4206132/4062871/12930/3964959/3854974/36029/4128070/9685/3549676/3609192/3609193/3609213/3395586.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
||
<body class="book-part">
|
||
<div class="grid">
|
||
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
||
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
||
<div class="sysmessages">
|
||
<noscript>
|
||
<p class="nojs">
|
||
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
||
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
||
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</noscript>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
||
<div class="wrap">
|
||
<div class="page">
|
||
<div class="top">
|
||
<div id="universal_header">
|
||
<section class="usa-banner">
|
||
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
||
<header class="usa-banner-header">
|
||
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
|
||
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
|
||
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
|
||
<button class="non-usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" type="button">
|
||
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" />
|
||
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>The .gov means it's official.</strong>
|
||
<br />
|
||
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
|
||
sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal
|
||
government site.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" />
|
||
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
|
||
<br />
|
||
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
|
||
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
|
||
and transmitted securely.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
|
||
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
|
||
|
||
<div class="usa-grid">
|
||
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
|
||
|
||
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
|
||
<a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
|
||
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
|
||
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
|
||
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup" type="button">
|
||
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="20px" height="20px">
|
||
<g style="fill: #fff">
|
||
<ellipse cx="12" cy="8" rx="5" ry="6"></ellipse>
|
||
<path d="M21.8,19.1c-0.9-1.8-2.6-3.3-4.8-4.2c-0.6-0.2-1.3-0.2-1.8,0.1c-1,0.6-2,0.9-3.2,0.9s-2.2-0.3-3.2-0.9 C8.3,14.8,7.6,14.7,7,15c-2.2,0.9-3.9,2.4-4.8,4.2C1.5,20.5,2.6,22,4.1,22h15.8C21.4,22,22.5,20.5,21.8,19.1z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
|
||
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
|
||
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
|
||
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu" type="button">
|
||
<span class="fa fa-times">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="24px" height="24px">
|
||
<path d="M38 12.83l-2.83-2.83-11.17 11.17-11.17-11.17-2.83 2.83 11.17 11.17-11.17 11.17 2.83 2.83 11.17-11.17 11.17 11.17 2.83-2.83-11.17-11.17z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
|
||
<h4>Account</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="account-user-info">
|
||
Logged in as:<br />
|
||
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="account-links">
|
||
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
|
||
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
|
||
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
|
||
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
|
||
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section data-section="Alerts">
|
||
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header">
|
||
<div class="res_logo"><h1 class="res_name"><a href="/books/" title="Bookshelf home">Bookshelf</a></h1><h2 class="res_tagline"></h2></div>
|
||
<div class="search"><form method="get" action="/books/"><div class="search_form"><label for="database" class="offscreen_noflow">Search database</label><select id="database"><optgroup label="Recent"><option value="books" selected="selected" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="refseq" class="last">RefSeq</option></optgroup><optgroup label="All"><option value="gquery">All Databases</option><option value="assembly">Assembly</option><option value="biocollections">Biocollections</option><option value="bioproject">BioProject</option><option value="biosample">BioSample</option><option value="books" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="cdd">Conserved Domains</option><option value="gap">dbGaP</option><option value="dbvar">dbVar</option><option value="gene">Gene</option><option value="genome">Genome</option><option value="gds">GEO DataSets</option><option value="geoprofiles">GEO Profiles</option><option value="gtr">GTR</option><option value="ipg">Identical Protein Groups</option><option value="medgen">MedGen</option><option value="mesh">MeSH</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="omim">OMIM</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="protein">Protein</option><option value="proteinclusters">Protein Clusters</option><option value="protfam">Protein Family Models</option><option value="pcassay">PubChem BioAssay</option><option value="pccompound">PubChem Compound</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="snp">SNP</option><option value="sra">SRA</option><option value="structure">Structure</option><option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option><option value="toolkit">ToolKit</option><option value="toolkitall">ToolKitAll</option><option value="toolkitbookgh">ToolKitBookgh</option></optgroup></select><div class="nowrap"><label for="term" class="offscreen_noflow" accesskey="/">Search term</label><div class="nowrap"><input type="text" name="term" id="term" title="Search Books. Use up and down arrows to choose an item from the autocomplete." value="" class="jig-ncbiclearbutton jig-ncbiautocomplete" data-jigconfig="dictionary:'bookshelf-search',disableUrl:'NcbiSearchBarAutoComplCtrl'" autocomplete="off" data-sbconfig="ds:'no',pjs:'no',afs:'no'" /></div><button id="search" type="submit" class="button_search nowrap" cmd="go">Search</button></div></div></form><ul class="searchlinks inline_list"><li>
|
||
<a href="/books/browse/">Browse Titles</a>
|
||
</li><li>
|
||
<a href="/books/advanced/">Advanced</a>
|
||
</li><li class="help">
|
||
<a href="/books/NBK3833/">Help</a>
|
||
</li><li class="disclaimer">
|
||
<a target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="link_click" data-ga-label="disclaimer_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
|
||
</li></ul></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<!-- site messages -->
|
||
<!-- Custom content 1 -->
|
||
<div class="col1">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div id="maincontent" class="content eight_col col">
|
||
<!-- Custom content in the left column above book nav -->
|
||
<div class="col2">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Book content -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content between navigation and content -->
|
||
<div class="col3">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="document">
|
||
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23279_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23279_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/cRGD-CLIO/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/IPL-NP/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23279_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5 </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Huiming Zhang</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23279_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23279_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Huiming Zhang</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
|
||
National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
|
||
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
|
||
</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">April 17, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">May 12, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="siGFPCLIO.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23279/table/siGFPCLIO.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__siGFPCLIO.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA –crosslinked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MN-NIFR-siGFP</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nucleic acid, small molecule (nanoparticle)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RNAse III</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Enzyme</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIFR) optical imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal/contrast:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iron oxides, Cy5.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is Currently available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.Background"><h2 id="_siGFPCLIO_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CLIO%20+%20cy5.5%20+%20siGFP" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) modulates intracellular activation <i>via</i> the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.1">1</a>). RNAi suppresses gene expression through degradation of a specific, targeted mRNA, which leads to gene silencing. siRNA is a 21-23 nucleotide (nt) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with symmetric 2-3nt 3’ overhangs and 5’-phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl groups so that it is recognized by an RNAse III enzyme (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.2">2</a>). In general, intracellular siRNA undergoes 5’-phosphorylation to unwind the RNA duplex, followed by association with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.1">1</a>). Then the activated RISC and the unwound anti-sense strand of the siRNA interact with the mRNA target to generate single site-specific cleavage at the mRNA target. The efficiency of gene silencing primarily relies on the optimal incorporation of siRNA into RISC and its stability in RISC, as well as a perfect complementary base pairing with the mRNA target (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.3">3</a>). Mismatches can abolish the target degradation, the mRNA cleavage, and the RISC turnover. The high specificity in gene silencing makes siRNA a popular research tool for various gene-inactivation studies such as differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.3">3</a>). siRNA is also used in therapeutic applications to identify drug targets and to characterize gene functions <i>in vivo</i> without the use of gene knockout mice (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.4">4</a>). Formulation of siRNAs with compounds to promote transit across cell membranes is being developed to address the major challenge of cellular delivery of siRNAs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.5">5</a>). Several imaging modalities have been used for localized <i>in vivo</i> delivery of siRNA (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.7">7</a>).</p><p>Green fluorescence protein (GFP) is a reporter protein of 238 amino acids, and it emits a bright green fluorescence (λ<sub>max</sub> = 509 nm) when illuminated with a blue light (λ<sub>max</sub> = 395 nm) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.8">8</a>). Red fluorescent protein (RFP; excitation = 558 nm, emission = 583 nm) is another reporter protein of 28 kDa that shares ~25% sequence identity with GFP (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.9">9</a>). GFP has a cylinder-like structure composed of eleven β-sheets slightly twisted around the central axis and a tripeptide (serine<sup>65</sup>-tyrosine<sup>66</sup>-glycine<sup>67</sup>) fluorophore attaching to the α-helix in the cylinder center (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.10">10</a>). As a tag or indicator, GFP is widely used to detect gene expression, protein trafficking, and cellular localization (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.11">11</a>). Its fluorescence directly reflects the levels of gene expression or locations in subcellular compartments. Because GFP has no inherent localization of its own, fusion of GFP with functional proteins will typically result in the subcellular distribution pattern of the target protein (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.9">9</a>). Thus, the fusion of GFP with host proteins is used to separate subcellular compartments in various cell organelles, including plasma membrane nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretary vesicles, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and phagosomes (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.12">12</a>). The GFP/RFP reporter gene can be incorporated into recombinant plasmids, where it is directly linked to the transcriptional regulatory elements (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.11">11</a>). Transfection of such recombinant plasmids into cells of interest allows for evaluation of promoter and enhancer activity. In combination with the RNAi technique, a GFP-specified siRNA (siGFP) can be used to generate animal models that are directly detectable with an optical microscope without the need for additional histological staining (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.13">13</a>). For instance, 9L gliosarcoma cells can be transfected with the pcDNA3 (phGFP-S65T)-GFP/RFP plasmid to generate 9L-GFP/RFP glioma cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.13">13</a>).</p><p>GFP-specified siRNA-crosslinked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO)-Cy5.5 (siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5) is a magnetofluorescent nanoparticle used for multimodal imaging of the delivery and silencing of siGFP in tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). This agent consists of four components: five siGFPs (22nt) to target GFP mRNA, three fluorescence probes (Cy5.5) for optical imaging, four myristoylated polyarginine peptides (MPAP) for mediating transportation to the cytoplasm, and an iron oxide nanoparticle core for enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast and delivering siGFP to tumors. The siGFP is linked to magnetic nanoparticles by a stable thioether bond without compromising silencing efficiency. Cy5.5 is a cyanine dye consisting of two quaternized heteroaromatic bases (A and A’) joined by a polymethine chain with five carbons (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.14">14</a>), which binds directly to the nanoparticles. This dye possesses high quantum yield, good chemical stability, easy conjugation, and high sensitivity (mole extinction coefficient, ~250,000 mol/cm) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.15">15</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.16">16</a>). As a membrane translocation module, MPAP has a hydrophobic 14-carbon moiety of myristic acid (Myr, -C(=O)-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>12</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>) linked to a polyarginine peptide to generate Myr-Ala-(Arg)<sub>7</sub>-Cys-CONH<sub>2</sub> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.17">17</a>). MPAP can cross the cellular membrane of live cells efficiently and target the cytoplasm without registered toxicity (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.17">17</a>). The nanoparticle contains an icosahedral core of superparamagnetic crystalline Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (magnetite) that is caged by epichlorohydrin cross-linked dextran and functionalized with amine groups (CLIO-NH<sub>2</sub>) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.18">18</a>). They have a high magnetic susceptibility to induce a significant magnetization inside a magnetic field. This creates microscopic field gradients that diphase nearby protons and causes a shortening of T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.19">19</a>). Enhanced permeability and retention effects in tumors and an increased fluid-phase endocytosis in tumor cells results in the accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles in the tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). With the assistance of MPAP, sufficient siGFP can be delivered to the tumors. siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 allows for fine resolution (10–100 μm) and unlimited depth penetration of MRI with the high sensitivity (10<sup>-9</sup>–10<sup>-17</sup> mol/L) and the short acquisition times of optical imaging (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>).</p></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.Synthesis"><h2 id="_siGFPCLIO_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(CLIO%20+%20cy5.5%20+%20siGFP)+AND+synthesis%0D%0A" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The synthesis of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was conducted in multiple steps (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). Initially, monocrystalline iron oxide (MION) was synthesized by neutralization of ferrous salts, ferric salts, and dextran with ammonium hydroxide, followed by ultrafiltration (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.20">20</a>). The obtained MION was cross-linked in strong base with epichlorohydrin and then reacted with ammonia to produce CLIO-NH<sub>2.</sub> Next, <i>N</i>-hydroxysuccinimide ester of Cy5.5 was reacted with the CLIO-NH<sub>2</sub> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.21">21</a>). The produced CLIO-Cy5.5 was conjugated with a heterobifunctional cross-linker, <i>N</i>-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), <i>via N</i>-hydroxy succinimide ester. Then, Myr-Ala-(ARg)<sub>7</sub>-Cys-CONH<sub>2</sub> MPAPs were attached to this linker <i>via</i> a sulfhydryl reactive pyridyl disulfide residue (pH 7). The produced CLIO(MPAP)-Cy5.5 was coupled with a m-maleimidobenzoyl-<i>N</i>-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) cross-linker (pH 8.5). At the same time, commercial GFP siRNA duplex, a 22nt siRNA duplex directed against the sequence 5’-GCA AGC TGA CCC TGA AGT TC-3’ at nucleotides 122–141 of phGFP-S65T, was modified with a thiol moiety <i>via</i> a hexyl spacer (5’-S-S-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>-) for bioconjugation. Finally, the free thiol single-stranded RNA was reacted with the CLIO(MPAP)-Cy5.5 <i>via</i> the MBS cross-linker to produce siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5. For the biodistribution studies, the MPAP peptide on the siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was modified to contain an additional tyrosine at its carboxyl terminus for exchange with <sup>125</sup>I (<sup>125</sup>I-labeled siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5). The analysis results demonstrated that on average there were three Cy5.5, four MPAP, and five siGFP molecules per paramagnetic nanoparticles.</p></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_siGFPCLIO_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(%20CLIO%20+%20cy5.5%20+%20siGFP)+AND+%22in+vitro%22" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The uptake and silencing efficiency of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 were measured in 9L-GFP (GFP-S65T) gliosarcoma cells with 9L-RFP (DsRed2) gliosarcoma cells as the control (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). The cells were incubated with siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 at different concentrations. The Cy5.5 fluorescence measured at 48 h after injection exhibited a linear dependence on the concentration of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5, which reflected increased uptake of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 by the cells. The presence of MPAP membrane translocation peptides appeared to enhance cellular uptake of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 substantially. The silencing efficiency in 9L-GFP cells was concentration-dependent, and the decrease in GFP fluorescence became significant at 48 h. In comparison, the fluorescence in 9L-RFP cells remained nearly the same as preincubation levels. This result was further confirmed with confocal microscopy, in which extensive cytoplasmic Cy5.5 fluorescence was found in both 9L-GFP cells and 9L-RFP cells after 48 h of incubation. siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was found to be located in the perinuclear region as a result of sequestration by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).</p></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_siGFPCLIO_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="siGFPCLIO.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(CLIO+%20cy5.5%20+%20siGFP)%20+AND++rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Biodistribution studies of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 were conducted in mice (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). <sup>125</sup>I-Labeled siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 at a dose of 10 mg Fe/kg (440 nmol siRNA/kg) was intravenously injected into mice (<i>n</i> = 3) that were bilaterally implanted with 9L-GFP and 9L-RFP tumors. Mice were euthanized 24 h after injection, and tissues were harvested for gamma counting. The distribution (percent injected dose (% ID)/g tissue) of <sup>125</sup>I was 4.5 in the liver, 0.45 in the spleen, 0.22 in blood, 0.2 in 9L-GFP tumors, and 0.21 in 9L-RFP tumors. This was consistent with the accumulation and metabolic process found for iron oxide nanoparticles.</p><p>Medarova et al. studied the <i>in vivo</i> effect of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 in tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). Mice (<i>n</i> = 5) were bilaterally implanted with 9L-GFP and 9L-RFP tumors. The delivery of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was examined with MRI at 4.7 T; T<sub>2</sub>-weighted imaging was performed before and 24 h after injection of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 at a dose of 10 mg Fe/kg (440 nmol siRNA/kg). The tumor appeared bright before injection and darkened significantly after injection. The delivery of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 to the tumors was further confirmed <i>ex vivo</i> with MRI at 14 T and with near-infrared optical imaging measurement of Cy5.5 signal. The silencing efficiency of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was measured with <i>in vivo</i> optical imaging in the GFP and RFP channels before injection and 48 h after injection. GFP fluorescent signal in the 9L-GFP tumors was decreased 48 h after injection. The silencing effect was further confirmed with <i>ex vivo</i> optical imaging and confocal microscopy in the excised tumors. The confocal microscopic images of frozen tumor sections demonstrated that siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 accumulated in tumor-recruited macrophages. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the levels of <i>Gfp</i> mRNA in tumors. The level for mice treated with siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was found to be 85 ± 2% lower than for mice treated with saline; these levels were 97 ± 1% lower than mice treated with mismatch siRNA.</p><p>Medarova et al. also examined the immunostimulatory and cytotoxic effects of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#siGFPCLIO.REF.6">6</a>). No significant increase in the levels of serum interferon-α or inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6) was found in mice treated with siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 compared with the levels of the parental unmodified magnetic nanoparticle (CLIO) or to non-treated controls. No elevated toxicity of siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 was found in treated mice compared to the controls by evaluation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The apoptosis in tumors treated with siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 remained at the same levels as in tumors treated with CLIO.</p></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22%20SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(CLIO+%20cy5.5%20+%20siGFP)%20+AND+(primate+non+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_siGFPCLIO_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(CLIO+%20cy5.5%20+%20siGFP)%20+AND+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="siGFPCLIO.references"><h2 id="_siGFPCLIO_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.1">Chiu Y.L. , Ali A. , Chu C.Y. , Cao H. , Rana T.M. Visualizing a correlation between siRNA localization, cellular uptake, and RNAi in living cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Chem Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>11</strong>
|
||
</span>(8):1165–75.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15324818" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15324818</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.2">Dykxhoorn D.M. , Novina C.D. , Sharp P.A. Killing the messenger: short RNAs that silence gene expression. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>4</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):457–67.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12778125" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12778125</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.3">Fuchs U. , Borkhardt A. The application of siRNA technology to cancer biology discovery. <span><span class="ref-journal">Adv Cancer Res. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>96</strong>
|
||
</span>:75–102.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17161677" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17161677</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.4">Tiscornia G. , Singer O. , Ikawa M. , Verma I.M. A general method for gene knockdown in mice by using lentiviral vectors expressing small interfering RNA. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>100</strong>
|
||
</span>(4):1844–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC149921/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC149921</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12552109" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12552109</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.5">Mahmood Ur R. , Ali I. , Husnain T. , Riazuddin S. RNA interference: The story of gene silencing in plants and humans. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biotechnol Adv. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>26</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):202–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18221853" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18221853</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.6">Medarova Z. , Pham W. , Farrar C. , Petkova V. , Moore A. In vivo imaging of siRNA delivery and silencing in tumors. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Med. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>13</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):372–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17322898" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17322898</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.7">Liu N. , Ding H. , Vanderheyden J.L. , Zhu Z. , Zhang Y. Radiolabeling small RNA with technetium-99m for visualizing cellular delivery and mouse biodistribution. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>34</strong>
|
||
</span>(4):399–404.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17499729" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17499729</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.8">Chalfie M. , Tu Y. , Euskirchen G. , Ward W.W. , Prasher D.C. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. <span><span class="ref-journal">Science. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>263</strong>
|
||
</span>(5148):802–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8303295" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8303295</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.9">Day R.N. , Periasamy A. , Schaufele F. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy of localized protein interactions in the living cell nucleus. <span><span class="ref-journal">Methods. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>25</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):4–18.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11558993" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11558993</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.10">Schmid J.A. , Neumeier H. Evolutions in science triggered by green fluorescent protein (GFP). <span><span class="ref-journal">Chembiochem. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>6</strong>
|
||
</span>(7):1149–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15934049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15934049</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.11">Kar-Roy A. , Dong W. , Michael N. , Li Y. Green fluorescence protein as a transcriptional reporter for the long terminal repeats of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Virol Methods. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>84</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):127–38.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10680962" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10680962</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.12">Greenbaum L. , Schwartz D. , Malik Z. Spectrally resolved microscopy of GFP trafficking. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Histochem Cytochem. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>50</strong>
|
||
</span>(9):1205–12.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12185198" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12185198</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.13">Moore A. , Marecos E. , Simonova M. , Weissleder R. , Bogdanov A. Jr. Novel gliosarcoma cell line expressing green fluorescent protein: A model for quantitative assessment of angiogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Microvasc Res. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>56</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):145–53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9828152" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9828152</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.14">Ernst L.A. , Gupta R.K. , Mujumdar R.B. , Waggoner A.S. Cyanine dye labeling reagents for sulfhydryl groups. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cytometry. </span>1989;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>10</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):3–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2917472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2917472</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.15">Lin Y. , Weissleder R. , Tung C.H. Novel near-infrared cyanine fluorochromes: synthesis, properties, and bioconjugation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Bioconjug Chem. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>13</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):605–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12009952" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12009952</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.16">Ballou B. , Fisher G.W. , Hakala T.R. , Farkas D.L. Tumor detection and visualization using cyanine fluorochrome-labeled antibodies. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biotechnol Prog. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>13</strong>
|
||
</span>(5):649–58.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9336985" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9336985</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.17">Pham W. , Zhao B.Q. , Lo E.H. , Medarova Z. , Rosen B. , Moore A. Crossing the blood-brain barrier: a potential application of myristoylated polyarginine for in vivo neuroimaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroimage. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>28</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):287–92.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16040255" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16040255</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.18">Josephson L. , Perez J.M. , Weissleder R. Magnetic nanosensors for the detection of oligonucleotide sequences. <span><span class="ref-journal">Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>40</strong>
|
||
</span>:3204–06.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29712059" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29712059</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.19">Bulte J.W. , Brooks R.A. , Moskowitz B.M. , Bryant L.H. Jr, Frank J.A. T1 and T2 relaxometry of monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION-46L): theory and experiment. <strong>Suppl 1</strong><span><span class="ref-journal">Acad Radiol. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>5</strong>
|
||
</span>:S137–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9561064" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9561064</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.20">Wunderbaldinger P. , Josephson L. , Weissleder R. Crosslinked iron oxides (CLIO): a new platform for the development of targeted MR contrast agents. <strong>Suppl 2</strong><span><span class="ref-journal">Acad Radiol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>9</strong>
|
||
</span>:S304–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12188255" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12188255</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="siGFPCLIO.REF.21">Montet X. , Montet-Abou K. , Reynolds F. , Weissleder R. , Josephson L. Nanoparticle imaging of integrins on tumor cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neoplasia. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>8</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):214–22.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1578521/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1578521</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16611415" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16611415</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23279</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641481" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641481</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/cRGD-CLIO/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/IPL-NP/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content below content -->
|
||
<div class="col4">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Book content -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom contetnt below bottom nav -->
|
||
<div class="col5">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="rightcolumn" class="four_col col last">
|
||
<!-- Custom content above discovery portlets -->
|
||
<div class="col6">
|
||
<div id="ncbi_share_book"><a href="#" class="ncbi_share" data-ncbi_share_config="popup:false,shorten:true" ref="id=NBK23279&db=books">Share</a></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23279/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23279/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23279" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23279" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Zhang H. Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5. 2008 Apr 17 [Updated 2008 May 12]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23279/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23279.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (148K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#siGFPCLIO.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#siGFPCLIO.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#siGFPCLIO.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#siGFPCLIO.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#siGFPCLIO.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#siGFPCLIO.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
|
||
radionuclides</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="(Optical AND (64Cu OR 111In OR 177Lu))">Optical and
|
||
radionuclides</option><option value="(Perfluorocarbon AND (Europium OR Eu3+))">Perfluorocarbon and
|
||
europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=1504506" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=1504506" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641619" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Survivin specified small interfering RNA-CLIO-Cy5.5.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Survivin specified small interfering RNA-CLIO-Cy5.5.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Zhang H. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641649" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gly-Ser-Ser-Lys-(FITC)-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-CLIO-Cy5.5.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gly-Ser-Ser-Lys-(FITC)-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-CLIO-Cy5.5.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Zhang H. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641719" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (64)Cu-DTPA-CLIO-VT680.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (64)Cu-DTPA-CLIO-VT680.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Zhang H. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641549" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Cy5.5-CGRRRQRRKKRG-Labeled T lymphocytes.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Cy5.5-CGRRRQRRKKRG-Labeled T lymphocytes.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Zhang H. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641554" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=20641481" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=20641481" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d6429acde49f3df74d5d1f">Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxid...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d642982f30673f7b67ca16">Gly-Ser-Ser-Lys-(FITC)-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-CLIO-Cy5.5 - Molecular Im...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Gly-Ser-Ser-Lys-(FITC)-Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-CLIO-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d642972f30673f7b67c6ca">Cy5.5-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-crosslinked iron oxide nanoparticle - Molecular Imaging an...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Cy5.5-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-crosslinked iron oxide nanoparticle - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d642952f30673f7b67c1a2">Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d6429384f3725e599d7042">Cross-linked iron oxide-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (M...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Cross-linked iron oxide-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content below discovery portlets -->
|
||
<div class="col7">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content after all -->
|
||
<div class="col8">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col9">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function($){
|
||
$('.skiplink').each(function(i, item){
|
||
var href = $($(item).attr('href'));
|
||
href.attr('tabindex', '-1').addClass('skiptarget'); // ensure the target can receive focus
|
||
$(item).on('click', function(event){
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
$.scrollTo(href, 0, {
|
||
onAfter: function(){
|
||
href.focus();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
})(jQuery);
|
||
</script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
var PBooksSearchTermData = {
|
||
highlighter: "bold",
|
||
dateTime: "03/15/2025 22:34:32",
|
||
terms: [
|
||
'Abnormal', 'carbohydrate', 'carbohydrates', 'carbohydrates', 'carbohydrates', 'circulating', 'concentration', 'practice guideline'
|
||
]
|
||
};
|
||
</script>
|
||
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
||
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
||
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer" id="footer">
|
||
<section class="icon-section">
|
||
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
|
||
<div class="grid-container container">
|
||
<div class="icon-section_container">
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<defs>
|
||
<style>
|
||
.cls-11 {
|
||
fill: #737373;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
</defs>
|
||
<title>Twitter</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M250.11,105.48c-7,3.14-13,3.25-19.27.14,8.12-4.86,8.49-8.27,11.43-17.46a78.8,78.8,0,0,1-25,9.55,39.35,39.35,0,0,0-67,35.85,111.6,111.6,0,0,1-81-41.08A39.37,39.37,0,0,0,81.47,145a39.08,39.08,0,0,1-17.8-4.92c0,.17,0,.33,0,.5a39.32,39.32,0,0,0,31.53,38.54,39.26,39.26,0,0,1-17.75.68,39.37,39.37,0,0,0,36.72,27.3A79.07,79.07,0,0,1,56,223.34,111.31,111.31,0,0,0,116.22,241c72.3,0,111.83-59.9,111.83-111.84,0-1.71,0-3.4-.1-5.09C235.62,118.54,244.84,113.37,250.11,105.48Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<title>LinkedIn</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<defs>
|
||
<style>
|
||
.cls-11,
|
||
.cls-12 {
|
||
fill: #737373;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.cls-11 {
|
||
fill-rule: evenodd;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
</defs>
|
||
<title>GitHub</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 40 40">
|
||
<defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs>
|
||
<title>NCBI Insights Blog</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
|
||
<div class="container pt-5">
|
||
<div class="row mt-3">
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
||
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
|
||
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.st20 {
|
||
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.st30 {
|
||
fill: none;
|
||
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
||
stroke-width: 8;
|
||
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<title>Twitter</title>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<circle class="st30" cx="124.4" cy="128.8" r="108.2"></circle>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg></a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.st10 {
|
||
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.st110 {
|
||
fill: none;
|
||
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
||
stroke-width: 8;
|
||
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
||
<title>Youtube</title>
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.st4 {
|
||
fill: none;
|
||
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
||
stroke-width: 8;
|
||
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.st5 {
|
||
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
|
||
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
|
||
<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
||
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
|
||
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<nav class="bottom-links">
|
||
<ul class="mt-3">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.page-->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.wrap-->
|
||
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- /.grid -->
|
||
|
||
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK23279&ncbi_domain=micad&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK23279/&ncbi_pagename=Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
||
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal107 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
||
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
||
</html> |