182 lines
54 KiB
Text
182 lines
54 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK23190">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="micad">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK23190/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="jr-prev-unit" content="/books/n/micad/TcBBL/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="jr-next-unit" content="/books/n/micad/Defensin3-99mTc/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="bk-toc-url" content="/books/n/micad/?report=toc">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2008/08/07">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="Vildete Carmo">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="Mônica De Oliveira">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="Valbert Cardoso">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641393">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23190/">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Vildete Carmo">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mônica De Oliveira">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Valbert Cardoso">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/08/07">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23190/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Inflammatory and infectious diseases are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality despite recent advances in antimicrobial therapy (1, 2). The detection and diagnosis of these lesions is essential for the development of appropriate and timely treatment of the ailment. Scintigraphy plays an important role in the assessment of patients suspected to have these illnesses because this technique is based on the in vivo detection of radiotracer distribution, which is usually based on the physiological characteristics of the tissues. Therefore, this method allows detection of the physiopathological processes during the initial stages and differs from the conventional methods that are based on visualization of anatomic alterations (3-5). Liposomes are nanocarriers that have been widely used for the in vivo delivery of a variety of drugs and molecules to detect or treat different pathological conditions such as cancer or microbial infections, or even used for the delivery of gene therapy (6-8). In addition, liposomes that are pH-sensitive have been developed and used for the preparation and delivery of radiolabeled drugs to detect and treat tissue lesions (9). An acidic environment in the inflamed or infected tissues collapses the liposomes into a non-bilayer structure, which leads to its disruption and the subsequent release of the trapped radioactive marker(s). Thus, these liposomes can be used to enhance the bioavailability of a radiotracer and improve the scintigraphic imaging quality. On the other hand, one limitation of the use of liposomes as diagnostic agents is the aspect of complement activation, which results in liposome clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and may lead to the development of hypersensitivity in the treated individuals (10, 11). It has been reported that the inclusion of amphipathic poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) in the liposome composition can significantly reduce liposome uptake by the MPS, resulting in prolonged liposome circulation (9, 12). It is believed the liposomes accumulate around the tissue cells due to vasodilation and some macrophages may phagocytise the liposomes as a defense mechanism resulting in some inflammation (13). Carmo et al. developed a novel, meta-stable technetium (99mTc) containing hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) and pH-sensitive liposomes (99mTc-SpHL) and investigated its tissue distribution, ability to detect inflammation, and complement activation in rats (14).">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Inflammatory and infectious diseases are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality despite recent advances in antimicrobial therapy (1, 2). The detection and diagnosis of these lesions is essential for the development of appropriate and timely treatment of the ailment. Scintigraphy plays an important role in the assessment of patients suspected to have these illnesses because this technique is based on the in vivo detection of radiotracer distribution, which is usually based on the physiological characteristics of the tissues. Therefore, this method allows detection of the physiopathological processes during the initial stages and differs from the conventional methods that are based on visualization of anatomic alterations (3-5). Liposomes are nanocarriers that have been widely used for the in vivo delivery of a variety of drugs and molecules to detect or treat different pathological conditions such as cancer or microbial infections, or even used for the delivery of gene therapy (6-8). In addition, liposomes that are pH-sensitive have been developed and used for the preparation and delivery of radiolabeled drugs to detect and treat tissue lesions (9). An acidic environment in the inflamed or infected tissues collapses the liposomes into a non-bilayer structure, which leads to its disruption and the subsequent release of the trapped radioactive marker(s). Thus, these liposomes can be used to enhance the bioavailability of a radiotracer and improve the scintigraphic imaging quality. On the other hand, one limitation of the use of liposomes as diagnostic agents is the aspect of complement activation, which results in liposome clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and may lead to the development of hypersensitivity in the treated individuals (10, 11). It has been reported that the inclusion of amphipathic poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) in the liposome composition can significantly reduce liposome uptake by the MPS, resulting in prolonged liposome circulation (9, 12). It is believed the liposomes accumulate around the tissue cells due to vasodilation and some macrophages may phagocytise the liposomes as a defense mechanism resulting in some inflammation (13). Carmo et al. developed a novel, meta-stable technetium (99mTc) containing hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) and pH-sensitive liposomes (99mTc-SpHL) and investigated its tissue distribution, ability to detect inflammation, and complement activation in rats (14).">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23190/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/SpHL99mTc/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23190/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8CF0D77D643F8100000000008C0074.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK23190/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"><a href="/books/n/micad/TcBBL/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="body"><div class="t">99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes</div><div class="j">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"><a href="/books/n/micad/Defensin3-99mTc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-rtoc-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23190/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23190/&text=99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine%20oxime%20pH-sensitive%20liposomes"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-rtoc-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Table of Content</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/micad/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK23190/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK23190/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23190.pdf">PDF (143K)</a><a href="/books/NBK23190/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK23190%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8CF0D77D643F8100000000008C0074.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23190_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL</div><p class="contribs">Carmo V, De Oliveira M, Cardoso V, et al.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23190_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figSpHL99mTcT1"><a href="/books/NBK23190/table/SpHL99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobSpHL99mTcT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="SpHL99mTc.T1"><a href="/books/NBK23190/table/SpHL99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobSpHL99mTcT1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
|
|
|
|
<i>In vitro</i>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rodents
|
|
</p></div></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.Background"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Inflammatory and infectious diseases are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality despite recent advances in antimicrobial therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.1" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.2" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.2">2</a>). The detection and diagnosis of these lesions is essential for the development of appropriate and timely treatment of the ailment. Scintigraphy plays an important role in the assessment of patients suspected to have these illnesses because this technique is based on the <i>in vivo</i> detection of radiotracer distribution, which is usually based on the physiological characteristics of the tissues. Therefore, this method allows detection of the physiopathological processes during the initial stages and differs from the conventional methods that are based on visualization of anatomic alterations (<a href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.3">3-5</a>). Liposomes are nanocarriers that have been widely used for the <i>in vivo</i> delivery of a variety of drugs and molecules to detect or treat different pathological conditions such as cancer or microbial infections, or even used for the delivery of gene therapy (<a href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.6">6-8</a>). In addition, liposomes that are pH-sensitive have been developed and used for the preparation and delivery of radiolabeled drugs to detect and treat tissue lesions (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.9" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.9">9</a>). An acidic environment in the inflamed or infected tissues collapses the liposomes into a non-bilayer structure, which leads to its disruption and the subsequent release of the trapped radioactive marker(s). Thus, these liposomes can be used to enhance the bioavailability of a radiotracer and improve the scintigraphic imaging quality. On the other hand, one limitation of the use of liposomes as diagnostic agents is the aspect of complement activation, which results in liposome clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and may lead to the development of hypersensitivity in the treated individuals (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.10" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.10">10</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.11" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.11">11</a>). It has been reported that the inclusion of amphipathic poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) in the liposome composition can significantly reduce liposome uptake by the MPS, resulting in prolonged liposome circulation (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.9" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.12" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.12">12</a>). It is believed the liposomes accumulate around the tissue cells due to vasodilation and some macrophages may phagocytise the liposomes as a defense mechanism resulting in some inflammation (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.13" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.13">13</a>). Carmo et al. developed a novel, meta-stable technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) containing hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) and pH-sensitive liposomes (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL) and investigated its tissue distribution, ability to detect inflammation, and complement activation in rats (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.14" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">14</a>).</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p><sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL was prepared as described elsewhere (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.15" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.15">15</a>). Briefly, a lipid mixture containing dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, cholesteryl hemisuccinate, and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)<sub>2000</sub>-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine at a molar ratio (total lipid) of 6.5:3.0:0.5 were transferred as chloroform aliquots of the lipids to a round-bottom flask, and a lipid film was formed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting lipid film was hydrated with HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) containing 50 mM reduced glutathione, and the liposome suspension was then filtered through polycarbonate membranes with a medium pressure extruder. To label HMPAO with <sup>99m</sup>Tc, 125 µg of the compound (in saline) was incubated with 1,184 MBq (32 mCi) <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled sodium pertechnetate for 5 min at 37°C. Finally, the pH-sensitive liposomes containing glutathione were incubated with freshly prepared <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO (37 MBq (1 mCi)/µmol of phospholipids) for 30 minutes at 37°C to yield <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.16" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.16">16</a>). Unencapsulated <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO was removed with gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column with HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) as an eluent. The mean diameter and polydispersity index of the vesicle dispersion were determined to be 123.2 ± 9.0 nm and 0.19 ± 0.02, respectively. The labeling efficiency of the liposomes was 85% as determined with a dose calibrator before and after gel filtration (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.14" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">14</a>).</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A hemolytic assay with rat serum (RS) and antibody-sensitized sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was used to assess the effect liposomes had on functional complement activation in serum (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.17" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.17">17</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.18" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.18">18</a>). First, an SpHL suspension diluted in veronal buffer solution containing MgCl<sub>2</sub> and CaCl<sub>2</sub> (VBS<sup>2+</sup>) was incubated with RS for 30 minutes at 37°C (diluted 1:3 in VBS<sup>2+</sup>). After incubation, ice-cold VBS<sup>2+</sup> (300 µl) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was put on ice. Briefly, sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with the use of rabbit anti-SRBC antibodies (antibody-coated erythrocytes (EA)) and suspended at a concentration of 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> cells/ml in VBS<sup>2+</sup>. Then, RS exposed to the liposomes (50 µl) was incubated with EA (50 µl) under agitation for 30 minutes at 37°C. The reaction was stopped by addition of ice-cold VBS<sup>2+</sup> containing 10 mM of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. For control, RS unexposed to liposomes was used. Unlysed sheep erythrocytes were removed with centrifugation, and the amount of hemoglobin released into the supernatant was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 414 nm. In the absence of lipids, 100% lysis of the SRBCs was observed, indicating no complement consumption. The SpHL was observed to be a poor activator of the complement and was able to induce complement activation only if it contained >8 nmol of phospholipids (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.14" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">14</a>).</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="SpHL99mTc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Biodistribution studies of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL were performed in Wistar rats bearing inflammation induced by subplantar injection of carrageenan (1%) in the right foot (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.14" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">14</a>). At 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h (<i>n</i> = 5 animals/time point) after intravenous injection of the respective radiotracers, the animals were anaesthetized for the removal of affected tissues; a γ-scintillation counter was used to determine the <sup>99m</sup>Tc content. Scintigraphic imaging was also performed at 2, 4, and 8 h after intravenous injection of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL. The results of biodistribution studies showed that a significant quantity of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL was taken up by the spleen (19.21 ± 2.98% injected dose/g tissue (% ID/g)) at 30 min and was maintained for up to 4 hours after administration. These findings are in agreement with expected results as well as with results observed by other authors using long-circulating liposomes, considering that the spleen is the MPS organ responsible for blood clearance (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.19" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.19">19</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.20" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.20">20</a>). The same uptake pattern was observed after administration of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO alone; however, the level of radioactivity accumulation was 18 times lower than that observed with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL. Low radioactivity levels were detected in the liver, lungs, and kidney at all of the time points investigated after the administration of either radiotracer. The uptake of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL was significantly higher (<i>P</i> < 0.001) in the inflamed foot than in the respective control at all of the time points investigated. The <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL levels (% ID/g) were 0.43 ± 0.06 (0.5 h), 0.38 ± 0.05 (2 h), 0.40 ± 0.04 (4 h), 0.34 ± 0.07 (8 h), and 0.24 ± 0.03 (18 h), whereas the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO levels (% ID/g) observed were 0.25 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.02, 0.16 ± 0.02, 0.19 ± 0.02, and 0.15 ± 0.01, at the respective time points (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.14" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">14</a>).</p><p>Images obtained 2 h after intravenous administration of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL in Wistar rats that presented inflammation sites in the right foot showed an accumulation of radioactivity in the inflamed region (<a class="bibr" href="#SpHL99mTc.REF.14" rid="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">14</a>). The radioactivity level in this region could be observed up to 8 h after injection of the liposomal radiotracer. The target/non-target tissue ratio was 5.49 ± 0.74 at 2 h after administration, and the ratio increased over time (10.39 ± 1.33 at 8 h). This indicated a preferential retention of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL in the inflammation site compared to the non-inflamed contralateral foot.</p><p>With observations from this study, the investigators concluded that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL accumulates specifically in the inflamed lesions but is rapidly removed from non-target tissues to allow for the visualization of the lesions shortly after administration of the radiotracer.</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+SpHL+non+primate+mammals" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+SpHL+non+human+primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+SpHL+humans" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/?report=reader">Disclaimers</a>]</p></div><div id="SpHL99mTc.references"><h2 id="_SpHL99mTc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.1">Love C. , Palestro C.J. Radionuclide imaging of infection. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med Technol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>32</strong>
|
|
</span>(2):47–57.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15175400" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15175400</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.2">Cirino G. Multiple controls in inflammation. Extracellular and intracellular phospholipase A2, inducible and constitutive cyclooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochem Pharmacol. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>55</strong>
|
|
</span>(2):105–11.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9448732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9448732</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.3">Boerman O.C. , Rennen H. , Oyen W.J. , Corstens F.H. Radiopharmaceuticals to image infection and inflammation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Nucl Med. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>31</strong>
|
|
</span>(4):286–95.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710771" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11710771</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.4">Rennen H.J. , Boerman O.C. , Oyen W.J. , Corstens F.H. Imaging infection/inflammation in the new millennium. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>28</strong>
|
|
</span>(2):241–52.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11303896" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11303896</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><li><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.5">5. Rennen, H.J.J.M., O.C. Boerman, and W.J.G. Oyen, eds. <em>Radiomarcadores para el diagnostico de infecciones e inflamaciones.</em> Diagnostico de la inflamacion y de la infeccion en medicina nuclear., ed. J. Martin-Comin. 2005. 53-75.</div></li><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.6">Huwyler J. , Drewe J. , Krahenbuhl S. Tumor targeting using liposomal antineoplastic drugs. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Nanomedicine. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>3</strong>
|
|
</span>(1):21–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2526358/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2526358</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18488413" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18488413</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.7">Huang C. , Li M. , Chen C. , Yao Q. Small interfering RNA therapy in cancer: mechanism, potential targets, and clinical applications. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Ther Targets. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>12</strong>
|
|
</span>(5):637–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410245" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18410245</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.8">Gaspar M.M. , Cruz A. , Fraga A.G. , Castro A.G. , Cruz M.E. , Pedrosa J. Developments on drug delivery systems for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Top Med Chem. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>8</strong>
|
|
</span>(7):579–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18473884" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18473884</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.9">Simoes S. , Moreira J.N. , Fonseca C. , Duzgunes N. , de Lima M.C. On the formulation of pH-sensitive liposomes with long circulation times. <span><span class="ref-journal">Adv Drug Deliv Rev. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>56</strong>
|
|
</span>(7):947–65.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15066754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15066754</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.10">Szebeni J. Complement activation-related pseudoallergy caused by liposomes, micellar carriers of intravenous drugs, and radiocontrast agents. <span><span class="ref-journal">Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>18</strong>
|
|
</span>(6):567–606.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11789676" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11789676</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.11">Mori A. , Klibanov A.L. , Torchilin V.P. , Huang L. Influence of the steric barrier activity of amphipathic poly(ethyleneglycol) and ganglioside GM1 on the circulation time of liposomes and on the target binding of immunoliposomes in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">FEBS Lett. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>284</strong>
|
|
</span>(2):263–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2060647" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2060647</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.12">Maruyama K. , Yuda T. , Okamoto A. , Kojima S. , Suginaka A. , Iwatsuru M. Prolonged circulation time in vivo of large unilamellar liposomes composed of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol containing amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol). <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochim Biophys Acta. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>1128</strong>
|
|
</span>(1):44–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1390877" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1390877</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><li><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.13">13. Mitchell, R.N. and R.S. Cotran, <em>Acute and chronic inflammation.</em>7 ed. Robbins basic pathology. Ed. V. Kumar, R.S. Cotran, and S.L. Robbins. 2003, Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 53-59.</div></li><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.14">Carmo V.A. , Ferrari C.S. , Reis E.C. , Ramaldes G.A. , Pereira M.A. , De Oliveira M.C. , Cardoso V.N. Biodistribution study and identification of inflammation sites using 99mTc-labelled stealth pH-sensitive liposomes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Commun. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>29</strong>
|
|
</span>(1):33–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18049095" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18049095</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.15">Laverman P. , Dams E.T. , Oyen W.J. , Storm G. , Koenders E.B. , Prevost R. , van der Meer J.W. , Corstens F.H. , Boerman O.C. A novel method to label liposomes with 99mTc by the hydrazino nicotinyl derivative. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>40</strong>
|
|
</span>(1):192–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9935076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9935076</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.16">Phillips W.T. , Rudolph A.S. , Goins B. , Timmons J.H. , Klipper R. , Blumhardt R. A simple method for producing a technetium-99m-labeled liposome which is stable in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>19</strong>
|
|
</span>(5):539–47.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1399684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1399684</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.17">Devine D.V. , Wong K. , Serrano K. , Chonn A. , Cullis P.R. Liposome-complement interactions in rat serum: implications for liposome survival studies. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochim Biophys Acta. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>1191</strong>
|
|
</span>(1):43–51.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8155683" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8155683</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.18">Marjan J. , Xie Z. , Devine D.V. Liposome-induced activation of the classical complement pathway does not require immunoglobulin. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochim Biophys Acta. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>1192</strong>
|
|
</span>(1):35–44.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8204648" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8204648</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.19">Boerman O.C. , Storm G. , Oyen W.J. , van Bloois L. , van der Meer J.W. , Claessens R.A. , Crommelin D.J. , Corstens F.H. Sterically stabilized liposomes labeled with indium-111 to image focal infection. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>36</strong>
|
|
</span>(9):1639–44.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7658225" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7658225</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SpHL99mTc.REF.20">Oyen W.J. , Boerman O.C. , Storm G. , van Bloois L. , Koenders E.B. , Claessens R.A. , Perenboom R.M. , Crommelin D.J. , van der Meer J.W. , Corstens F.H. Detecting infection and inflammation with technetium-99m-labeled Stealth liposomes. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">
|
|
<strong>37</strong>
|
|
</span>(8):1392–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8708782" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8708782</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><div>This MICAD chapter is not included in the Open Access Subset, because it was authored / co-authored by one or more investigators who was not a member of the MICAD staff.</div></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23190_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Vildete Carmo</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
|
|
Faculty of Pharmacy/UFMG,
|
|
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="rb.gmfu.aicamraf@etedliv" class="oemail">rb.gmfu.aicamraf@etedliv</a>
|
|
</div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Mônica De Oliveira</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
|
|
Faculty of Pharmacy/UFMG,
|
|
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="rb.gmfu@anitsircacinom" class="oemail">rb.gmfu@anitsircacinom</a>
|
|
</div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Valbert Cardoso</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
|
|
Faculty of Pharmacy/UFMG,
|
|
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="rb.gmfu.aicamraf@vosodrac" class="oemail">rb.gmfu.aicamraf@vosodrac</a>
|
|
</div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
|
|
National Center for Biotechnology Information,<br />NLM, NIH, Bethesda MD 20894,
|
|
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
|
|
</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">July 2, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 7, 2008</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Carmo V, De Oliveira M, Cardoso V, et al. 99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes. 2008 Jul 2 [Updated 2008 Aug 7]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/TcBBL/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/Defensin3-99mTc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobSpHL99mTcT1"><div id="SpHL99mTc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23190/table/SpHL99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__SpHL99mTc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime pH-sensitive liposomes</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-SpHL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pH-Sensitive liposomes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Target:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inflamed tissue</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uptake</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); gamma planar imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Source of Signal/Contrast:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Activation:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Studies:</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
|
<i>In vitro</i>
|
|
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal105 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|