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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>D-Cys-D-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-D-Cys-Ebes-Ebes-Lys-Cy5.5 - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="D-Cys-D-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-D-Cys-Ebes-Ebes-Lys-Cy5.5">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2007/10/18">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641833">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="description" content="Optical fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to obtain biological functions of specific targets (1, 2). However, the intrinsic fluorescence of biomolecules poses a problem when fluorophores that absorb visible light (350–700 nm) are used. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence (700–1,000 nm) detection avoids the background fluorescence interference of natural biomolecules, providing a high contrast between target and background tissues. NIR fluorophores have a wider dynamic range and minimal background interference as a result of reduced scattering compared with visible fluorescence detection. They also have high sensitivity as a result of low infrared background interference, and high extinction coefficients, which provide high quantum yields. The NIR region is also compatible with solid-state optical components, such as diode lasers and silicon detectors. NIR fluorescence imaging is becoming a non-invasive alternative to radionuclide imaging.">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Optical fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to obtain biological functions of specific targets (1, 2). However, the intrinsic fluorescence of biomolecules poses a problem when fluorophores that absorb visible light (350–700 nm) are used. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence (700–1,000 nm) detection avoids the background fluorescence interference of natural biomolecules, providing a high contrast between target and background tissues. NIR fluorophores have a wider dynamic range and minimal background interference as a result of reduced scattering compared with visible fluorescence detection. They also have high sensitivity as a result of low infrared background interference, and high extinction coefficients, which provide high quantum yields. The NIR region is also compatible with solid-state optical components, such as diode lasers and silicon detectors. NIR fluorescence imaging is becoming a non-invasive alternative to radionuclide imaging.">
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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23638_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-Ebes-Ebes-Lys-Cy5.5 </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">OA02-Cy5.5</div><p class="contribs">Leung K.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23638_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figOA02Cy55T1"><a href="/books/NBK23638/table/OA02-Cy55.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobOA02Cy55T1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="OA02-Cy55.T1"><a href="/books/NBK23638/table/OA02-Cy55.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobOA02Cy55T1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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Rodents
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</p></div></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.Background"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Optical fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to obtain biological functions of specific targets (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.1" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.1">1</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.2" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.2">2</a>). However, the intrinsic fluorescence of biomolecules poses a problem when fluorophores that absorb visible light (350–700 nm) are used. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence (700–1,000 nm) detection avoids the background fluorescence interference of natural biomolecules, providing a high contrast between target and background tissues. NIR fluorophores have a wider dynamic range and minimal background interference as a result of reduced scattering compared with visible fluorescence detection. They also have high sensitivity as a result of low infrared background interference, and high extinction coefficients, which provide high quantum yields. The NIR region is also compatible with solid-state optical components, such as diode lasers and silicon detectors. NIR fluorescence imaging is becoming a non-invasive alternative to radionuclide imaging.</p><p>Integrins are a family of cell-surface heterodimeric glycoproteins that mediate diverse biological events involving cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.3" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.3">3</a>). They consist of an α and a β subunit. They are important for cell adhesion and signal transduction. The α<sub>3</sub>β<sub>1</sub> integrin plays an important role in normal lung, kidney, cerebral cortical, and epithelial development (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.4" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.4">4</a>). On the other hand, it affects tumor growth, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis as the α<sub>3</sub>β<sub>1</sub> integrin is strongly expressed on tumor cells (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.5" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.5">5</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.6" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.6">6</a>). <span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys (OA02) was identified to bind to the α<sub>3</sub> integrin on human ovarian cancer cells using one-bead-one-compound combinatorial libraries (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.7" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.7">7</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.8" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.8">8</a>). OA02 was conjugated with Cy5.5 to study <i>in vivo</i> biodistribution of the tracer in tumor-bearing mice (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9">9</a>). Cy5.5 is a NIR fluorescent dye with an absorbance maximum at 675 nm and emission maximum at 694 nm with a high extinction coefficient of 250,000 (mol/L)<sup>-1</sup>cm<sup>-1</sup>. OA02-Cy5.5 was found to have a high specific accumulation in α<sub>3</sub>β<sub>1</sub>-positve ES-2 human ovarian tumor cells in nude mice.</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.Synthesis"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02+and+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Cy5.5 monofunctional <i>N</i>-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester was used to conjugate <span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-Ebes-Ebes-Lys using solid-phase synthesis to form OA02-Cy5.5 (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9">9</a>). The NHS ester of Cy5.5 reacted with the ε-amino group of the lysine. The peak containing the OA02-Cy5.5 conjugate was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The measured mass was <i>m/z</i> 2,457.2, which was ~1 Cy5.5/OA02. The chemical purity was >90%.</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02+and+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Receptor-mediated endocytosis of OA02-biotin in SKOV-3 human ovarian tumor cells (α<sub>3</sub>-positive) was observed by fluorescent microscopy (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9">9</a>). The staining was confined to the cell membrane and cytoplasm. On the other hand, Raji B-cell lymphomas (α<sub>3</sub>-negative) did not show any staining.</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="OA02-Cy55.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02+and+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Biodistribution studies of OA02-Cy5.5 were evaluated in nude mice bearing an ES-2 subcutaneous xenograft in the left flank and a Raji subcutaneous xenograft in the right flank. Images were obtained after injection of 20 µg (8.14 nmol) OA02-Cy5.5 (<a class="bibr" href="#OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9" rid="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9">9</a>). The background fluorescent intensity was 225 ± 15 arbitrary units (AU) for both tumors. The ES-2 tumor uptake of OA02-Cy5.5 was 6,032 ± 4,640 AU at 15 min and 5,526 ± 3,696 AU at 70 min, whereas the Raji tumor uptake was 2,685 ± 1,103 AU at 15 min and 2,786 ± 1,583 AU at 70 min. There was a gradual clearance of the signal from the system <i>via</i> the kidneys. The fluorescent intensity decreased to ~2,000 AU at 1,440 min for both tumors. The tracer uptake in both tumors could be reduced to background level (~700 AU) at 70 min by pre-administration of anti-α<sub>3</sub> monoclonal antibody 30 min before OA02-Cy5.5 injection. <i>Ex vivo</i> imaging showed that most of the fluorescent signal intensity was from the ES-2 tumor, urinary bladder, and kidneys.</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02+and+(dog+or+pig+or+sheep+or+rabbit)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02+and+(primate+not+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=OA02+and+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>R33 CA89706, 5-T32-RR07038</p></div><div id="OA02-Cy55.references"><h2 id="_OA02-Cy55_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.1">Achilefu S.
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Lighting up tumors with receptor-specific optical molecular probes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Technol Cancer Res Treat. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>3</strong>
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</span>(4):393–409.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270591" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15270591</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.2">Ntziachristos V. , Schellenberger E.A. , Ripoll J. , Yessayan D. , Graves E. , Bogdanov A. , Josephson L. , Weissleder R.
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Visualization of antitumor treatment by means of fluorescence molecular tomography with an annexin V-Cy5.5 conjugate. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>101</strong>
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</span>(33):12294–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC514472/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC514472</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15304657" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15304657</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.3">Hynes R.O. , Lively J.C. , McCarty J.H. , Taverna D. , Francis S.E. , Hodivala-Dilke K. , Xiao Q.
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The diverse roles of integrins and their ligands in angiogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>67</strong>
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</span>:143–53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12858535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12858535</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.4">Hynes R.O.
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Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cell. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>110</strong>
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</span>(6):673–87.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12297042" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12297042</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.5">Albelda S.M. , Mette S.A. , Elder D.E. , Stewart R. , Damjanovich L. , Herlyn M. , Buck C.A.
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Integrin distribution in malignant melanoma: association of the beta 3 subunit with tumor progression. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Res. </span>1990;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>50</strong>
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</span>(20):6757–64.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2208139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2208139</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.6">Hynes R.O.
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A reevaluation of integrins as regulators of angiogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Med. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>8</strong>
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</span>(9):918–21.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12205444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12205444</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.7">Aina O.H. , Liu R. , Sutcliffe J.L. , Marik J. , Pan C.X. , Lam K.S. <span><span class="ref-journal">and From Combinatorial Chemistry to Cancer-Targeting Peptides. Mol Pharm. </span>2007</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880166" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17880166</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.8">Aina O.H. , Marik J. , Liu R. , Lau D.H. , Lam K.S.
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Identification of novel targeting peptides for human ovarian cancer cells using "one-bead one-compound" combinatorial libraries. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Cancer Ther. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>4</strong>
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</span>(5):806–13.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15897245" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15897245</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="OA02-Cy55.EXTYLES.9">Aina O.H. , Marik J. , Gandour-Edwards R. , Lam K.S.
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Near-infrared optical imaging of ovarian cancer xenografts with novel alpha 3-integrin binding peptide "OA02". <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>4</strong>
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</span>(4):439–47.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16285906" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16285906</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23638_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">September 6, 2007</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">October 18, 2007</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Leung K. D-Cys-D-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-D-Cys-Ebes-Ebes-Lys-Cy5.5. 2007 Sep 6 [Updated 2007 Oct 18]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/AP-HGC-NP-Cy55/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/OA02-PEG-CA8-Cy55/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobOA02Cy55T1"><div id="OA02-Cy55.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23638/table/OA02-Cy55.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__OA02-Cy55.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Asp-Gly-HCit-Gly-Pro-Gln-<span class="small-caps">D</span>-Cys-Ebes-Ebes-Lys-Cy5.5</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OA02-Cy5.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Integrin α<sub>3</sub>β<sub>1</sub></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor binding</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optical, Near-Infrared</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cy5.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=protein&id=152013007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">protein</a>, <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nuccore&id=152013006" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nucleotide</a> (RefSeq), and <a href="/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=3675" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gene</a> for more information about integrin α<sub>3</sub>β<sub>1</sub>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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