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<title>(S)-2-Amino-3-[1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65393_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65393_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/CbR2-18F/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Fallypride18F/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65393_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"> (<i>S</i>)-2-Amino-3-[1-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyl)-1<i>H</i>-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">(<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65393_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65393_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">July 7, 2011</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">October 27, 2011</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="S-18F-4.T.nc_chemical_names2amino31218" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK65393/table/S-18F-4.T.nc_chemical_names2amino31218/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__S-18F-4.T.nc_chemical_names2amino31218_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(<i>S</i>)-2-Amino-3-[1-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyl)-1<i>H</i>-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid<br /></td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/125311967" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=125311967" alt="image 125311967 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cationic amino acid transporter, <span class="small-caps">l</span>-type amino acid transporter</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transporter</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Positron emission tomography</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>18</sup>F</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="S-18F-4.Background"><h2 id="_S-18F-4_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A variety of <sup>11</sup>C- and <sup>18</sup>F-labeled amino acids have been studied for potential use in positron emission tomography (PET) oncology (1, 2). Most brain tumors show an increased uptake of amino acids compared with uptake in normal brain tissue (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.3">3</a>). These amino acids are composed of naturally occurring amino acids, such as <span class="small-caps">l</span>-[<sup>11</sup>C]leucine, <span class="small-caps">l</span>-[<sup>11</sup>C]methionine, and <span class="small-caps">l</span>-[<sup>11</sup>C]tyrosine, and non-natural amino acids, such as [<sup>11</sup>C]aminoisobutyric acid, [<sup>11</sup>C]1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid, and [<sup>11</sup>C]1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid. <sup>123</sup>I-Labeled amino acids are also used for imaging in oncology, although no radiolabeled amino acid is approved in the US at present (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.1" data-bk-pop-others="S-18F-4.REF.4 S-18F-4.REF.5">1, 4, 5</a>).</p><p>More than twenty amino acid transporter systems have been identified (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.1">1</a>). Most of the amino acids are taken up by tumor cells through an energy-independent <span class="small-caps">l</span>-type amino acid transporter system and the Na-dependent transporter system A, as well as through the Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent system B<sup>0</sup> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.6">6</a>). The amino acids are retained in tumor cells, including incorporation into proteins, due to their high metabolic activities, which are higher than metabolic activities of most normal cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.1">1</a>). Malignant transformation increases the use of amino acids for energy, protein synthesis, and cell division. Tumor cells were found to have overexpressed transporter systems (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.7">7</a>). <span class="small-caps">l</span>-[<sup>11</sup>C]MET, [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorotyrosine, <span class="small-caps">l</span>-[<sup>11</sup>C]leucine, and [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-α-methyl tyrosine have been widely used in the detection of tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="S-18F-4.REF.6">2, 6</a>), but they are not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. These radiolabels are moved into cells by various amino acid transporters and are incorporated into proteins, although only <span class="small-caps">l</span>-leucine is quantitatively incorporated into proteins. The fraction of radiolabeled amino acids that is incorporated into proteins is usually small compared to the total amount taken up into the cell. Imaging techniques that use natural amino acids are based on amino acid transport and protein incorporation.</p><p>Non-natural amino acids are not incorporated into proteins (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="S-18F-4.REF.8">2, 8</a>); instead, they are rapidly transported into tumor cells. They are retained inside the tumor cells because of their high cellular metabolism and the high activity of the amino acid transporters. A new <span class="small-caps">l</span>-tyrosine analog, <i>O</i>-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyl)-<span class="small-caps">l</span>-tyrosine ([<sup>18</sup>F]FET), has been synthesized and evaluated as an amino acid PET tracer for the detection of brain tumors. [<sup>18</sup>F]FET has a higher specificity than [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.8">8</a>). (<i>S</i>)-2-Amino-3-[1-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyl)-1<i>H</i>-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid ((<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4) has been found to be a substrate for the cationic amino acid transporter, which transports the naturally occurring amino acids (<span class="small-caps">l</span>-histidine, <span class="small-caps">l</span>-arginine, and <span class="small-caps">l</span>-lysine) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.9">9</a>). (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 was synthesized with Click reaction and evaluated as an amino acid PET tracer for the detection of brain tumors.</p><div id="S-18F-4.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chapters in MICAD (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=books&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=amino%20acid%20(transporter%20OR%20transporters)+AND+micad%5Bbook%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/gene/84889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cationic amino acid transporter</a>, <a href="/gene/23428" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><span class="small-caps">l</span>-type amino acid transporter</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Articles in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (<a href="/omim?Db=omim&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=amino%5BAll+Fields%5D+AND+acid%5BAll+Fields%5D+AND+transporter%5BAll+Fields%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=amino+acid+transporters" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug information in FDA (<a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=amino+acid+transporters&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=13&y=15" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="S-18F-4.Synthesis"><h2 id="_S-18F-4_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>McConathy et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.9">9</a>) reported the synthesis of (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 in a multi-step reaction. 2-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethyl azide was prepared using the tosylate (<i>S</i>)-precursor in the presence of K[<sup>18</sup>F]F/K2.2.2/K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (85°C, 15 min). Cycloaddition reaction of 2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyl azide to the alkyne precursor was carried out in <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylformamide for 15 min at room temperature. The purified reaction product was subjected to acid hydrolysis to form (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4. (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 was prepared similarly using the tosylate (<i>R</i>)-precursor. (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 and (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 were obtained with radiochemical yields of 51 ± 8% (<i>n</i> = 5) and 57 ± 6% (<i>n</i> = 3), respectively. The radiochemical purity was >98% with a total synthesis time of ~150 min. The specific activities for (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 and (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 were 37 and 11 GBq/µmol (1 and 0.3 Ci/µmol) at the time of biological studies, respectively.</p></div><div id="S-18F-4.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Cell"><h2 id="_S-18F-4_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Cell_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>McConathy et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.9">9</a>) showed that (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 accumulation in 9L rat gliosarcoma cells was reduced by 50%, 18%, and 89% in the presence of 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH, an L-type transporter inhibitor), <i>N</i>-methyl-α-aminoisobutyric acid (an A-type transporter inhibitor), and <span class="small-caps">l</span>-alanine/serine/cysteine (ASC, control), respectively. The further inhibition of uptake by BCH under sodium-free conditions suggests (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 is a substrate for system L transport. (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 accumulation in cells was inhibited by 50% with <span class="small-caps">l</span>-Arg and by 69% with <span class="small-caps">l</span>-His, suggesting involvement of cationic amino acid transport. In contrast, (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 accumulation was not mediated by system L or by cationic amino acid transport. (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 accumulation was only partially inhibited (36%) by ASC.</p></div><div id="S-18F-4.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_S-18F-4_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="S-18F-4.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The biodistribution of (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 and (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 (1.1–1.9 MBq (0.03–0.5 mCi)) was studied in rats bearing subcutaneous 9L gliosarcoma tumors (<i>n</i> = 3–4/group) at 15, 30, and 60 min after injection (<a class="bk_pop" href="#S-18F-4.REF.9">9</a>). (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 and (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 showed similar accumulation (percent injected dose/gram (% ID/g)) in most normal tissues with the exception of the pancreas and spleen, where (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 showed higher accumulation than (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4. Tumor accumulation of (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 was 0.47%, 0.83%, and 0.72% ID/g at 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively. Tumor accumulation of (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 was 0.27%, 0.29%, and 0.17% ID/g at 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively. High accumulation was observed in the pancreas (2.75% ID/g, 0.53% ID/g), lung (0.87% ID/g, 0.74% ID/g), and kidney (11.0% ID/g, 14.0% ID/g) for (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 and (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4, respectively, at 15 min after injection. The radioactivity level in the bone declined over the 60-min period, indicating little defluorination. The tumor/blood ratios of (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 (1.8, 3.2) at 30 min and 60 min, respectively, were higher than those of (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 (1.0, 1.2) at the same time points. Accumulation of both tracers was low in the brain. The tumor/brain ratios at 60 min after injection were 15.2 and 6.9 for (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 and (<i>R</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4, respectively. No blocking experiment was performed.</p><p>PET imaging scans were performed with ~10 MBq (0.27 mCi) (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]4 over 120 min after injection in rats with subcutaneous (<i>n</i> = 2) and intracranial (<i>n</i> = 1) 9L gliosarcoma tumors. Both tumors showed rapid tumor accumulation at 5 min and reached a plateau at ~30 min. High radioactivity levels were observed in the kidneys and urinary bladder. The subcutaneous tumor/muscle ratio was ~6 at 30 min, and the intracranial tumor/brain ratio was ~7 at the same time point. No blocking studies were performed.</p></div><div id="S-18F-4.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20rabbit%20or%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="S-18F-4.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid%20and%20primate%20not%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="S-18F-4.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_S-18F-4_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20triazol%20propanoic%20acid%20and%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="S-18F-4.References"><h2 id="_S-18F-4_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.1">Jager P.L., Vaalburg W., Pruim J., de Vries E.G., Langen K.J., Piers D.A.
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||
<em>Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>(3):432–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11337520" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11337520</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.2">Laverman P., Boerman O.C., Corstens F.H., Oyen W.J.
|
||
<em>Fluorinated amino acids for tumour imaging with positron emission tomography.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(5):681–90.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11976809" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11976809</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.3">Herholz K., Heiss W.D.
|
||
<em>Positron emission tomography in clinical neurology.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(4):239–69.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15262239" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15262239</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.4">Langen K.J., Pauleit D., Coenen H.H.
|
||
<em>3-[(123)I]Iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine: uptake mechanisms and clinical applications.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(6):625–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234586" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12234586</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.5">Lahoutte T., Caveliers V., Camargo S.M., Franca R., Ramadan T., Veljkovic E., Mertens J., Bossuyt A., Verrey F.
|
||
<em>SPECT and PET amino acid tracer influx via system L (h4F2hc-hLAT1) and its transstimulation.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">45</span>(9):1591–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15347729" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15347729</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.6">Langen K.J., Jarosch M., Muhlensiepen H., Hamacher K., Broer S., Jansen P., Zilles K., Coenen H.H.
|
||
<em>Comparison of fluorotyrosines and methionine uptake in F98 rat gliomas.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(5):501–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12831987" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12831987</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.7">Saier M.H. Jr, Daniels G.A., Boerner P., Lin J.
|
||
<em>Neutral amino acid transport systems in animal cells: potential targets of oncogene action and regulators of cellular growth.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Membr Biol. </span>1988;<span class="ref-vol">104</span>(1):1–20.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3054116" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3054116</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.8">Wester H.J., Herz M., Weber W., Heiss P., Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R., Schwaiger M., Stocklin G.
|
||
<em>Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine for tumor imaging.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">40</span>(1):205–12.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9935078" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9935078</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="S-18F-4.REF.9">McConathy J., Zhou D., Shockley S.E., Jones L.A., Griffin E.A., Lee H., Adams S.J., Mach R.H.
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||
<em>Click synthesis and biologic evaluation of (R)- and (S)-2-amino-3-[1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid for brain tumor imaging with positron emission tomography.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>(6):329–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21084029" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21084029</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65393</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22049572" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">22049572</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/CbR2-18F/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Fallypride18F/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65393/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65393/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65393" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65393" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. (S)-2-Amino-3-[1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid. 2011 Jul 7 [Updated 2011 Oct 27]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65393/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK65393.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (149K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#S-18F-4.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#S-18F-4.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#S-18F-4.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Cell" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#S-18F-4.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#S-18F-4.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#S-18F-4.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option 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value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR 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