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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK52896_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK52896_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/Knottin-MB/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Echistatin-mb/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK52896_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Microbubbles conjugated with single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">scVEGF-MBs</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK52896_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK52896_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">December 15, 2010</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 24, 2011</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="scVEGF-MB.T.nc_chemical_namemicrobubbles" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK52896/table/scVEGF-MB.T.nc_chemical_namemicrobubbles/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__scVEGF-MB.T.nc_chemical_namemicrobubbles_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles conjugated with single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">scVEGF-MBs</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Polypeptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal / contrast:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles (MBs)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=protein&val=71051581" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">protein</a>, <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001025368.1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nucleotide</a> (RefSeq), and <a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Graphics&list_uids=7422" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gene</a> for more information about VEGF.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.Background"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=scVEGF%20MB" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.1">1</a>) and its role in noninvasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (MBs) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.2">2</a>). MBs are composed of spherical cavities filled by a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of MBs. MBs are usually 1–8 μm in diameter, and they provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves. MBs are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.3" data-bk-pop-others="scVEGF-MB.REF.4 scVEGF-MB.REF.5">3-5</a>). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.6">6</a>).</p><p>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) consists of at least six isoforms with various numbers of amino acids (121, 145, 165, 183, 189, and 206 amino acids) produced through alternative splicing (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.7">7</a>). VEGF<sub>121</sub>, VEGF<sub>165</sub>, and VEGF<sub>189</sub> are the forms secreted by most cell types, and they are active as homodimers linked by disulfide bonds. VEGF<sub>121</sub> does not bind to heparin like the other VEGF species (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.8">8</a>). VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor that induces proliferation, sprouting, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. There are three high-affinity tyrosine kinase VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) on endothelial cells (VEGFR-1, Flt-1; VEGFR-2, KDR/Flt-1; and VEGFR-3, Flt-4). Several types of non-endothelial cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells, melanoma cells, monocytes, osteoblasts, and pancreatic β cells, also express VEGFRs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.7">7</a>).</p><p>VEGFRs have been found to be overexpressed in various tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells but are not detectable in quiescent endothelial cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.9">9</a>). Inhibition of VEGFR function has been shown to inhibit pathological angiogenesis as well as tumor growth and metastasis (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.10" data-bk-pop-others="scVEGF-MB.REF.11">10, 11</a>). Radiolabeled VEGF has been developed as a tracer for imaging solid tumors and angiogenesis in humans (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.12" data-bk-pop-others="scVEGF-MB.REF.13 scVEGF-MB.REF.14">12-14</a>). MBs conjugated to either peptides or antibodies against integrins, cell adhesion molecules, and VEGFRs have previously been studied for the non-invasive assessment and imaging of tumor angiogenesis (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.15" data-bk-pop-others="scVEGF-MB.REF.16 scVEGF-MB.REF.17 scVEGF-MB.REF.18">15-18</a>). A 15-amino-acid long fusion tag (Cys-tag) was developed for site-specific conjugation <i>via</i> the free sulfhydryl group of Cys. Backer et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.19">19</a>) prepared a Cys-tagged vector of VEGF<sub>121</sub> by cloning two single-chain 3–112 amino acid fragments of VEGF<sub>121</sub> joining head-to-tail to express as scVEGF, which binds to VEGFR-2. In this chapter, Anderson et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.20">20</a>) studied ultrasonic imaging of tumor vasculature using MBs conjugated with scVEGF (scVEGF-MBs) in mice bearing human tumor xenografts.</p><div id="scVEGF-MB.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chapters in MICAD (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=books&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=VEGFR+AND+micad%5Bbook%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">VEGFR</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=3791" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">VEGFR</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Articles in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=omim&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=VEGFR" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">VEGFR</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=VEGFR" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">VEGFR</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>FDA Drug information (<a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=VEGFR&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=12&y=7" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">VEGFR</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.Synthesis"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=scVEGF%20MB+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Backer et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.19">19</a>) reported the synthesis of a Cys-tagged vector of VEGF<sub>121</sub> by cloning two single-chain 3–112 amino acid fragments of VEGF<sub>121</sub> joining head-to-tail to express as scVEGF in <i>Escherichia coli</i> for mammalian cell production. Maleimide-bearing MBs (maleimide-MB) were reacted with a thio-containing scVEGF construct for 2 h at room temperature (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.20">20</a>). scVEGF-MBs had a mean diameter of 2.5 ± 1.0 µm. There were 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> scVEGF molecules per MB.</p></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=scVEGF%20MB+in+vitro+studies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Anderson et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.20">20</a>) reported that scVEGF-MBs or maleimide-MBs (5 × 10<sup>6</sup>/ml) perfused for 5 min through flow chambers coated with VEGFR-2–positive porcine aortic endothelial cells at a wall shear rate of 1.0 dyne/cm<sup>2</sup>. There was a significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.01) greater number of scVEGF-MBs attached to the endothelial cells (25 ± 4 MBs/cell) than maleimide-MBs (5 ± 1 MBs/cell). <i>In vitro</i> ultrasound studies were performed using flow assay with agar phantom, which was immobilized with murine VEGFR-2 or control casein. The mean pixel amplitude of adherent scVEGF-MBs (1 × 10<sup>6</sup>/ml) was significantly higher (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in VEGFR-2–coated phantom (7 ± 2 dB) than in casein-coated phantom (0.2 dB).</p></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="scVEGF-MB.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=scVEGF%20MB+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Anderson et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#scVEGF-MB.REF.20">20</a>) performed an ultrasound assessment of MB binding in mice bearing murine MC-38 colon adenocarcinoma tumors. Ultrasound was performed at 6 min after injection of scVEGF-MBs or maleimide-MBs (2 × 10<sup>7</sup>/mouse). The mean pixel amplitudes in the tumor were 8.46 ± 1.61 dB and 1.58 ± 0.83 dB for scVEGF-MBs and maleimide-MBs, respectively. The contrast enhancement of scVEGF-MBs to the tumors was significantly higher than that of maleimide-MBs (<i>P</i> < 0.01). The tumor contrast induced by scVEGF-MBs returned to background level (~1 dB) when a high M1, destructive acoustic pulse was administered to the tumor tissues. However, no blocking studies were performed.</p></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=scVEGF%20MB%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20sheep%20or%20rabbit%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=scVEGF%20MB+Non+Human+Primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=scVEGF%20MB+Human+Studies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>1R43 EB007857, 2R44 EB007857, 2R44 CA113080</p></div><div id="scVEGF-MB.References"><h2 id="_scVEGF-MB_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.1">Wells P.N.
|
||
<em>Physics and engineering: milestones in medicine.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Med Eng Phys. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">23</span>(3):147–53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11410379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11410379</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.2">Liang H.D., Blomley M.J.
|
||
<em>The role of ultrasound in molecular imaging.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Radiol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">76</span>(Spec No 2):S140–50.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15572336" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15572336</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.3">Klibanov A.L.
|
||
<em>Ligand-carrying gas-filled microbubbles: ultrasound contrast agents for targeted molecular imaging.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Bioconjug Chem. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>(1):9–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15656569" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15656569</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.4">Lindner J.R.
|
||
<em>Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Drug Discov. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>(6):527–32.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173842" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15173842</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.5">Villanueva F.S., Wagner W.R., Vannan M.A., Narula J.
|
||
<em>Targeted ultrasound imaging using microbubbles.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Cardiol Clin. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>(2):283–98.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15158940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15158940</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.6">Dijkmans P.A., Juffermans L.J., Musters R.J., van Wamel A., ten Cate F.J., van Gilst W., Visser C.A., de Jong N., Kamp O.
|
||
<em>Microbubbles and ultrasound: from diagnosis to therapy.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Echocardiogr. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>(4):245–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15219539" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15219539</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.7">Ferrara N.
|
||
<em>Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Endocr Rev. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>(4):581–611.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15294883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15294883</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.8">Cohen T., Gitay-Goren H., Sharon R., Shibuya M., Halaban R., Levi B.Z., Neufeld G.
|
||
<em>VEGF121, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoform lacking heparin binding ability, requires cell-surface heparan sulfates for efficient binding to the VEGF receptors of human melanoma cells.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Biol Chem. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">270</span>(19):11322–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7744769" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7744769</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.9">Itakura J., Ishiwata T., Shen B., Kornmann M., Korc M.
|
||
<em>Concomitant over-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pancreatic cancer.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Cancer. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">85</span>(1):27–34.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10585578" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10585578</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.10">Ferrara N.
|
||
<em>Vascular endothelial growth factor as a target for anticancer therapy.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Oncologist. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">9</span> Suppl 1:2–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178810" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15178810</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.11">Hicklin D.J., Ellis L.M.
|
||
<em>Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Oncol. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">23</span>(5):1011–27.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15585754</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.12">Li S., Peck-Radosavljevic M., Koller E., Koller F., Kaserer K., Kreil A., Kapiotis S., Hamwi A., Weich H.A., Valent P., Angelberger P., Dudczak R., Virgolini I.
|
||
<em>Characterization of (123)I-vascular endothelial growth factor-binding sites expressed on human tumour cells: possible implication for tumour scintigraphy.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Cancer. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">91</span>(6):789–96.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11275981" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11275981</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.13">Li S., Peck-Radosavljevic M., Kienast O., Preitfellner J., Hamilton G., Kurtaran A., Pirich C., Angelberger P., Dudczak R.
|
||
<em>Imaging gastrointestinal tumours using vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF165) receptor scintigraphy.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Oncol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(8):1274–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12881392" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12881392</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.14">Li S., Peck-Radosavljevic M., Kienast O., Preitfellner J., Havlik E., Schima W., Traub-Weidinger T., Graf S., Beheshti M., Schmid M., Angelberger P., Dudczak R.
|
||
<em>Iodine-123-vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (123I-VEGF165). Biodistribution, safety and radiation dosimetry in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">48</span>(3):198–206.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15499293" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15499293</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.15">Villanueva F.S., Jankowski R.J., Klibanov S., Pina M.L., Alber S.M., Watkins S.C., Brandenburger G.H., Wagner W.R.
|
||
<em>Microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 bind to activated coronary artery endothelial cells.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">98</span>(1):1–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9665051</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.16">Weller G.E., Lu E., Csikari M.M., Klibanov A.L., Fischer D., Wagner W.R., Villanueva F.S.
|
||
<em>Ultrasound imaging of acute cardiac transplant rejection with microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">108</span>(2):218–24.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835214" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12835214</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.17">Weller G.E., Villanueva F.S., Klibanov A.L., Wagner W.R.
|
||
<em>Modulating targeted adhesion of an ultrasound contrast agent to dysfunctional endothelium.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Biomed Eng. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(8):1012–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12449762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12449762</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.18">Reinhardt M., Hauff P., Linker R.A., Briel A., Gold R., Rieckmann P., Becker G., Toyka K.V., Maurer M., Schirner M.
|
||
<em>Ultrasound derived imaging and quantification of cell adhesion molecules in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by Sensitive Particle Acoustic Quantification (SPAQ).</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroimage. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(2):267–78.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15905104" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15905104</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.19">Backer M.V., Patel V., Jehning B.T., Claffey K.P., Backer J.M.
|
||
<em>Surface immobilization of active vascular endothelial growth factor via a cysteine-containing tag.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Biomaterials. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(31):5452–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16843524" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16843524</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="scVEGF-MB.REF.20">Anderson C.R., Rychak J.J., Backer M., Backer J., Ley K., Klibanov A.L.
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<em>scVEGF microbubble ultrasound contrast agents: a novel probe for ultrasound molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Invest Radiol. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">45</span>(10):579–85.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3426362/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3426362</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20733505" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20733505</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK52896</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21370512" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">21370512</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/Knottin-MB/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Echistatin-mb/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK52896/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK52896/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK52896" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK52896" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. Microbubbles conjugated with single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121. 2010 Dec 15 [Updated 2011 Feb 24]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK52896/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK52896.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (142K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#scVEGF-MB.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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radionuclides</option><option value="(Perfluorocarbon AND (Europium OR Eu3+))">Perfluorocarbon and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=2413466" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=2413466" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/21348057" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (68)Ga-N,N’-bis[2-Hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N’-diacetic acid-polyethylene glycol-single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (68)Ga-N,N’-bis[2-Hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N’-diacetic acid-polyethylene glycol-single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/21348056" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span 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xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641875" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (99m)Tc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (99m)Tc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-single-chain Cys-tagged vascular endothelial growth factor-121.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=21370512" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=21370512" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide 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