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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>99mTc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys)]2}2 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_title" content="99mTc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys)]2}2">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Integrins are a family of heterodimeric glycoproteins on cell surfaces that mediate diverse biological events involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions (1). Integrins consist of an α and a β subunit and are important for cell adhesion and signal transduction. αvβ3 integrin is the most prominent receptor affecting tumor growth, tumor invasiveness, metastasis, tumor-induced angiogenesis, inflammation, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (2-7). Expression of αvβ3 integrin is strong on tumor cells and activated endothelial cells, whereas expression is weak on resting endothelial cells and most normal tissues. αvβ3 antagonists are being studied as antitumor and antiangiogenic agents and the agonists as angiogenic agents for coronary angiogenesis (6, 8, 9). Extracellular matrix proteins (vitronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, and collagen) contain a tripeptide sequence consisting of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), which binds to a variety of integrins, including αvβ3. Various radiolabeled antagonists have been introduced for imaging of tumors and tumor angiogenesis (10).">
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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23471_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Phe-Lys)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub></span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub></div><p class="contribs">Leung K.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23471_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figRGDfK4HYNIC99mTcT1"><a href="/books/NBK23471/table/RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobRGDfK4HYNIC99mTcT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.T1"><a href="/books/NBK23471/table/RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobRGDfK4HYNIC99mTcT1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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Rodents
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</p></div></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.Background"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Integrins are a family of heterodimeric glycoproteins on cell surfaces that mediate diverse biological events involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.1" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.1">1</a>). Integrins consist of an α and a β subunit and are important for cell adhesion and signal transduction. α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> integrin is the most prominent receptor affecting tumor growth, tumor invasiveness, metastasis, tumor-induced angiogenesis, inflammation, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (<a href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.2">2-7</a>). Expression of α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> integrin is strong on tumor cells and activated endothelial cells, whereas expression is weak on resting endothelial cells and most normal tissues. α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> antagonists are being studied as antitumor and antiangiogenic agents and the agonists as angiogenic agents for coronary angiogenesis (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.6" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.6">6</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.8" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.8">8</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.9" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.9">9</a>). Extracellular matrix proteins (vitronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, and collagen) contain a tripeptide sequence consisting of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), which binds to a variety of integrins, including α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub>. Various radiolabeled antagonists have been introduced for imaging of tumors and tumor angiogenesis (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.10" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.10">10</a>).</p><p>Most of the cyclic RGD peptides are composed of five amino acids. Haubner et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.11" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.11">11</a>) reported that various cyclic RGD peptides exhibit selective inhibition of binding to α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> (IC<sub>50</sub>, 7-40 nM) but not to α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>5</sub> (IC<sub>50</sub>, 600-4,000 nM) or α<sub>IIb</sub>β<sub>3</sub> (IC<sub>50</sub>, 700-5,000 nM) integrins. Various radiolabeled cyclic RGD peptides have been found to have high accumulation in tumors in nude mice (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.12" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.12">12</a>). Hydrazinonicotinic acid (HYNIC) is a coupling agent for <sup>99m</sup>Tc labeling of peptides that can achieve high specific activities without affecting receptor-binding ability of the amino acid sequence. Liu et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13">13</a>) reported the success of radiolabeling cylco(Arg-Gly-Asp-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Phe-Lys) (c(RGDfK)) tetramer linked by glutamic acid that was conjugated with HYNIC. Trisodium triphenylphosphine-3,3’,3’’-trisulfonate (TPPTS) and tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine (tricine) were used as coligands. <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) showed high tumor accumulation in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts.</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Liu et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13">13</a>) reported the synthesis of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) by incubation of 20 μg HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>, 6.5 mg tricine, 5 mg TPPTS, and 1.85 GBq (50 mCi ) Na[<sup>99m</sup>TcO<sub>4</sub>] for 20-25 min at 100ºC. Radiochemical purity was >95%.</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Using a receptor-binding assay with <sup>125</sup>I-echistatin to α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> integrin receptors on cell surface of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells, Liu et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13">13</a>) reported that E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub> and E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub> had IC<sub>50</sub> values of 51 ± 11 and 78 ± 27 nM, respectively. IC<sub>50</sub> values for HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub> and HYNIC-E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub> were 55 ± 11 and 52 ± 9 nM, respectively. The <i>in vitro</i> solution stability of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) was tested by incubating the radiolabeled peptide in buffer solution that contained 1.0 mg/ml cysteine at 37ºC for up to 12 h. No significant degradation of <sup>99</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) was observed under this condition.</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Liu et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13" rid="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.13">13</a>) performed biodistribution studies of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) in nude mice bearing MDA-MB-435 tumors. Tumor uptake was 5.60 ± 0.87% ID/g at 5 min after injection and increased to 7.30 ± 1.32% ID/g at 120 min. The uptakes of the tetramer in the tumor were significantly higher than that of the dimer (3.50% ID/g at 5 min and 3.82% ID/g at 120 min). Tumor/blood ratios were similar at all time points with highest at 24 h with a value of 63 for both compounds. At all time points, retention of the tetramer in the kidney (33.05% ID/g at 5 min and 25.93% ID/g at 120 min) was significantly higher as compared to the dimer (24.15% ID/g at 5 min and 14.33% ID/g at 120 min). Both peptides exhibited similar accumulation in the spleen, liver and lung. The tumor/blood, tumor/liver and tumor/lung ratios were significantly better than those of the dimer at 30-120 min after injection.</p><p>Co-injection of E-[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub> (30 mg/kg) with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) resulted in a significant reduction of radioactivity in the tumor, lung, liver, spleen, and intestine. The radioactivity in the kidney and muscle was also slightly reduced. SPECT imaging in nude mice bearing MDA-MB-435 tumors with 15 MBq (0.41 mCi) of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(tricine)(TPPTS) revealed that the tumors were clearly visualized at 1, 2, and 4 h after injection with low radioactivity levels in the liver and lungs.</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD+(dog+or+pig+or+sheep+or+rabbit)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD+(primate+not+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+RGD+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>R01 CA115883-01A2</p></div><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.references"><h2 id="_RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.1">Hynes R.O. Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cell. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>:ii96–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1766704/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1766704</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12379637" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12379637</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.5">Grzesik W.J. Integrins and bone--cell adhesion and beyond. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(4):271–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9523000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9523000</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.6">Kumar C.C. Integrin alpha v beta 3 as a therapeutic target for blocking tumor-induced angiogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Drug Targets. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(2):123–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12558065" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12558065</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.7">Ruegg C. , Dormond O. , Foletti A. Suppression of tumor angiogenesis through the inhibition of integrin function and signaling in endothelial cells: which side to target? <span><span class="ref-journal">Endothelium. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(3):151–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12380640" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12380640</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.EXTYLES.8">Kerr J.S. , Mousa S.A. , Slee A.M. Alpha(v)beta(3) integrin in angiogenesis and restenosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Drug News Perspect. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(2):438–46.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17341108" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17341108</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23471_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">July 15, 2007</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 31, 2007</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Leung K. 99mTc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys)]2}2. 2007 Jul 15 [Updated 2007 Aug 31]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/RGDfK2-HYNIC-99mTc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/scVEGF-HYNIC-99mTc/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobRGDfK4HYNIC99mTcT1"><div id="RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23471/table/RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__RGDfK4-HYNIC-99mTc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Hydrazinonicotinic acid-Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Phe-Lys)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub></td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/26671687" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=26671687" alt="image 26671687 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-HYNIC-E{E[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Integrin α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor binding</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, gamma planar imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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