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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Perflexane-Lipid Microspheres" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2008/05/13" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kenneth T. Cheng" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641960" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25382/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Perflexane-Lipid Microspheres" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kenneth T. Cheng" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/05/13" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25382/" /><meta name="description" content="Perflexane-lipid microspheres (AFO150) is a preparation of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based microbubbles that was developed as an ultrasound (US) contrast agent for use in echocardiograms to enhance US images (1-3). In the United States, it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2002 for clinical use in echocardiograms to opacify the left ventricular chamber and to improve the delineation of the left ventricular endocardial border. However, AFO150 is not currently available for clinical applications." /><meta name="og:title" content="Perflexane-Lipid Microspheres" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Perflexane-lipid microspheres (AFO150) is a preparation of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based microbubbles that was developed as an ultrasound (US) contrast agent for use in echocardiograms to enhance US images (1-3). In the United States, it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2002 for clinical use in echocardiograms to opacify the left ventricular chamber and to improve the delineation of the left ventricular endocardial border. However, AFO150 is not currently available for clinical applications." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25382/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/Perflexane/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25382/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK25382_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK25382_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/MBPDPcRGD/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/perflutren-ms/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK25382_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Perflexane-Lipid Microspheres </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">AFO150</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kenneth T. Cheng</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK25382_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK25382_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kenneth T. Cheng</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">November 1, 2005</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">May 13, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="Perflexane.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK25382/table/Perflexane.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Perflexane.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perflexane-Lipid Microspheres</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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||
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/49703435" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=49703435" alt="image 49703435 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">AFO150</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imagent®, Imavist®, n-perfluorohexane emulsion, AFO145</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lipid microspheres</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-targeted agent, cardiac chambers</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Passive nonspecific filling of cardiac chambers</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound (US)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal/contrast:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microbubbles and perflexane gas</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-primate non-rodent mammals
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure of perflexane for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="Perflexane.Background"><h2 id="_Perflexane_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Imagent%20or%20perflexane%20or%20AFO150%20or%20Imavist" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Perflexane-lipid microspheres (AFO150) is a preparation of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based microbubbles that was developed as an ultrasound (US) contrast agent for use in echocardiograms to enhance US images (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.1">1-3</a>). In the United States, it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2002 for clinical use in echocardiograms to opacify the left ventricular chamber and to improve the delineation of the left ventricular endocardial border. However, AFO150 is not currently available for clinical applications.</p><p>US contrast agents or echopharmaceuticals are designed to change the attenuation (absorption, reflection, and refraction) or impedance (resistance to sound propagation) of sound for enhancing the differentiation of the signal (echo) of a target organ from that of the surrounding tissue (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.3">3-6</a>). Gas-liquid emulsions (microbubbles or gaseous particles) are highly echogenic <i>invivo</i> because of the nonlinear rarefaction and compression effects that lead to volume pulsations of microbubbles (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.3">3</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.7">7</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.8">8</a>). Human serum albumin, synthetic polymers and phospholipids have been used to construct the membrane of these bubbles. Microbubble preparations of various formulations have been developed, and their clinical usefulness depends very much on the size and stability of these bubbles <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p>PFCs are inert, volatile chemicals and can be encapsulated within the microbubbles to provide a stabilizing effect. The extremely low water solubility of PFCs sets up an equilibrium <i>in vivo</i> where the water-soluble gases diffuse in and out of the microbubble, but the PFC vapor counterbalances the surface tension and blood pressure forces that push the gases inside the bubble toward dissolution. As a result, the combined properties of the microbubble shell and the PFC gas inside determine the stability and output signal of each microbubble <i>in vivo</i>. PFC emulsions were initially studied as oxygen carriers (blood substitutes) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.10">10</a>). Perfluorooctyl bromide (C<sub>8</sub>BrF<sub>17</sub>), a compound similar to perflexane (C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>14</sub>), was first discovered to possess sufficient lipophilicity to be formulated into stable emulsions but was developed as an oral agent for negative magnetic resonance imaging of the gastrointestinal tract (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.11">11</a>).</p><p>AFO150 was developed based on the concept of osmotic stabilization of the microbubbles by a mixture of nitrogen gas and perflexane (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.1">1-3</a>). The preparation formulation uses a semi-synthetic phospholipid, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), for forming the lipid microsphere shell and hydroxyethyl starch to serve as a mold or template for the desired bubbles. The commercial product contains a powder of 200 mg of spray-dried, micrometer-sized hollow and porous spheres under a gas mixture of nitrogen and perflexane. Upon reconstitution with sterile water (5.9-13.7 × 10<sup>8</sup> microspheres/ml) and i.v. administration to a patient, the preparation produces approximately 3-µm microbubbles with a single layer of phospholipid membrane that encloses the perflexane/nitrogen gases within the targeted organ.</p><p>Serious cardiopulmonary reactions following the administration of ultrasound microbubble contrast agents have been reported (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.12">12</a>). In 2007, the <a href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/InfoSheets/HCP/microbubbleHCP.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">US FDA</a> requested that warnings emphasizing the risk for serious cardiopulmonary reactions be added to the labeling of these agents. The uses of these agents are contraindicated in patients with unstable cardiopulmonary status.</p></div><div id="Perflexane.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Perflexane_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Imagent%20or%20perflexane%20or%20Imavist%20or%20perflubron%29%20AND%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>PFCs are inert organic materials initially developed for handling the extremely corrosive uranium fluorides (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.10">10</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.13">13</a>). Some PFCs are directly derived from the manufacturing line that led to Teflon and other diverse industrial surfactants. Two major strategies are commonly used in producing PFCs. One strategy is substituting fluorine atoms for hydrogen atoms in the parent hydrocarbon analog by electrochemical fluorination, fluorination by high-valency metal fluorides, or direct fluorination. Another strategy is combining smaller, reactive fluorinated building blocks by telomerization.</p><p>Natural egg yolk and synthetic phospholipids have been used to produce the microbubbles in the emulsion preparation. The commercial preparation of AFO150 uses DMPC to form the microspheres. Harbison and Griffin (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.14">14</a>) reported a high-yield (76%) synthesis method of DMPC with the use of dimyristoylphosphatidic acid.</p></div><div id="Perflexane.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_Perflexane_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Imagent%20or%20Imavist%20or%20perflexane%29%20AND%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>In an <i>in vitro</i> study using normal saline solution bags in a water tank, a direct relationship between the US energy and microbubble destruction was found in perflexane-lipid microspheres and two other US contrast agents (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.15">15</a>). Another study found that the US energy-mediated destruction of microbubbles was a function of US intensity, duration, and frequency (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.16">16</a>). In a flow model in which the AFO150 microbubbles flowed through a gelatin matrix, the relative intensity threshold for bubble destruction was 1-5 watts/cm<sup>2</sup> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.2">2</a>). <i>In vitro</i> genetic toxicity studies of AFO150 (bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberration assay, and forward mutation assay with mouse lymphoma cells) were reported to be negative (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.17">17</a>).</p></div><div id="Perflexane.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Perflexane_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Perflexane.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28imagent%20or%20imavist%20or%20perflexane%29%20AND%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The impact of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) on vascular permeability caused by AFO150 and two other agents (perflutren-lipid microspheres and perflutren protein-type A microspheres) was studied with US imaging at 1.7 MHz in rats (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.18">18</a>). All three agents appeared to have equal potential of inducing microvascular leakage when compared on the basis of relatively high microbubble doses (25-200 µl/kg for AFO150) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.18">18</a>). Mattrey et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.19">19</a>) studied possible placental perfusion assessment with perflexane-lipid microspheres (0.1-0.3 ml) at 7 MHz in pregnant rats, and they found marked US image enhancement of the rat placenta that showed the potential of using the agent for maternal placental imaging.</p></div><div id="Perflexane.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Imavist%20or%20imagent%20or%20perflexane%29%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>An imaging study of the effect of US intensity on contrast appearance of perflexane-lipid microspheres (0.015-0.03 ml/kg) and two other US agents was conducted in mongrel dogs (<i>n</i>=3) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.15">15</a>). All three preparations of microbubbles were found to be destroyed or substiantially modified within the ventricle by high US transmit powers at 5 MHz with the attenuation changed from 0 dB to more than -6 dB (up to -9 dB).</p><p>Using radioactive microsphere technology to measure myocardium perfusion in dogs (<i>n</i>=18) with varying coronary stenosis severity, Wei and colleagues (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.20">20</a>) reported that both bolus injection and continuous infusion of AFO150 in MCE (transmitted at 2 MHz) provided quantitative assessment of relative coronary stenosis severity. Another study also reported that MCE (transmitted at 1.67 MHz) with the use of AFO150 accurately detected the dynamic changes in blood flow during reperfusion in mongrel dogs (<i>n</i>=16) with coronary occlusion (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.21">21</a>). Other studies in rabbits and dogs have shown potential applications of AFO150 for enhancing US imaging of the liver, kidneys, CNS, and lymph nodes [<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Imavist%20or%20imagent%20or%20perflexane%29%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>].</p></div><div id="Perflexane.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28imavist%20OR%20imagent%20OR%20perflexane%20OR%20perflubron%29%20AND%20%28primate%20NOT%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="Perflexane.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Perflexane_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28imavist%20or%20imagent%20or%20perflexane%29%20AND%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>In healthy volunteers (<i>n</i>=12), a single i.v. dose (4 mg/kg) of AFO150 showed clearance in a multi-exponential fashion with mean elimination half-lives in blood and expired air of approximately 5.3 ± 6.1 h and 9.0 ± 5.0 h, respectively (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.2">2</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.22">22</a>). Females appeared to eliminate perflexane through expired air more slowly than males.</p><p>In the Phase I trial of a single-blind, dose-ranging (0.125-4.0 mg/kg) study of 44 normal volunteers, minor adverse events (headache, nausea, and dizziness) were reported for 3 subjects (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.23">23</a>). US imaging revealed marked gray-scale contrast enhancement of the left ventricle and opacification of the myocardium at all doses in all subjects.</p><p>Two clinical studies of a total of 409 patients who received a single i.v. bolus of 0.125 mg/kg of AFO150 were performed with two-dimensional MCE and evaluated by three blinded, independent readers (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.2">2</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.22">22</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Perflexane.REF.24">24</a>). The results showed statistically significant (P<0.0001) improvement in total endocardial border delineation scores (changes ranged from a mean of 4.9 to 10.5) when MCE with the use of AFO150 was compared with non-contrast baseline imaging.</p></div><div id="Perflexane.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_Perflexane_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/">Disclaimers</a>]</p><p>
|
||
<a href="/books/NBK25382/bin/FDAImagent.pdf">FDAImagent</a>
|
||
</p><p>I<a href="/books/NBK25382/bin/Imagentpackageinsert.pdf">magentpackageinsert</a></p></div><div id="Perflexane.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_Perflexane_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>US Public Health Service EB00338, NHLBI R01-HL48890, F32-HL095410.</p></div><div id="Perflexane.references"><h2 id="_Perflexane_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.1"><em>Perflexane (AF0150</em>AFO 150, Imagent, Imavist). <span><span class="ref-journal">Drugs R D. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>3</strong>
|
||
</span>(5):306–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455151" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12455151</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.2">AFO 150. Imagent, Imavist. <span><span class="ref-journal">Drugs R D. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>3</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):116–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12001813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12001813</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.3">Schutt E.G. , Klein D.H. , Mattrey R.M. , Riess J.G. Injectable microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging: the key role of perfluorochemicals. <span><span class="ref-journal">Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>42</strong>
|
||
</span>(28):3218–35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12876730" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12876730</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.4">Morawski A.M. , Lanza G.A. , Wickline S.A. Targeted contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Opin Biotechnol. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>16</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):89–92.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15722020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15722020</span></a>]</div></dd><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.5">5. Swanson, D.P., Enhancement agents for ultrasound: Fundamentals, in Pharmaceuticals in Medical Imaging, D.P. Swanson, H.M. Chilton and J.H. Thrall, Editor. 1990, MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York. p. 682-687.</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.6">6. Gobuty, A.H., Perspectives in ultrasound contrast agents, in Contrast media: Biologic effects and clinical application, Z. Parvez, R. Moncada and M. Sovak, Editor. 1987, CRC: Boca Raton, Florida. p. 145-155.</div></li><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.7">Averkiou M. , Powers J. , Skyba D. , Bruce M. , Jensen S. Ultrasound contrast imaging research. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ultrasound Q. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>19</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):27–37.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12970614" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12970614</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.8">Miller A.P. , Nanda N.C. Contrast echocardiography: new agents. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ultrasound Med Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>30</strong>
|
||
</span>(4):425–34.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15121243" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15121243</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.9">Riess J.G. Oxygen carriers ("blood substitutes")--raison d'etre, chemistry, and some physiology. <span><span class="ref-journal">Chem Rev. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>101</strong>
|
||
</span>(9):2797–920.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11749396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11749396</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.10">Riess J.G. Blood substitutes and other potential biomedical applications of fluorinated colloids. <span><span class="ref-journal">Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>114</strong>
|
||
</span>:119–126.</span></div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.11">Mattrey R.F. , Trambert M.A. , Brown J.J. , Bruneton J.N. , Young S.W. , Schooley G.L. Results of the phase III trials with Imagent GI as an oral magnetic resonance contrast agent. <strong>Suppl 1</strong><span><span class="ref-journal">Invest Radiol. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>26</strong>
|
||
</span>:S65–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1808151" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1808151</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.12">Blomley M. , Claudon M. , Cosgrove D. WFUMB Safety Symposium on Ultrasound Contrast Agents: clinical applications and safety concerns. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ultrasound Med Biol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>33</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):180–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17254696" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17254696</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.13">Riess J.G. Fluorous micro- and nanophases with a biochemical perspective. <span><span class="ref-journal">Tetrahedron. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>58</strong>
|
||
</span>:4113–4131.</span></div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.14">Harbison G.S. , Griffin R.G. Improved method for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholines. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Lipid Res. </span>1984;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>25</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):1140–2.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6512420" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6512420</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.15">Villarraga H.R. , Foley D.A. , Aeschbacher B.C. , Klarich K.W. , Mulvagh S.L. Destruction of contrast microbubbles during ultrasound imaging at conventional power output. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Soc Echocardiogr. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>10</strong>
|
||
</span>(8):783–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356941" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9356941</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.16">Walker K.W. , Pantely G.A. , Sahn D.J. Ultrasound-mediated destruction of contrast agents. Effect of ultrasound intensity, exposure, and frequency. <span><span class="ref-journal">Invest Radiol. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>32</strong>
|
||
</span>(12):728–34.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9406012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9406012</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.17">Alliance Pharmaceuticals I. <span><span class="ref-journal">Imagent Package Insert. Kit for he preparation of perflexane lipid microspheres injectable suspension for intravenous administration.. p. 4-18. </span>2002</span></div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.18">Li P. , Armstrong W.F. , Miller D.L. Impact of myocardial contrast echocardiography on vascular permeability: comparison of three different contrast agents. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ultrasound Med Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>30</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):83–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14962612" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14962612</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.19">Mattrey R.F. , Baker K.G. , Hall L.A. , Steinbach G.C. , Peterson T. Placental enhancement with AF0145, a perfluorocarbon-stabilized microbubble sonographic contrast agent. <strong>Suppl 2</strong><span><span class="ref-journal">Acad Radiol. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>3</strong>
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</span>:S320–1.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8796592" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8796592</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.20">Wei K. , Jayaweera A.R. , Firoozan S. , Linka A. , Skyba D.M. , Kaul S. Basis for detection of stenosis using venous administration of microbubbles during myocardial contrast echocardiography: bolus or continuous infusion? <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Coll Cardiol. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
|
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<strong>32</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):252–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9669278" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9669278</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.21">Galiuto L. , DeMaria A.N. , May-Newman K. , Del Balzo U. , Ohmori K. , Bhargava V. , Flaim S.F. , Iliceto S. Evaluation of dynamic changes in microvascular flow during ischemia-reperfusion by myocardial contrast echocardiography. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Coll Cardiol. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>32</strong>
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</span>(4):1096–101.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9768738" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9768738</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.22"><em>Imagent Package Insert</em><span><span class="ref-journal">. Kit for he preparation of perflexane lipid microspheres injectable suspension for intravenous administration. Alliance Pharmaceuticals, Inc., : p. 4-18. </span>2002</span></div></dd><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.23">Pelura T.J. Clinical experience with AF0150 (Imagent US), a new ultrasound contrast agent. <strong>Suppl 1</strong><span><span class="ref-journal">Acad Radiol. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>5</strong>
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||
</span>:S69–71.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9561048" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9561048</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Perflexane.REF.24">Nanda N.C. , Kitzman D.W. , Dittrich H.C. , Hall G. Imagent improves endocardial border delineation, inter-reader agreement, and the accuracy of segmental wall motion assessment. <span><span class="ref-journal">Echocardiography. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>20</strong>
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</span>(2):151–61.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12848680" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12848680</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK25382</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641960" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641960</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/MBPDPcRGD/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/perflutren-ms/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK25382/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK25382/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK25382" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK25382" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Cheng KT. Perflexane-Lipid Microspheres. 2005 Nov 1 [Updated 2008 May 13]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK25382/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK25382.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (147K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#Perflexane.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.Supplemental_Informa" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Supplemental Information</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#Perflexane.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
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