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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC) - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2008/06/30">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="description" content="Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (1), and its role in non-invasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (2). Microbubbles are spherical cavities filled with a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, a surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or a synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of microbubbles, which are usually 2–8 μm in diameter. Microbubbles provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves, and they are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (3-5). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (6).">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (1), and its role in non-invasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (2). Microbubbles are spherical cavities filled with a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, a surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or a synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of microbubbles, which are usually 2–8 μm in diameter. Microbubbles provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves, and they are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (3-5). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (6).">
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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK25380_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC) </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">MB<sub>RRL</sub></div><p class="contribs">Leung K.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK25380_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figRRLMBT1"><a href="/books/NBK25380/table/RRL-MB.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobRRLMBT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="RRL-MB.T1"><a href="/books/NBK25380/table/RRL-MB.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobRRLMBT1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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Rodents
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</p></div></div><div id="RRL-MB.Background"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.1" rid="RRL-MB.REF.1">1</a>), and its role in non-invasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.2" rid="RRL-MB.REF.2">2</a>). Microbubbles are spherical cavities filled with a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, a surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or a synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of microbubbles, which are usually 2–8 μm in diameter. Microbubbles provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves, and they are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (<a href="#RRL-MB.REF.3">3-5</a>). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.6" rid="RRL-MB.REF.6">6</a>).</p><p>Endothelial cells are important cells in inflammatory responses (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.7" rid="RRL-MB.REF.7">7</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.8" rid="RRL-MB.REF.8">8</a>). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, virus, inflammation, and tissue injury increase tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1, and other cytokine and chemokine secretion. Leukocyte emigration from blood is dependent on the leukocytes rolling along endothelial cell surfaces and subsequently adhering to endothelial cell surfaces. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines induce chemokine secretion from endothelial cells and other vascular cells and increase their expression of cell surface adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, integrins, and selectins. Chemokines are chemotactic to leukocytes at sites of inflammation and tissue injury (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.9" rid="RRL-MB.REF.9">9</a>). Angiogenesis is a process of development and growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Tumor growth depends on the formation of new blood vessels from angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhance angiogenesis. Expression of VEGF receptors is higher on the cell surface of tumor-derived endothelial cells than on the cell surface of normal endothelial cells.</p><p>Microbubbles conjugated to peptides or to antibodies against integrins, cell adhesion molecules, and VEGF receptors have previously been studied for the non-invasive assessment and imaging of angiogenesis (<a href="#RRL-MB.REF.10">10-13</a>). A peptide specific to tumor vasculature and containing Arg-Arg-Leu (RRL) was identified by screening a peptide display library panned against tumor cells derived from SCC-VII murine squamous cell carcinomas (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.14" rid="RRL-MB.REF.14">14</a>). Weller et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12" rid="RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) studied ultrasonic imaging of tumor vasculature using microbubbles conjugated with biotinylated c(CGGRRLGGC) (MB<sub>RRL</sub>) in mice bearing human tumor xenografts.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.Synthesis"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>For targeted microbubbles, Weller et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12" rid="RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) prepared biotinylated microbubbles by sonication of an aqueous dispersion of decafluorobutane gas, phosphatidylcholine, polyethylene glycol-stearate, and phosphatidylethanolamine-biotin in a 2:1:1 ratio by weight. Microbubbles were combined with streptavidin, washed, and conjugated with MB<sub>RRL</sub> or control peptide c(CGGGGGGGC) (MB<sub>control</sub>). The microbubbles are 3.2 ± 1.0 μm in diameter. The peptide/microbubble ratio was estimated with flow cytometry to be ~60,000 (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.10" rid="RRL-MB.REF.10">10</a>).</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Weller et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12" rid="RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) reported that MB<sub>RRL</sub> or MB<sub>control</sub> (3.33 × 10<sup>6</sup>/ml) perfused through the flow chamber coated with endothelial cells at a wall shear rate of 100 s<sup>-1</sup> for 3 min. There was a significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.01) greater number of MB<sub>RRL</sub> attached to tumor-activated endothelial cells (2.4 ± 0.6 microbubbles/cell) than to normal endothelial cells (0.8 ± 0.1 microbubbles/cell). MB<sub>control</sub> attachment to both activated and normal endothelial cells was minimal (0.3–0.4 microbubbles/cell).</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="RRL-MB.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Weller et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12" rid="RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) performed ultrasound assessment of MB<sub>RRL</sub> binding in five mice bearing Clone C tumors (transfected with bFGF), six mice bearing PC3 tumors, and six normal mice. There were intense acoustic signals in both tumors at 2 min after MB<sub>RRL</sub> injection compared with mild contrast in tumors injected with MB<sub>control</sub>. There was little difference in myocardial signal intensity between MB<sub>RRL</sub> and MB<sub>control</sub> in normal mice. The mean video intensity for normal myocardium was 0.5 ± 1 units, whereas the mean video intensity for the tumors was 5 ± 1 units (<i>P</i> = 0.0001). Postmortem histology demonstrated that the density of RRL binding was concentrated at the tumor periphery. No blocking studies or other studies to validate the mechanism were reported.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20sheep%20or%20rabbit%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20%28primate%20not%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="RRL-MB.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>R01 HL-58865</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.references"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.1">Wells P.N. Physics and engineering: milestones in medicine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Eng Phys. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>23</strong>
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</span>(3):147–53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11410379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11410379</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><li><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.2">2. Liang, H.D. and M.J. Blomley, <em>The role of ultrasound in molecular imaging.</em> Br J Radiol, 2003. <strong>76 Spec No 2</strong>: p. S140-50. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15572336" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15572336</span></a>]</div></li><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.3">Klibanov A.L. Ligand-carrying gas-filled microbubbles: ultrasound contrast agents for targeted molecular imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Bioconjug Chem. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>16</strong>
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</span>(1):9–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15656569" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15656569</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.4">Lindner J.R. Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Drug Discov. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>3</strong>
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</span>(6):527–32.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173842" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15173842</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.5">Villanueva F.S. , Wagner W.R. , Vannan M.A. , Narula J. Targeted ultrasound imaging using microbubbles. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cardiol Clin. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>22</strong>
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</span>(2):283–98.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15158940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15158940</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.6">Dijkmans P.A. , Juffermans L.J. , Musters R.J. , van Wamel A. , ten Cate F.J. , van Gilst W. , Visser C.A. , de Jong N. , Kamp O. Microbubbles and ultrasound: from diagnosis to therapy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Echocardiogr. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>5</strong>
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</span>(4):245–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15219539" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15219539</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.7">Cybulsky M.I. , Gimbrone M.A. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Science. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>251</strong>
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</span>(4995):788–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1990440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1990440</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.8">Lowe J.B. Glycosylation in the control of selectin counter-receptor structure and function. <span><span class="ref-journal">Immunol Rev. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>186</strong>
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</span>:19–36.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12234359</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.9">Vanderslice P. , Woodside D.G. Integrin antagonists as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Investig Drugs. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>15</strong>
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</span>(10):1235–55.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16989599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16989599</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.10">Villanueva F.S. , Jankowski R.J. , Klibanov S. , Pina M.L. , Alber S.M. , Watkins S.C. , Brandenburger G.H. , Wagner W.R. Microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 bind to activated coronary artery endothelial cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>98</strong>
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</span>(1):1–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9665051</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.11">Weller G.E. , Lu E. , Csikari M.M. , Klibanov A.L. , Fischer D. , Wagner W.R. , Villanueva F.S. Ultrasound imaging of acute cardiac transplant rejection with microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>108</strong>
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</span>(2):218–24.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835214" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12835214</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.12">Weller G.E. , Villanueva F.S. , Klibanov A.L. , Wagner W.R. Modulating targeted adhesion of an ultrasound contrast agent to dysfunctional endothelium. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Biomed Eng. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>30</strong>
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</span>(8):1012–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12449762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12449762</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.13">Reinhardt M. , Hauff P. , Linker R.A. , Briel A. , Gold R. , Rieckmann P. , Becker G. , Toyka K.V. , Maurer M. , Schirner M. Ultrasound derived imaging and quantification of cell adhesion molecules in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by Sensitive Particle Acoustic Quantification (SPAQ). <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroimage. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>27</strong>
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</span>(2):267–78.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15905104" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15905104</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.14">Brown C.K. , Modzelewski R.A. , Johnson C.S. , Wong M.K. A novel approach for the identification of unique tumor vasculature binding peptides using an E. coli peptide display library. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Surg Oncol. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>7</strong>
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</span>(10):743–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11129422" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11129422</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK25380_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">June 30, 2008</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Leung K. Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC) 2008 Jun 30. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/MB-cAbVCAM1-5/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/Knottin-MB/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobRRLMBT1"><div id="RRL-MB.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK25380/table/RRL-MB.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__RRL-MB.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC)</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MB<sub>RRL</sub></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor binding to tumor-derived endothelial cells</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound (US)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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