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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Self-quenching Alexa fluor 680 conjugated to trastuzumab" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009/04/06" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641189" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22981/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Self-quenching Alexa fluor 680 conjugated to trastuzumab" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009/04/06" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22981/" /><meta name="description" content="Humanized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) conjugated to radionuclides used for the detection and treatment of cancers have limited efficacy because they are large glycoprotein molecules (~150 kD) that cannot penetrate deep into cancerous tumors (1). 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK22981_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK22981_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/LLP2A-Alexa680/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/sosalexafluor700/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK22981_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Self-quenching Alexa fluor 680 conjugated to trastuzumab</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Tra-Alexa680(SQ)</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK22981_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK22981_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">March 5, 2009</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 6, 2009</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="SQAFTra.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK22981/table/SQAFTra.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__SQAFTra.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-quenching Alexa fluor 680 conjugated to trastuzumab</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tra-Alexa680(SQ)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Humanized monoclonal antibody</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optical imaging: fluorescence</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal / contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alexa fluor 680</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click here for information regarding <a href="/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1956&log$=databasead&logdbfrom=protein" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">human EGFR</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="SQAFTra.Background"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=alexa+680+conjugated+to+trastuzumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Humanized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) conjugated to radionuclides used for the detection and treatment of cancers have limited efficacy because they are large glycoprotein molecules (~150 kD) that cannot penetrate deep into cancerous tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.1">1</a>). In general, radioimmunoconjugates, including those used for imaging purposes, have a prolonged blood circulation and, if used for radioimmunotherapy ( high-energy β-emitters such as yttrium or rhenium, etc., or α-emitters such as bismuth or astatine, etc.), can impair the functioning of normal cells and may be myelotoxic (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.1">1</a>). The use and limitations of radioimmunoconjugates as imaging and therapeutic agents were discussed in detail by Sharkey and Goldenberg (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.1">1</a>). As an alternative to using radionuclides in conjunction with MAbs for the detection of cancer, investigators have explored the use of fluorescent agent-MAbs and other molecule conjugates for the preclinical imaging of cancerous tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="SQAFTra.REF.3 SQAFTra.REF.4 SQAFTra.REF.5 SQAFTra.REF.6">2-6</a>). However, the fluorescent dye-MAb probes, although cheap to generate, have blood circulation and tumor penetration drawbacks similar to the radioimmunoconjugates and also exhibit a high background because of autofluorescence generated in the tissue (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.6" data-bk-pop-others="SQAFTra.REF.7">6, 7</a>). To circumvent problems observed with the optical probes, investigators have generated self-quenching, targeted fluorescent dye-MAb conjugates that are non-fluorescent in the native state but generate a signal only when activated by degradation of the targeting MAb or molecule by a specific cellular process or organelle (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.8">8</a>). Accumulation of the fluorescent dye within a target cell would reduce the non-specific background and decrease the blood pool signal.</p><p>The chemical structure of self-quenching probes is such that a quencher molecule is closely associated in alignment with the fluorophore. Enzymatic cleavage of the structure results in separation of the quencher from the fluorophore and in the generation of a fluorescent signal (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.8">8</a>). Near-infrared (NIR) probes such as Alexa fluor and Cy5.5 are favored over other optical agents because they exhibit superior tissue penetration (hemoglobin and water have low absorption of the NIR signal at the operating wavelengths of these probes), and when two or more NIR probe molecules are conjugated, the fluorescent signal quenches itself. Cleavage of the conjugation bonds results in fluorescence dequenching and generation of a signal that is suitable for imaging (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.9" data-bk-pop-others="SQAFTra.REF.10 SQAFTra.REF.11">9-11</a>). However, it is pertinent to mention that only a specific number of the NIR probe molecules can be conjugated to a macromolecule without changing the structural and pharmacokinetic properties of the macromolecule. Ogawa et al. conjugated multiple copies of Alexa fluor 680 (Alexa680) to trastuzumab (Tra), a humanized MAb that specifically targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), to synthesize a self-quenching, targeted NIR probe (Tra-Alexa680(SQ)) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>). Tra is <a href="http://www.herceptin.com/index.jsp?s_cid=0001&s_src=googleppc&segmentID=1530&gclid=CPmJ952fj5kCFQu-Ggod1FuMbQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">approved</a> by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use as a single agent or an adjuvant to treat certain types of breast cancer and is being tested in <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=trastuzumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials</a> for the treatment of other neoplasms in humans. A characteristic feature of HER2 is that, upon binding a ligand, including the MAb directed against it, the receptor-ligand complex is internalized by the cell for enzymatic digestion in the lysosomes (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.13" data-bk-pop-others="SQAFTra.REF.14">13, 14</a>). Proteolytic digestion of the receptor and the bound MAb in the lysosome releases the quencher from the fluorophore, resulting in generation of a signal. Therefore, a fluorophore that is “off” in the extracellular environment is turned “on” in an intracellular location. Ogawa et al. investigated the receptor specificity of Tra-Alexa680(SQ) under <i>in vitro</i> conditions using NIH-3T3 cells transfected with the HER2 gene (3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> cells), and to study the <i>in vivo</i> characteristics of the fluorophore-MAb conjugate the investigators used nude mice bearing xenograft and orthotropic tumors generated with 3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> or BALB/3T3/HER2<sup>-</sup> cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>).</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.Synthesis"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Synthesis of the self-quenching Tra-Alexa680(SQ) conjugate was detailed by Ogawa et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>). Alexa680 (as a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) and Tra were obtained from commercial sources. Briefly, the Tra-Alexa680(SQ) conjugate was synthesized by incubating Tra with Alexa680 in phosphate buffer (pH 8.5) for 30 min at room temperature. The conjugate was purified on a Sephadex G50 column and stored at 4°C as a stock solution. Approximately seven Alexa680 molecules conjugated to each MAb molecule, as determined with absorption on a UV-Vis spectrophotometric system.</p><p>A control “always on” conjugate, Tra-Alexa680(ON), was also synthesized, purified, and stored as above. The Tra-Alexa680(ON) conjugate was reported to have approximately one Alexa680 molecule per Tra molecule, as determined above (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>).</p><p>The yield, purity, and stability of either conjugate, after purification, was not reported.</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Ogawa et al. used a fluorescence spectrometer to investigate the fluorescence quenching ability of the Tra-Alexa680 conjugates by exposing them to 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol in phosphate-buffered saline for 2 min at 95°C (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>). The quenching capacities of Tra-Alexa680(SQ) and Tra-Alexa680(ON) were reported to be 8- and 2-fold, respectively compared to the native (undenatured),self quenching, molecules (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>).</p><p>The <i>in vitro</i> binding specificity of the Tra-Alexa680 conjugates was studied with the use of 3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> and the control BALB/3T3(HER2<sup>-</sup>) cells as described by Ogawa et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>). The two cell types were exposed to Tra-Alexa680 conjugates and viewed under a fluorescent microscope after 1 and 8 h. At 1 h, cell surface fluorescence was observed only on the 3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> cells, and at 8 h the fluorescence was emitted by fluorescent dots located inside the cells. A higher fluorescent signal was reported for cells treated with Tra-Alexa680(SQ) than for those treated with Tra-Alexa680(ON). A fluorescent signal due to Tra-Alexa680(ON) binding or internalization was not observed with the BALB/3T3/ZsGreen/HER2<sup>-</sup> cells (these cells were transfected with the green fluorescent protein gene) when exposed respectively to either conjugate. This indicated that the two Tra-Alexa680 conjugates were bound to, and internalized by, only the HER2<sup>+</sup> cells.</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="SQAFTra.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=alexa+680+conjugated+to+trastuzumab+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p><i>In vivo</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> imaging studies performed with nude mice bearing 3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> and BALB/3T3/ZsGreen/HER2<sup>-</sup> cell tumors were described by Ogawa et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>). The mice were injected with either Tra-Alexa680(SQ) or Tra-Alexa680(ON), respectively (number of animals used per conjugate was not reported), and imaging was performed 2 d after administration of the conjugates. Whole-body imaging of the animals revealed that the 3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> tumor images were much more enhanced compared to those generated with the BALB/3T3/ZsGreen/HER2<sup>-</sup> cells. Also, with Tra-Alexa680(ON), the fluorescent signal was obtained not only from the HER2<sup>+</sup> cells but also from the HER2<sup>-</sup> cells, although the signal generated from the latter cells was considerably lower. <i>Ex vivo</i> imaging of the tumors yielded results similar to those obtained during the whole-body imaging studies (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>). In addition, the fluorescent signal obtained from the blood pool was reported to be low with Tra-Alexa680(SQ) compared with Tra-Alexa680(ON). Similar results were also reported with animals bearing 3T3/HER2<sup>+</sup> and BALB/3T3/ZsGreen/HER2<sup>-</sup> cell orthotropic tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>).</p><p>With results obtained from this study, the investigators concluded that it is possible to apply this technology to other humanized MAbs of the immunoglobulin G<sub>1</sub> class for the development of targeted imaging agents (<a class="bk_pop" href="#SQAFTra.REF.12">12</a>).</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=alexa+680+conjugated+to+trastuzumab+Non+Primate+Mammals" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=alexa+680+conjugated+to+trastuzumab+Non+Human+Primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="SQAFTra.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=alexa+680+conjugated+to+trastuzumab+Human+Studies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/">Disclaimers</a>]</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>Some studies in this chapter were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program, the National Cancer Institute, and the Center for Cancer Research.</p></div><div id="SQAFTra.References"><h2 id="_SQAFTra_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.1">Sharkey R.M., Goldenberg D.M.
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<em>Novel radioimmunopharmaceuticals for cancer imaging and therapy.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Opin Investig Drugs. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>(12):1302–16.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037837" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19037837</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.2">Amoh Y., Katsuoka K., Hoffman R.M.
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<em>Color-coded fluorescent protein imaging of angiogenesis: the AngioMouse models.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Pharm Des. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(36):3810–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19128234" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19128234</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.3">Barrett T., Koyama Y., Hama Y., Ravizzini G., Shin I.S., Jang B.S., Paik C.H., Urano Y., Choyke P.L., Kobayashi H.
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<em>In vivo diagnosis of epidermal growth factor receptor expression using molecular imaging with a cocktail of optically labeled monoclonal antibodies.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Cancer Res. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(22 Pt 1):6639–48.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17982120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17982120</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.4">Koyama Y., Hama Y., Urano Y., Nguyen D.M., Choyke P.L., Kobayashi H.
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<em>Spectral fluorescence molecular imaging of lung metastases targeting HER2/neu.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Cancer Res. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(10):2936–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17504994" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17504994</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.5">Sampath L., Wang W., Sevick-Muraca E.M.
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<em>Near infrared fluorescent optical imaging for nodal staging.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Biomed Opt. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(4):041312.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2914597/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2914597</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19021320" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19021320</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.6">Pierce M.C., Javier D.J., Richards-Kortum R.
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<em>Optical contrast agents and imaging systems for detection and diagnosis of cancer.</em>
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||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Cancer. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">123</span>(9):1979–90.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2902964/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2902964</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18712733" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18712733</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.7">Cai W., Chen X.
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<em>Multimodality imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Front Biosci. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>:4267–79.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17485373" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17485373</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.8">Lee S., Park K., Kim K., Choi K., Kwon I.C.
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||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Chem Commun (Camb). </span>2008;(36):4250–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18802536" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18802536</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.9">Bremer C., Ntziachristos V., Weissleder R.
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<em>Optical-based molecular imaging: contrast agents and potential medical applications.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(2):231–43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12598985" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12598985</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.10">Ntziachristos V., Bremer C., Weissleder R.
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<em>Fluorescence imaging with near-infrared light: new technological advances that enable in vivo molecular imaging.</em>
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||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(1):195–208.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12541130" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12541130</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.11">Wunderbaldinger P., Turetschek K., Bremer C.
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<em>Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of lymph nodes using a new enzyme sensing activatable macromolecular optical probe.</em>
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||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(9):2206–11.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12802615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12802615</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.12">Ogawa M., Regino C.A., Choyke P.L., Kobayashi H.
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<em>In vivo target-specific activatable near-infrared optical labeling of humanized monoclonal antibodies.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Cancer Ther. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">8</span>(1):232–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2790275/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2790275</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19139133" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19139133</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.13">Ogawa M., Kosaka N., Choyke P.L., Kobayashi H.
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<em>In vivo molecular imaging of cancer with a quenching near-infrared fluorescent probe using conjugates of monoclonal antibodies and indocyanine green.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Res. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">69</span>(4):1268–72.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2788996/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2788996</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176373" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19176373</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SQAFTra.REF.14">Palyi-Krekk Z., Barok M., Kovacs T., Saya H., Nagano O., Szollosi J., Nagy P.
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<em>EGFR and ErbB2 are functionally coupled to CD44 and regulate shedding, internalization and motogenic effect of CD44.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Lett. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">263</span>(2):231–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276068" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18276068</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK22981</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641189" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641189</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/LLP2A-Alexa680/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/sosalexafluor700/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK22981/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK22981/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK22981" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK22981" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Chopra A. Self-quenching Alexa fluor 680 conjugated to trastuzumab. 2009 Mar 5 [Updated 2009 Apr 6]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK22981/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK22981.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (143K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#SQAFTra.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.Supplemental_Informa" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Supplemental Information</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#SQAFTra.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option 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