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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2008/06/30" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641958" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25380/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC)" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/06/30" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25380/" /><meta name="description" content="Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (1), and its role in non-invasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (2). Microbubbles are spherical cavities filled with a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, a surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or a synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of microbubbles, which are usually 2–8 μm in diameter. Microbubbles provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves, and they are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (3-5). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (6)." /><meta name="og:title" content="Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC)" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (1), and its role in non-invasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (2). Microbubbles are spherical cavities filled with a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, a surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or a synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of microbubbles, which are usually 2–8 μm in diameter. Microbubbles provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves, and they are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (3-5). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (6)." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25380/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/RRL-MB/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25380/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK25380_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK25380_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/MB-cAbVCAM1-5/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Knottin-MB/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK25380_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC) </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">MB<sub>RRL</sub></div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK25380_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK25380_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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||
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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||
</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">June 30, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="RRL-MB.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK25380/table/RRL-MB.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__RRL-MB.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC)</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MB<sub>RRL</sub></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor binding to tumor-derived endothelial cells</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound (US)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="RRL-MB.Background"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging modality (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.1">1</a>), and its role in non-invasive molecular imaging is expanding with ligand-carrying microbubbles (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.2">2</a>). Microbubbles are spherical cavities filled with a gas encapsulated in a shell. The shells are made of phospholipids, a surfactant, denatured human serum albumin, or a synthetic polymer. Ligands and antibodies can be incorporated into the shell surface of microbubbles, which are usually 2–8 μm in diameter. Microbubbles provide a strongly reflective interface and resonate to ultrasound waves, and they are used as ultrasound contrast agents in imaging of inflammation, angiogenesis, intravascular thrombus, and tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.3">3-5</a>). They also have the potential to be used for drug and gene delivery (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.6">6</a>).</p><p>Endothelial cells are important cells in inflammatory responses (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.7">7</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.8">8</a>). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, virus, inflammation, and tissue injury increase tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1, and other cytokine and chemokine secretion. Leukocyte emigration from blood is dependent on the leukocytes rolling along endothelial cell surfaces and subsequently adhering to endothelial cell surfaces. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines induce chemokine secretion from endothelial cells and other vascular cells and increase their expression of cell surface adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, integrins, and selectins. Chemokines are chemotactic to leukocytes at sites of inflammation and tissue injury (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.9">9</a>). Angiogenesis is a process of development and growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Tumor growth depends on the formation of new blood vessels from angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhance angiogenesis. Expression of VEGF receptors is higher on the cell surface of tumor-derived endothelial cells than on the cell surface of normal endothelial cells.</p><p>Microbubbles conjugated to peptides or to antibodies against integrins, cell adhesion molecules, and VEGF receptors have previously been studied for the non-invasive assessment and imaging of angiogenesis (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.10">10-13</a>). A peptide specific to tumor vasculature and containing Arg-Arg-Leu (RRL) was identified by screening a peptide display library panned against tumor cells derived from SCC-VII murine squamous cell carcinomas (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.14">14</a>). Weller et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) studied ultrasonic imaging of tumor vasculature using microbubbles conjugated with biotinylated c(CGGRRLGGC) (MB<sub>RRL</sub>) in mice bearing human tumor xenografts.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.Synthesis"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>For targeted microbubbles, Weller et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) prepared biotinylated microbubbles by sonication of an aqueous dispersion of decafluorobutane gas, phosphatidylcholine, polyethylene glycol-stearate, and phosphatidylethanolamine-biotin in a 2:1:1 ratio by weight. Microbubbles were combined with streptavidin, washed, and conjugated with MB<sub>RRL</sub> or control peptide c(CGGGGGGGC) (MB<sub>control</sub>). The microbubbles are 3.2 ± 1.0 μm in diameter. The peptide/microbubble ratio was estimated with flow cytometry to be ~60,000 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.10">10</a>).</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Weller et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) reported that MB<sub>RRL</sub> or MB<sub>control</sub> (3.33 × 10<sup>6</sup>/ml) perfused through the flow chamber coated with endothelial cells at a wall shear rate of 100 s<sup>-1</sup> for 3 min. There was a significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.01) greater number of MB<sub>RRL</sub> attached to tumor-activated endothelial cells (2.4 ± 0.6 microbubbles/cell) than to normal endothelial cells (0.8 ± 0.1 microbubbles/cell). MB<sub>control</sub> attachment to both activated and normal endothelial cells was minimal (0.3–0.4 microbubbles/cell).</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="RRL-MB.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Weller et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#RRL-MB.REF.12">12</a>) performed ultrasound assessment of MB<sub>RRL</sub> binding in five mice bearing Clone C tumors (transfected with bFGF), six mice bearing PC3 tumors, and six normal mice. There were intense acoustic signals in both tumors at 2 min after MB<sub>RRL</sub> injection compared with mild contrast in tumors injected with MB<sub>control</sub>. There was little difference in myocardial signal intensity between MB<sub>RRL</sub> and MB<sub>control</sub> in normal mice. The mean video intensity for normal myocardium was 0.5 ± 1 units, whereas the mean video intensity for the tumors was 5 ± 1 units (<i>P</i> = 0.0001). Postmortem histology demonstrated that the density of RRL binding was concentrated at the tumor periphery. No blocking studies or other studies to validate the mechanism were reported.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20sheep%20or%20rabbit%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20%28primate%20not%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="RRL-MB.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Microbubbles%20and%20RRL%20and%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>R01 HL-58865</p></div><div id="RRL-MB.references"><h2 id="_RRL-MB_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.1">Wells P.N. Physics and engineering: milestones in medicine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Eng Phys. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>23</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):147–53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11410379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11410379</span></a>]</div></dd><li><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.2">2. Liang, H.D. and M.J. Blomley, <em>The role of ultrasound in molecular imaging.</em> Br J Radiol, 2003. <strong>76 Spec No 2</strong>: p. S140-50. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15572336" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15572336</span></a>]</div></li><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.3">Klibanov A.L. Ligand-carrying gas-filled microbubbles: ultrasound contrast agents for targeted molecular imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Bioconjug Chem. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>16</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):9–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15656569" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15656569</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.4">Lindner J.R. Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Drug Discov. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>3</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):527–32.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173842" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15173842</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.5">Villanueva F.S. , Wagner W.R. , Vannan M.A. , Narula J. Targeted ultrasound imaging using microbubbles. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cardiol Clin. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>22</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):283–98.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15158940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15158940</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.6">Dijkmans P.A. , Juffermans L.J. , Musters R.J. , van Wamel A. , ten Cate F.J. , van Gilst W. , Visser C.A. , de Jong N. , Kamp O. Microbubbles and ultrasound: from diagnosis to therapy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Echocardiogr. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>5</strong>
|
||
</span>(4):245–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15219539" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15219539</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.7">Cybulsky M.I. , Gimbrone M.A. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Science. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>251</strong>
|
||
</span>(4995):788–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1990440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1990440</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.8">Lowe J.B. Glycosylation in the control of selectin counter-receptor structure and function. <span><span class="ref-journal">Immunol Rev. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>186</strong>
|
||
</span>:19–36.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12234359</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.9">Vanderslice P. , Woodside D.G. Integrin antagonists as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Investig Drugs. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>15</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):1235–55.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16989599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16989599</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.10">Villanueva F.S. , Jankowski R.J. , Klibanov S. , Pina M.L. , Alber S.M. , Watkins S.C. , Brandenburger G.H. , Wagner W.R. Microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 bind to activated coronary artery endothelial cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>98</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):1–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9665051</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.11">Weller G.E. , Lu E. , Csikari M.M. , Klibanov A.L. , Fischer D. , Wagner W.R. , Villanueva F.S. Ultrasound imaging of acute cardiac transplant rejection with microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>108</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):218–24.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835214" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12835214</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.12">Weller G.E. , Villanueva F.S. , Klibanov A.L. , Wagner W.R. Modulating targeted adhesion of an ultrasound contrast agent to dysfunctional endothelium. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Biomed Eng. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>30</strong>
|
||
</span>(8):1012–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12449762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12449762</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.13">Reinhardt M. , Hauff P. , Linker R.A. , Briel A. , Gold R. , Rieckmann P. , Becker G. , Toyka K.V. , Maurer M. , Schirner M. Ultrasound derived imaging and quantification of cell adhesion molecules in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by Sensitive Particle Acoustic Quantification (SPAQ). <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroimage. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>27</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):267–78.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15905104" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15905104</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RRL-MB.REF.14">Brown C.K. , Modzelewski R.A. , Johnson C.S. , Wong M.K. A novel approach for the identification of unique tumor vasculature binding peptides using an E. coli peptide display library. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Surg Oncol. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>7</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):743–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11129422" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11129422</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK25380</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641958" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641958</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/MB-cAbVCAM1-5/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Knottin-MB/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK25380/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK25380/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK25380" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK25380" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. Microbubbles conjugated with cyclo(CGGRRLGGC) 2008 Jun 30. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK25380/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK25380.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (130K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#RRL-MB.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#RRL-MB.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#RRL-MB.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#RRL-MB.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#RRL-MB.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#RRL-MB.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#RRL-MB.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option 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class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641950" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Microbubbles coated with antibody to intracellular adhesion molecule-1.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Microbubbles coated with antibody to intracellular adhesion molecule-1.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641955" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Microbubbles coated with antibody to mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Microbubbles coated with antibody to 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