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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2010/09/01" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Liang Shan" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20827822" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45631/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Liang Shan" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2010/09/01" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45631/" /><meta name="description" content="Perfluoropropane (PFC)-filled, sorbitan monostearate (also known as Span 60 (S60))- and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate (PEG40S)-shelled nanobubbles (NB), abbreviated as PFC-S60-PEG40S-NB, is a non-targeted ultrasound contrast agent developed by Xing et al. for tumor imaging on the basis of enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumor vasculature (1)." /><meta name="og:title" content="Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Perfluoropropane (PFC)-filled, sorbitan monostearate (also known as Span 60 (S60))- and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate (PEG40S)-shelled nanobubbles (NB), abbreviated as PFC-S60-PEG40S-NB, is a non-targeted ultrasound contrast agent developed by Xing et al. for tumor imaging on the basis of enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumor vasculature (1)." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45631/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/PFC-SP-NB/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45631/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK45631_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK45631_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/sosnanobubbles/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/xrayct/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK45631_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">PFC-S60-PEG40S-NB</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Liang Shan</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK45631_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK45631_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Liang Shan</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">August 2, 2010</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">September 1, 2010</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="PFC-SP-NB.T.nc_chemical_nameperfluoropro" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK45631/table/PFC-SP-NB.T.nc_chemical_nameperfluoropro/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__PFC-SP-NB.T.nc_chemical_nameperfluoropro_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PFC-S60-PEG40S-NB</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nanobubbles</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lipids</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-targeted</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-targeted</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal / contrast:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nanobubbles</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is available.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Background"><h2 id="_PFC-SP-NB_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/pubmed/?term=ultrasound+and+nanobubbles+and+imaging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Perfluoropropane (PFC)-filled, sorbitan monostearate (also known as Span 60 (S60))- and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate (PEG40S)-shelled nanobubbles (NB), abbreviated as PFC-S60-PEG40S-NB, is a non-targeted ultrasound contrast agent developed by Xing et al. for tumor imaging on the basis of enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumor vasculature (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>).</p><p>Microbubble agents are the most common type of ultrasound contrast agents and also the only type of these agents to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="PFC-SP-NB.REF.3 PFC-SP-NB.REF.4">2-4</a>). These microbubbles are filled with air or with a water-insoluble gas such as octafluoropropane (C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub>), decafluorobutane, or sulfur hexafluoride (5). The microbubble shell, designed to prevent gas diffusion, can be made of lipids, denatured albumin, or polymers (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.5">5</a>). Although microbubbles are highly echogenic, the efficiency of <i>in vivo</i> contrast enhancement is closely related to the microbubble size, surface charge, shell composition, surface architecture, and gas core, particularly in the context of passive targeting (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1" data-bk-pop-others="PFC-SP-NB.REF.5 PFC-SP-NB.REF.6">1, 5, 6</a>). In terms of size, the resonant frequency of a microbubble is directly dependent on its size, and the contrast enhancement is closely associated with the size variance among microbubbles (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.4" data-bk-pop-others="PFC-SP-NB.REF.6">4, 6</a>). Currently, microbubble-enhanced ultrasound imaging is used to image blood perfusion and to measure blood flow rate in the heart, liver, and other organs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="PFC-SP-NB.REF.7 PFC-SP-NB.REF.8">2, 7, 8</a>). The mean size of most microbubble contrast agents is less than or approximately equal to the size of red blood cells, although the shell thickness varies from 10 nm to 200 nm. Microbubbles with a diameter <10 µm exhibit effective flow similar to that of red blood cells in the vascular system.</p><p>Tumor vasculature is characterized by the presence of open pores (380–780 nm) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.9" data-bk-pop-others="PFC-SP-NB.REF.10">9, 10</a>). In contrast to blood-pool microbubbles, nanobubbles can pass more efficiently through the pores and accumulate within tumors. Therefore, a better imaging contrast may be achieved. Xing et al. developed a biocompatible PFC-filled nanobubble contrast agent by ultrasonication of a mixture of S60 and PEG40S, followed by isolation of the nanobubble subpopulation from the parent suspensions (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>). S60 formed a condensed monolayer to prevent PFC escape from the core, while PEG40S was incorporated into the nanobubble shell to serve as a steric stabilizer. PEG40S is known to be a biocompatible, degradable, and nontoxic surfactant that is widely used in food products and pharmaceuticals. This chapter describes the data obtained by Xing et al. with PFC-S60-PEG40S-NB (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>).</p><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm110260.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">FDA alert on microbubble contrast agents</a>
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<a href="/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=Search&term=Ultrasound+AND+micad%5bbook%5d+AND+table%5btype%5d&doptcmdl=TOCView&log%24=booksrch&bname=micad" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">MICAD chapters on microbubble contrast agents</a>
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=microbubble" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical trials of microbubble contrast agents in ClinicalTrials.gov</a>
|
||
</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Synthesis"><h2 id="_PFC-SP-NB_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/pubmed/20220227" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Xing et al. first prepared the PFC-filled microbubble suspension with a surfactant shell and a PFC core (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>). PFC at 99.99% purity is commercially available. The shell was made of S60 and PEG40S by dissolving them together in phosphate-buffered saline. The PFC core was generated with high-power tip sonication of the vesicle/micelle aqueous solution. Centrifugation at 20<i>g</i> (relative centrifuged field) for 1, 2, 3, or 5 min was then applied to remove the microbubbles and isolate the nanobubble subpopulation. The yield of nanobubbles was not reported.</p></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce"><h2 id="_PFC-SP-NB_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/pubmed/20220227" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Xing et al. characterized the parental microbubbles and the nanobubbles <i>in vitro</i> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>). Preparation of the microbubbles by sonication of the mixed surfactants resulted in a polydispersed suspension. The mean diameter of microbubbles was 1.1–2.0 µm with a bimodal distribution centered at 400–600 nm and 3–5 µm, respectively. Optical analysis confirmed the polydispersity and the bimodal distribution of the parental microbubbles.</p><p>Centrifugation at 20<i>g</i> for 1 min slightly decreased the mean size of microbubbles to 1.1 µm with a bimodal distribution similar to the parental suspension. Centrifugation for 2 min further reduced the mean size to 820 nm but gave a broad distribution peaked at 400–600 nm. Increasing the time to 3 min markedly decreased the mean size (to 490 nm) and distribution (<1 µm for most bubbles) of the bubbles, and very little precipitate was observed in the samples. However, increasing the time to 5 min did not lower the mean size further, instead resulting in the destruction of the bubbles as well as a decrease in the bubble concentration. The 3-min nanobubbles remained stable at 4ºC under a C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub> atmosphere for ~2 weeks without significant variations in the bubble size or morphology. Zeta potentials of the nanobubbles obtained from 3-min and 5-min samples were −35.4 mV and −33.9 mV, respectively. The nanobubbles obtained from 3 min centrifugation were used for <i>in vivo</i> imaging.</p></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_PFC-SP-NB_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/pubmed/20220227" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Xing et al. evaluated the nanobubbles in New Zealand white rabbits (<i>n</i> = 4) by imaging the kidneys in power Doppler mode (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>). Upon intravenous injection of the nanobubbles, marked and complete power Doppler enhancement occurred immediately throughout the renal parenchyma. The enhancement lasted >15 min, indicating that the nanobubbles are stable enough for clinical ultrasonic imaging. No adverse effects were observed during the experiments (<a class="bk_pop" href="#PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">1</a>).</p></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22%20SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20%28primate%20NOT%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_PFC-SP-NB_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="PFC-SP-NB.References"><h2 id="_PFC-SP-NB_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.1">Xing Z., Wang J., Ke H., Zhao B., Yue X., Dai Z., Liu J.
|
||
<em>The fabrication of novel nanobubble ultrasound contrast agent for potential tumor imaging.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Nanotechnology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>(14):145607.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20220227" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20220227</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.2">Qin S., Caskey C.F., Ferrara K.W.
|
||
<em>Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: physical principles and engineering.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Phys Med Biol. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">54</span>(6):R27–57.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2818980/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2818980</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19229096" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19229096</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.3">Wilson S.R., Greenbaum L.D., Goldberg B.B.
|
||
<em>Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: what is the evidence and what are the obstacles?</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">AJR Am J Roentgenol. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">193</span>(1):55–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542395" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19542395</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.4">Furlow B.
|
||
<em>Contrast-enhanced ultrasound.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Radiol Technol. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">80</span>(6):547S–61S.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19584362" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19584362</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.5">Sirsi S., Borden M.
|
||
<em>Microbubble Compositions, Properties and Biomedical Applications.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Bubble Sci Eng Technol. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">1</span>(1-2):3–17.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2889676/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2889676</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20574549" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20574549</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.6">Stride E.
|
||
<em>Physical principles of microbubbles for ultrasound imaging and therapy.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Cerebrovasc Dis. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">27</span> Suppl 2:1–13.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372656" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19372656</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.7">Chadderdon S.M., Kaul S.
|
||
<em>Molecular imaging with contrast enhanced ultrasound.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Cardiol. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>(4):667–77.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20467852" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20467852</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.8">Fleischer A.C., Niermann K.J., Donnelly E.F., Yankeelov T.E., Canniff K.M., Hallahan D.E., Rothenberg M.E.
|
||
<em>Sonographic depiction of microvessel perfusion: principles and potential.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Ultrasound Med. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">23</span>(11):1499–506.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15498915" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15498915</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.9">Fang, J., H. Nakamura, and H. Maeda, <em>The EPR effect: Unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect.</em> Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2010. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20441782" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20441782</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="PFC-SP-NB.REF.10">Greish K.
|
||
<em>Enhanced permeability and retention of macromolecular drugs in solid tumors: a royal gate for targeted anticancer nanomedicines.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Drug Target. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>(7-8):457–64.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17671892" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17671892</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK45631</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20827822" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20827822</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/sosnanobubbles/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/xrayct/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK45631/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK45631/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK45631" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK45631" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Shan L. Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles. 2010 Aug 2 [Updated 2010 Sep 1]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK45631/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK45631.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (132K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#PFC-SP-NB.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#PFC-SP-NB.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#PFC-SP-NB.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#PFC-SP-NB.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#PFC-SP-NB.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#PFC-SP-NB.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option 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receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=2318802" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=2318802" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20226284" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Novel ultrasound contrast agent based on microbubbles generated from surfactant mixtures of Span 60 and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate.</a><span class="source">[Acta Biomater. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Novel ultrasound contrast agent based on microbubbles generated from surfactant mixtures of Span 60 and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Xing Z, Ke H, Wang J, Zhao B, Yue X, Dai Z, Liu J. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Acta Biomater. 2010 Sep; 6(9):3542-9. Epub 2010 Mar 10.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641961" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Stabilized sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Stabilized sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cheng KT. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641956" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Perflutren lipid microspheres.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Perflutren lipid microspheres.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cheng KT. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20220227" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">The fabrication of novel nanobubble ultrasound contrast agent for potential tumor imaging.</a><span class="source">[Nanotechnology. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">The fabrication of novel nanobubble ultrasound contrast agent for potential tumor imaging.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Xing Z, Wang J, Ke H, Zhao B, Yue X, Dai Z, Liu J. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Nanotechnology. 2010 Apr 9; 21(14):145607. Epub 2010 Mar 11.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641946" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Air-filled, cross-linked, human serum albumin microcapsules.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Air-filled, cross-linked, human serum albumin microcapsules.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cheng KT. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=20827822" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=20827822" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d64aef67c23b31e041bc95">Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Perfluoropropane-filled, sorbitan monostearate– and polyoxyethylene 40 stearate–shelled nanobubbles - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d64aee84f3725e59baf8a9">Nanobubbles - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Nanobubbles - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d64aeccde49f3df76ab95a">Stabilized sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Age...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Stabilized sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d64aebcde49f3df76ab75a">Sonicated human serum microspheres - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Databa...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Sonicated human serum microspheres - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d64ae92f30673f7b857ab2">Perflutren lipid microspheres - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (M...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Perflutren lipid microspheres - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
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