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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>[99mTc]Vasoactive intestinal peptide-aminobutyric acid-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="[99mTc]Vasoactive intestinal peptide-aminobutyric acid-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2008/04/17">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="[99mTc]Vasoactive intestinal peptide-aminobutyric acid-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra">
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<meta name="og:description" content="The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors (VIPR) are believed to be involved in the modulation of many physiological processes such as growth, reproduction, digestion, and respiration, as well as the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems, and even cancers (1-4). VIPR have been reported to be expressed by most human carcinomas and hve been detected in more tumors compared with the somatostatin receptors, and the use of these receptors for tumor imaging was suggested (5). The VIP is a hydrophobic peptide (28 amino acids) that was labeled with radioactive iodine (123I), and Virgolini et al. used 123I-VIP to image human primary tumors and metastases (6). In another investigation, using the same ligand for in vitro studies, Reubi et al. showed that 123I-VIP bound to the VIPR in human mesenchymal tumors (7). Based on the ease of availability of radioactive meta-stable technetium (99mTc), Pallela et al. decided to develop and evaluate the use of 99mTc-labeled VIP (99mTc-VIP) for the detection of VIPR in tumors (8).">
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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23678_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Vasoactive intestinal peptide-aminobutyric acid-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]TP3654</div><p class="contribs">Chopra A.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23678_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figTP365499mTcT1"><a href="/books/NBK23678/table/TP365499mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobTP365499mTcT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="TP365499mTc.T1"><a href="/books/NBK23678/table/TP365499mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobTP365499mTcT1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Rodents
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</p></div></div><div id="TP365499mTc.Background"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=vasoactive+intestinal+peptide+receptors" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors (VIPR) are believed to be involved in the modulation of many physiological processes such as growth, reproduction, digestion, and respiration, as well as the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems, and even cancers (<a href="#TP365499mTc.REF.1">1-4</a>). VIPR have been reported to be expressed by most human carcinomas and hve been detected in more tumors compared with the somatostatin receptors, and the use of these receptors for tumor imaging was suggested (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.5" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.5">5</a>). The VIP is a hydrophobic peptide (28 amino acids) that was labeled with radioactive iodine (<sup>123</sup>I), and Virgolini et al. used <sup>123</sup>I-VIP to image human primary tumors and metastases (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.6" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.6">6</a>). In another investigation, using the same ligand for <i>in vitro</i> studies, Reubi et al. showed that <sup>123</sup>I-VIP bound to the VIPR in human mesenchymal tumors (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.7" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.7">7</a>). Based on the ease of availability of radioactive meta-stable technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc), Pallela et al. decided to develop and evaluate the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled VIP (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-VIP) for the detection of VIPR in tumors (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>).</p><p>To use VIP for the detection of tumors, the ligand was derivatized with 4-aminobutyric acid at the carboxy terminus and extended with a Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly tetrapeptide to facilitate the binding of <sup>99m</sup>Tc (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.9" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.9">9</a>). The tissue distribution of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-VIP (also designated as <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654) was then studied in nude mice bearing xenograft tumors.</p><p>The use of VIP for the treatment of various physiological conditions is under investigation in different <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=vasoactive+intestinal+peptide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials</a> approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=vasoactive+intestinal+peptide+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The synthesis of TP3654 was detailed by Pallela et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). Briefly, the peptide was custom synthesized using Wang resin on a peptide synthesizer. TP3654 was cleaved from the resin with 90% trifluoroacetic acid and precipitated with diethyl ether at -20°C. Purification of the peptide was performed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a C<sub>18</sub> HAIsil column. The various fractions were lyophilized and characterized with ion-spray mass spectrometry.</p><p>A lyophilized preparation of TP3654 was used for <sup>99m</sup>Tc labeling of the peptide (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). The peptide was dissolved in acetate buffer (pH 4.6) and dispensed into glass vials containing tin chloride in hydrochloric acid (HCl) and trisodium phosphate buffer (pH 12.0). The mixture was frozen immediately in an acetone dry ice bath and lyophilized for 2 h. The vials were flushed with nitrogen gas, sealed, and stored at -20°C until used. For labeling with <sup>99m</sup>Tc, the vials were warmed to 22°C, and sodium <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pertechnetate in normal saline was added. The mixture was incubated for 15 min, and the pH of the solution was raised to between 6 and 6.5 by the addition of dibasic sodium phosphate solution (pH 5.2). Ascorbic acid was subsequently added as a stabilizer. RP-HPLC analysis of the product was performed on a C<sub>18</sub> Microbond column (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). The radiochemical yield of the reaction was reported to be >99%, and the labeled compound had a specific activity of 5.36 TBq/mmol (1,450 Ci/mmol). The stability of TP3654 was evaluated in 100-molar excess of di-tolyl phosphate, human serum albumin, and cysteine at 37°C for up to 24 h. After 24 h at this temperature, ~11% of the radioactivity was displaced (nature of the displaced radioactivity (i.e., as <sup>99m</sup>Tc pertechnetate or as degradation products of TP3654 with bound <sup>99m</sup>Tc) was not described in the publication) as determined with RP-HPLC, but the colloidal content remained <5% at all times (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>).</p><p>For <i>in vitro</i> studies the radioactive iodine (<sup>125</sup>I) analogs of VIP and TP3654 were synthesized as described elsewhere (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). The yield of the <sup>125</sup>I-VIP and <sup>125</sup>I-TP3654 products was ~90%, and the specific activity of both radiochemicals was ~3.7 TBq/mmol (~1,000 Ci/mmol).</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=vasoactive+intestinal+peptide+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The displacement of <sup>125</sup>I-VIP from its receptor was studied with unlabeled VIP and TP3654 (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). Human <a href="http://www.biotech.ist.unige.it/cldb/cl5205.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">HT-29</a> colon adenocarcinoma cells were incubated at 4°C for 1 h with <sup>125</sup>I-VIP in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of unlabeled TP3654 or VIP, respectively. The cells were then washed twice with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), and radioactivity bound to the cells was counted. Both unlabeled competing ligands (TP3654 and VIP) were reported to displace the iodinated ligand and to have a 50% inhibitory concentration of ~15 nmol/L under these assay conditions. This indicated that the biological activity of TP3654 was similar to its parent compound.</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="TP365499mTc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=vasoactive+intestinal+peptide+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The biodistribution of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 was studied in nude mice bearing human colorectal cancer <a href="http://www.biotech.ist.unige.it/cldb/cl3261.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">LS174T</a> xenograft tumors (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). The animals (<i>n</i> = 5 per time point) were injected with the radiochemical, and imaging was performed 4 h or 24 h later. In addition, tissues were removed from the treated animals, weighed, and the associated radioactivity was counted in a gamma counter. For comparison, another group of animals were injected with <sup>125</sup>I-VIP (<i>n</i> = 5 animals per time point and group) or <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Gly-Gly(D)-Ala-Gly (prepared as given for <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654) and treated in the same manner as the animals treated with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654. The biodistribution of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 was reported to be distinctly different from that of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly as determined by counting radioactivity accumulated in the tissue and also by imaging (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.8" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.8">8</a>). The <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 was reported to be excreted primarily by the kidneys with a low uptake in the liver. The tumor uptake of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 remained constant from 4 h to 24 h (0.24 ± 0.08% and 0.23 ± 0.13%, respectively, of the injected dose (% ID)). At 24 h the tumor/muscle and the tumor/blood ratios for <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 were 6.28 ± 3.09 and 1.98 ± 1.44, respectively, and these were significantly higher than the ratios obtained with <sup>125</sup>I-VIP (0.38 ± 0.56 and 0.88 ± 0.16, respectively). No blocking studies were reported by the investigators.</p><p>Using athymic NCr nude mice bearing human LS174T cell tumors, the tissue distribution and efficacy of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 to detect colorectal cancer was compared to that of radioactive indium (<sup>111</sup>In)–labeled D-Phe’-octeroid (<sup>111</sup>In-octeroid) and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-anti-CEA) (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.10" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.10">10</a>). The investigators reported that although the tumor uptake of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]TP3654 was modest (0.21 ± 0.07% ID/g) compared with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-anti-CEA (3.55 ± 0.5% ID/g), and superior compared to <sup>111</sup>In-octreotide (0.09 ± 0.02% ID/g), the tissue distribution profile of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 was better than either <sup>99m</sup>Tc-anti-CEA or <sup>111</sup>In-octreotide (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.10" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.10">10</a>).</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+TP3654+non+primate+mammals" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+TP3654+non+human+primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="TP365499mTc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+TP3654+humans" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The efficacy of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 for the detection of tumors was investigated in 3 healthy volunteers and 11 volunteers with a history of various cancers (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.11" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.11">11</a>). Each individual was given a intravenous bolus injection of the radiochemical, and imaging was performed up to 2 h after the injection. Among the cancer patients, all previously known tumors were visualized by imaging within 20 min of the administration of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654. The investigators then compared these observations with results that were obtained when <sup>99m</sup>Tc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or histology were used to detect the tumors. A concordance with all the modalities was evident in 9 of the 11 cancer patients, and uptake of the radiochemical by tumors of the cancer patients was rapid. The two remaining patients were positive only with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.11" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.11">11</a>). Between the two patients, one had a high-grade spindle cell carcinoma in the neck, and the second patient had ductal epithelial hyperplasia in a breast. Both of these tumors are known to express VIPR (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.12" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.12">12</a>).</p><p>In another study with normal human volunteers (<i>n</i> = 4), the investigators reported that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 was cleared rapidly from the blood. <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654 was reported to be excreted primarily through the kidneys (70%) and the hepatobiliary route (20%) within 24 h of administration (<a class="bibr" href="#TP365499mTc.REF.10" rid="TP365499mTc.REF.10">10</a>).</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/?report=reader">Disclaimers</a>]</p></div><div id="TP365499mTc.references"><h2 id="_TP365499mTc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.1">Favrais G. , Couvineau A. , Laburthe M. , Gressens P. , Lelievre V. Involvement of VIP and PACAP in neonatal brain lesions generated by a combined excitotoxic/inflammatory challenge. <span><span class="ref-journal">Peptides. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>28</strong>
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</span>(9):1727–37.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17683829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17683829</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.2">Gonzalez-Rey E. , Anderson P. , Delgado M. Emerging roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide: a new approach for autoimmune therapy. <strong>Suppl 3</strong><span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Rheum Dis. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>:iii70–6.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2095290/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2095290</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17934101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17934101</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.3">Laburthe M. , Couvineau A. , Tan V. Class II G protein-coupled receptors for VIP and PACAP: structure, models of activation and pharmacology. <span><span class="ref-journal">Peptides. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(9):1631–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17574305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17574305</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.4">Moody T.W. , Gozes I. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors: a molecular target in breast and lung cancer. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Pharm Des. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(11):1099–104.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17430173" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17430173</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.5">Reubi J.C. In vitro identification of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in human tumors: implications for tumor imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(10):1846–53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562054" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7562054</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.6">Virgolini I. , Raderer M. , Kurtaran A. , Angelberger P. , Banyai S. , Yang Q. , Li S. , Banyai M. , Pidlich J. , Niederle B. , Scheithauer W. , Valent P. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-receptor imaging for the localization of intestinal adenocarcinomas and endocrine tumors. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(17):1116–21.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7935635" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7935635</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.7">Reubi J.C. , Waser B. , Laissue J.A. , Gebbers J.O. Somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in human mesenchymal tumors: in vitro identification. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Res. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(8):1922–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8620515" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8620515</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.8">Pallela V.R. , Thakur M.L. , Chakder S. , Rattan S. 99mTc-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor agonist: functional studies. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(4):445–50.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11395318" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11395318</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.11">Thakur M.L. , Marcus C.S. , Saeed S. , Pallela V. , Minami C. , Diggles L. , Le Pham H. , Ahdoot R. , Kalinowski E.A. 99mTc-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide analog for rapid localization of tumors in humans. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>41</strong>
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</span>(1):107–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647612" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10647612</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="TP365499mTc.REF.12">Thakur M.L. , Marcus C.S. , Saeed S. , Pallela V. , Minami C. , Diggles L. , Pham H.L. , Ahdoot R. , Kalinowski E.A. , Moody T. Imaging tumors in humans with Tc-99m-VIP. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann N Y Acad Sci. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>921</strong>
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</span>:37–44.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11193855" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11193855</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23678_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">March 7, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 17, 2008</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Chopra A. [99mTc]Vasoactive intestinal peptide-aminobutyric acid-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly. 2008 Mar 7 [Updated 2008 Apr 17]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/DMSA99mTc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/RGDfK-Orn3-CGG99mTc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobTP365499mTcT1"><div id="TP365499mTc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23678/table/TP365499mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__TP365499mTc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Vasoactive intestinal peptide-aminobutyric acid-Gly-Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK23678/bin/TP365499mTc.jpg" alt="Image TP365499mTc.jpg" /></div>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]TP3954</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]VIP</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor-ligand binding</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), gamma planar imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of Signal/Contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed structure of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-TP3654.<br />Aba* = 4-Aminobutyric acid</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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