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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23714_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">[2-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoromethoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzyl]([2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>]2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)-amine</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">[<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ</div><p class="contribs">The MICAD Research Team.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23714_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figSPARQ18FT1"><a href="/books/NBK23714/table/SPA-RQ18F.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobSPARQ18FT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="SPA-RQ18F.T1"><a href="/books/NBK23714/table/SPA-RQ18F.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobSPARQ18FT1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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Other non-primate mammals
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</p></div></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.Background"><h2 id="_SPA-RQ18F_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20OR%20%28NK1%20PET%20ligand%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>[2-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoromethoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzyl]([2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>]2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)-amine ([<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ) is a radioligand developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of NK<sub>1</sub> receptors (SP receptors) in the central nervous system (CNS) (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1">1</a>).</p><p>Tachykinins are 10-12 amino acid peptides that share a common carboxy-terminal sequence “Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-amide” where “X” is different but always a hydrophobic residue that is either an aromatic or a beta-branched aliphatic (<a href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.2">2-4</a>). This peptide family consists of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NK<sub>A</sub>), and neurokinin B (NK<sub>B</sub>). The tachykinin peptides mediate their effects by specific G protein coupled receptors. These receptors are divided into three subtypes: neurokinin 1 (NK<sub>1</sub>, formerly the SP receptor), neurokinin 2 (NK<sub>2</sub>, formerly the substance K/substance E receptor/NK-A receptor), and neurokinin 3 (NK<sub>3</sub>, formerly the NK-B receptor) receptors. The effects of SP are mediated primarily via the NK<sub>1</sub> receptor subtypes. There is evidence that SP behaves like a neurotransmitter involved in regulation of emotional and behavioral responses to a range of noxious and stressful stimuli (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.5" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.5">5</a>). SP may also play a role in neurogenic inflammation, vasomotor control, and many gastrointestinal functions. Studies have shown that in the brain SP is found throughout the neocortex, in limbic areas, habenula, periaqueductal gray, midbrain nuclei, and especially enriched in the basal ganglia. There is little SP in the cerebellum. The distribution of the NK<sub>1</sub> receptors in the brain generally corresponds to that of SP.</p><p>SP-NK<sub>1</sub> receptor pathways are found in both CNS and peripheral nervous system. The CNS pathways have been implicated in the pathophysiology of pain, nausea/emesis, and depression disorders (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6">6</a>). PET and single-photon emission tomography of radioligands targeting NK<sub>1</sub> receptors can visualize and study the CNS NK<sub>1</sub> receptors in normal and pathologic states. These studies can identify the degree of receptor occupancy in patients with depression and the change in response to therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6">6</a>). A number of NK<sub>1</sub> selective agonists and antagonists have been successfully labeled, but they failed to provide a specific signal <i>in vivo</i> (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1">1</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6"> 6</a>). Solin et al (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1">1</a>). developed a selective NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist, SPA-RQ, with a high affinity for NK<sub>1</sub> receptor (IC<sub>50</sub> = 67 pM) and moderate lipophilicity (logP = 1.8).</p></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.Synthesis"><h2 id="_SPA-RQ18F_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20OR%20%28PET%20NK1%20ligand%29%29%20AND%20synthesis%5BAll%20Fields%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Solin et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1">1</a>) reported the synthesis and characterization of [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ. The precursors were prepared either as [2-hydroxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzyl]([2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>]2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)-amine hydrochloride or (2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>)-1-t-butoxycarbonyl-2-phenyl-3-[2-hydroxy-5-(5’-rifluoromethyltetrzol-1-yl)phenylmethyleneamino]piperidine. The first precursor gave very low and unreliable yields. The second precursor with a tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC) protecting group was prepared from 2-hydroxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzaldehyde in two steps. In a five-step method of radiosynthesis, [<sup>18</sup>F]FCH<sub>2</sub>Br was first synthesized from dibromomethane via a nucleophilic substitution with [<sup>18</sup>F]F−. [<sup>18</sup>F]F− was obtained from the nuclear reaction <sup>18</sup>O(p,n)<sup>18</sup>F, and the target water was removed by azeotropic distillations. Dibromomethane in acetonitrile was added to produce [<sup>18</sup>F]FCH<sub>2</sub>Br with about 40% yield (decay corrected to the end of bombardment). [<sup>18</sup>F]FCH<sub>2</sub>Br was used to [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroalkylate the deprotonated phenolic hydroxyl group of the precursor by bubbling through the precursor solution in dimethylformamide (DMF) and cesium carbonate. The reaction mixture was heated at 110 ºC for 8 min. After DMF was removed, trifluoroacetic acid was added for a 2-min hydrolysis at room temperature to cleave the t-BOC protecting group. The resulting [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ was purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The radiochemical yield was 9.6 ± 4.0% (<i>n</i> = 111), and the radiochemical purity was 99.5 ± 0.2%. The specific activity was 1190 ± 1310 GBq (32 ± 35.4 Ci)/μmol at the end of synthesis. The total synthesis time was about 60 min.</p></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_SPA-RQ18F_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20OR%20%28PET%20NK1%20ligand%29%29%20AND%20%28%22in%20vitro%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20in%20vitro%5BText%20Word%5D%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Hietala et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.2" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.2">2</a>) conducted postmortem human brain receptor autoradiography with [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ by incubating three left cerebral hemispheres with 50 pM [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ (specific activity ≥ 400 GBq (10.8 Ci)/μmol) for 60 min at room temperature. Nonspecific binding was estimated by competing the radiotracer binding with 1 mM excess of an unlabeled specific high-affinity NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist (<a href="/nuccore/238469629" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">GR203040</a>). The relative radioactivity concentrations were highest in striatum > cortical regions = thalamus > cerebellum. The addition of <a href="/nuccore/238469629" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">GR203040</a> prevented radioactivity localization almost completely in caudate, putamen, and occipital cortical areas with %blockade of 98 ± 2, 94 ± 2, and 95 ± 4, respectively. The cerebellar radioactivity level was not affected by <a href="/nuccore/238469629" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">GR203040</a> because there was minimal NK<sub>1</sub> receptor present.</p></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_SPA-RQ18F_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="SPA-RQ18F.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20AND%20%28%22rodentia%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20rodentia%5BText%20Word%5D%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20OR%20%28PET%20NK1%20ligand%29%29%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Solin et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1">1</a>) injected [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ into 4 guinea pigs. Two animals (animal 3 and 4) were pretreated with a NK<sub>1</sub> selective antagonist (2 mg/kg) 2 min before the administration. The animals were sacrificed at 180 min after injection, and brains were removed for assay. The radiotracer showed a high radioactivity localization in the caudate/putamen, moderate radioactivity in the cortex, and low radioactivity in the cerebellum. For the untreated animals, animal 1 and 2, the ratios of caudate/putamen were 14 and 7.1, respectively. Their ratios of cortex to cerebellum were 4.7 and 2.7, respectively. In comparison, these cortex/cerebellum ratios in the pretreated animal 3 and 4 were ranging from 1.0 to 1.3.</p></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20OR%20%28PET%20NK1%20ligand%29%29%20AND%20%28primate%20NOT%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Hargreaves (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6">6</a>) reported that the highest [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ radioactivity concentration was in the caudate of the monkey brain. In the cerebellum, the radioactivity was washed out with time. Pretreatment with an unlabeled SP antagonist decreased <sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ radioactivity in the caudate and cortex, but no effect was observed in the cerebellum.</p></div></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_SPA-RQ18F_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28%5B18F%5DSPA-RQ%20OR%20%28PET%20NK1%20ligand%29%29%20AND%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>PET imaging with [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ was performed in 10 healthy male volunteers (<a class="bibr" href="#SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.2" rid="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.2">2</a>). Each subject received i.v. 125-135 MBq (3.38-3.65 mCi) of [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ (average specific activity = 1,995 GBq (53.9 Ci)/μmol; 114 ng). There was a rapid radioactivity localization in the brain with the highest radioactivity levels in the putamen and caudate nucleus. The cerebellum level was the lowest as the radioactivity was washed out readily. The neocortex and thalamus radioactivity levels were between the striatal level and cerebellar level. The highest putamen/cerebellum and caudate/cerebellum ratios were between 5 and 6 at 215 min and 225 min, respectively. Based on the reference tissue input model, the NK<sub>1</sub> binding potentials (<i>n</i> = 4) were 5.24 ± 0.40 (caudate), 5.72 ± 0.33 (putamen), 2.60 ± 0.60 (ventral midbrain), 2.60 ± 0.54 (posterior cingulated cortex), and 2.60 ± 0.13 (amygdala). The distribution of [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ <i>in vivo</i> was similar to the <i>in vitro</i> pattern reported in human brain receptor autoradiography studies. The study suggested that NK<sub>1</sub> receptors were widely distributed throughout the human brain with highest density in the striatum and visual cortex. Plasma radioactivity analysis by planar chromatography and digital autoradiography indicated that about 30-40% of [<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ remained unchanged at 80 min. Unidentified hydrophilic metabolites and free fluoride were found in these plasma samples.</p></div><div id="SPA-RQ18F.references"><h2 id="_SPA-RQ18F_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.1">Solin O , Eskola O , Hamill TG , Bergman J , Lehikoinen P , Gronroos T , Forsback S , Haaparanta M , Viljanen T , Ryan C , Gibson R , Kieczykowski G , Hietala J , Hargreaves R , Burns HD . Synthesis and characterization of a potent, selective, radiolabeled substance-P antagonist for NK1 receptor quantitation: ([18F]SPA-RQ). <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(6):373–384.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15564148" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15564148</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.2">Hietala J , Nyman MJ , Eskola O , Laakso A , Gronroos T , Oikonen V , Bergman J , Haaparanta M , Forsback S , Marjamaki P , Lehikoinen P , Goldberg M , Burns D , Hamill T , Eng WS , Coimbra A , Hargreaves R , Solin O . Visualization and quantification of neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors in the human brain. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging Biol. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>(4):262–272.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16155744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16155744</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.3">Severini C , Improta G , Falconieri-Erspamer G , Salvadori S , Erspamer V . The tachykinin peptide family. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacol Rev. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">54</span>(2):285–322.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12037144</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.4">Datar P , Srivastava S , Coutinho E , Govil G . Substance P: structure, function, and therapeutics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Top Med Chem. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(1):75–103.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14754378" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14754378</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.5">Mantyh PW . <span class="ref-title">Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor </span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Psychiatry</span> 200263Suppl 116–10. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562137" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12562137</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="SPA-RQ18F.EXTYLES.6">Hargreaves R . <span class="ref-title">Imaging substance P receptors (NK1) in the living human brain using positron emission tomography </span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Psychiatry</span> 200263Suppl 1118–24. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12562139</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23714_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">The MICAD Research Team</span></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">June 21, 2006</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">July 10, 2006</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>The MICAD Research Team. [2-[18F]Fluoromethoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzyl]([2S,3S]2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)-amine. 2006 Jun 21 [Updated 2006 Jul 10]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/Folate18F/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/D4-3d-18F/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobSPARQ18FT1"><div id="SPA-RQ18F.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23714/table/SPA-RQ18F.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__SPA-RQ18F.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[2-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoromethoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzyl]([2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>]2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)-amine </td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/11538048" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=11538048" alt="image 11538048 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>18</sup>F]SPA-RQ</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>18</sup>F]Substance-P antagonist-Receptor quantifier[<sup>18</sup>F]L-829</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NK<sub>1</sub> receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor binding</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>18</sup>F</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A631" class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li id="A632" class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Other non-primate mammals
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</div></li><li id="A633" class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-human primates
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</div></li><li id="A634" class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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