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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Gd-DOTA-G-NH(CH2)11CO-RSPAYYTAA-(CH2CH2O)8-R" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009/01/14" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Huiming Zhang" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641204" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22996/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Gd-DOTA-G-NH(CH2)11CO-RSPAYYTAA-(CH2CH2O)8-R" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Huiming Zhang" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009/01/14" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22996/" /><meta name="description" content="Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases localized at the cell surface or in extracellular compartments (1). 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK22996_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK22996_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/P975/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/GdLPG/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK22996_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Gd-DOTA-G-NH(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>CO-RSPAYYTAA-(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>8</sub>-R </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">GdPCA2</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Huiming Zhang</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK22996_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK22996_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Huiming Zhang</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">December 22, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 14, 2009</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="GdPCA2.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK22996/table/GdPCA2.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__GdPCA2.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gd-DOTA-G-NH(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>CO-RSPAYYTAA-(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>8</sub>-R</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GdPCA2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA2-switch</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peptide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Matrix metalloprotein-2 (MMP-2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Enzyme</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal/contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gadolinium</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is current available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="GdPCA2.Background"><h2 id="_GdPCA2_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=PCA2-switch" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases localized at the cell surface or in extracellular compartments (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.1">1</a>). MMPs degrade all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as wound healing, tissue remodeling, tumor angiogenesis, and embryo development. The active site of MMPs contains a catalytic domain coordinated by zinc to recognize motifs with a consensus sequence of PXX↓X<sub>Hy</sub>, where ↓ represents the cleavage point and X<sub>Hy</sub> represents a large hydrophobic residue (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.2">2</a>). Excess MMP activity has been observed in conjunction with many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.3">3</a>). For example, an overexpression of MMP subtype-2 (MMP-2 or gelatinase A), an enzyme that degrades type IV collagen and gelatin, is present in many human tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.4">4</a>). Thus, MMP has been an important therapeutic target for many years (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.5">5</a>).</p><p>Gadolinium (Gd)-labeled DOTA-G-NH(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>CO-RSPAYYTAA-(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>8</sub>-R (GdPCA2) is a proteinase-modulated contrast agent (PCA) for <i>in vivo</i> imaging of MMP-2 with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.6">6</a>). GdPCA2 consists of four components: a peptide substrate (RSPAY↓YTAA) specific for MMP-2, a Gd-DOTA complex as an MRI probe, an alkyl chain of 12-carbon as a hydrophilic linker between the N-terminus of the peptide and the MRI probe, and an eight-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG<sub>8</sub>) chain linked to the C-terminus of the peptide to enhance the solubility of GdPCA2. The cleavage of GdPCA2 by MMP-2 produces a less soluble Gd<sup>3+</sup>-labeled fragment. Thus, the Gd species acts as a solubility switch specific for the enzyme MMP-2. GdPCA2 may have different pharmacokinetics than its cleaved product, which can be used to evaluate MMP-2 activity <i>via</i> dynamic MRI measurement.</p></div><div id="GdPCA2.Synthesis"><h2 id="_GdPCA2_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(%20PCA2-switch)+AND+synthesis%0D%0A" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Lebel et al. briefly described the preparation of GdPCA2 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.6">6</a>). With standard protocols of solid-phase peptide synthesis, the N-terminus of the PCA2 peptide (RSPAYYTAA) was linked to the Gd-DOTA <i>via</i> a 12-carbon alkyl chain, and the C-terminus of the peptide was linked to an amino PEG<sub>8</sub>-Arg to yield GdPCA2.</p></div><div id="GdPCA2.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_GdPCA2_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(%20PCA2-switch)+AND+%22in+vitro%22" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The cleavage efficacy (<i>k</i><sub><i>cat</i></sub><i>/K</i><sub><i>m</i></sub>) of GdPCA2 was measured <i>in vitro</i> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.6">6</a>). Cleavage of GdPCA2 by MMP-2 produced a free amino group that was detectable with the addition of fluorescamine. The <i>k</i><sub><i>cat</i></sub><i>/K</i><sub><i>m</i></sub> was 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> for GdPCA2, which was slightly lower than the <i>k</i><sub><i>cat</i></sub><i>/K</i><sub><i>m</i></sub> of 3.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> for the PCA2 peptide but 37.5 times higher than the <i>k</i><sub><i>cat</i></sub><i>/K</i><sub><i>m</i></sub> of 3.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> for a scrambled GdPCA2 (GdPCA2-scrambled) that contained a scrambled peptide (SYPATAYA). The cleaved products were further examined with high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry; two fragments were found for GdPCA2 (specific cleavage) and four fragments for GdPCA2-scrambled (non-specific cleavage).</p><p>The T<sub>1</sub> relaxivity of GdPCA2 and its cleaved product (cleaved-GdPCA2) was measured at 7 T (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.6">6</a>). The value for the GdPCA2 was 2.06 ± 0.03 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> in H<sub>2</sub>O and 2.03 ± 0.03 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> in aqueous bovine albumin (BSA) (14 mg/ml), respectively. The values for the cleaved-GdPCA2 were slightly higher: 2.18 ± 0.03 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> in H<sub>2</sub>O and 2.19 ± 0.02 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> in aqueous BSA. In comparison, the T<sub>1</sub> relaxivity of GdDTPA was 3.58 ± 0.10 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>.</p></div><div id="GdPCA2.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_GdPCA2_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="GdPCA2.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(%20PCA2-switch)%20+AND++rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Lebel et al. used GdPCA2 with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine the MMP-2 activity as a function of time (the pharmacokinetics) <i>in vivo</i> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GdPCA2.REF.6">6</a>). Balb/c mice were implanted with two types of mammary carcinomas ~310 mm<sup>3</sup> in volume: a wild-type MC7-L1 (WT) tumor that had overexpressed MMP-2 at the left hind limb and a knockdown MC7-L1 (KD) tumor that had suppressed MMP-2 (~51% lower) at the right hind limb. The tumor-bearing mice (<i>n</i> = 8) were injected with 2 μmol GdPCA2 <i>via</i> the caudal vein, and sequential T<sub>1</sub>-weighted images were collected at 7 T at a temporal resolution of 51 s. The signal in each voxel was converted into the relaxation rate difference (ΔR<sub>1</sub>) between the relaxation rate R<sub>1</sub> and the precontrast relaxation rate R<sub>1,0</sub>. A rapid increase in ΔR<sub>1</sub> was observed in the WT and KD tumors after the injection of GdPCA2, but the subsequent pharmacokinetics were different in the two types of tumors. In the WT tumor, ΔR<sub>1</sub> remained constant 5–20 min after injection, then exhibited a second increase with a maximum at ~40 min. In the KD tumor, ΔR<sub>1</sub> continued to decrease 5 min after injection. As a control, the tumor-bearing mice (<i>n</i> = 2) were injected with 2 μmol GdPCA2-scrambled and imaged with the same MRI protocols. A pharmacokinetics similar to that of the KD tumor after injection of GdPCA2 was observed in both the WT tumor and the KD tumor after injection of GdPCA2-scrambled. This result suggests that the GdPCA2 in WT tumors is different from the GdPCA2-scrambled in both tumors. In the WT tumor, the first increase in ΔR<sub>1</sub> after injection of GdPCA2 was caused by the perfusion of GdPCA2 from the blood to the ECM, as seen in all tumors and/or injection with GdPCA2-scrambled; the second increase was attributed to the activation of enzyme MMP-2, which was only present in tumors overexpressing MMP-2 (WT type).</p></div><div id="GdPCA2.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22%20SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="GdPCA2.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(%20PCA2-switch)%20+AND+(primate+non+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="GdPCA2.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_GdPCA2_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(%20PCA2-switch)%20+AND+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="GdPCA2.references"><h2 id="_GdPCA2_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GdPCA2.REF.1">Lepage M. , Dow W.C. , Melchior M. , You Y. , Fingleton B. , Quarles C.C. , Pepin C. , Gore J.C. , Matrisian L.M. , McIntyre J.O. Noninvasive detection of matrix metalloproteinase activity in vivo using a novel magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent with a solubility switch. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>6</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):393–403.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18053410" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18053410</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GdPCA2.REF.2">Chen E.I. , Kridel S.J. , Howard E.W. , Li W. , Godzik A. , Smith J.W. A unique substrate recognition profile for matrix metalloproteinase-2. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biol Chem. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>277</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):4485–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11694539" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11694539</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GdPCA2.REF.3">Yan C. , Boyd D.D. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Cell Physiol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>211</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):19–26.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17167774" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17167774</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GdPCA2.REF.4">Klein G. , Vellenga E. , Fraaije M.W. , Kamps W.A. , de Bont E.S. The possible role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in cancer, e.g. acute leukemia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>50</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):87–100.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15157658" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15157658</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GdPCA2.REF.5">Overall C.M. , Kleifeld O. Tumour microenvironment - opinion: validating matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets and anti-targets for cancer therapy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Cancer. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>6</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):227–39.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16498445" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16498445</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GdPCA2.REF.6">Lebel R. , Jastrzebska B. , Therriault H. , Cournoyer M.M. , McIntyre J.O. , Escher E. , Neugebauer W. , Paquette B. , Lepage M. Novel solubility-switchable MRI agent allows the noninvasive detection of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in vivo in a mouse model. <span><span class="ref-journal">Magn Reson Med. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>60</strong>
|
||
</span>(5):1056–65.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18956456" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18956456</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK22996</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641204" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641204</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/P975/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/GdLPG/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK22996/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK22996/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK22996" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK22996" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Zhang H. Gd-DOTA-G-NH(CH2)11CO-RSPAYYTAA-(CH2CH2O)8-R. 2008 Dec 22 [Updated 2009 Jan 14]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK22996/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK22996.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (371K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#GdPCA2.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#GdPCA2.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#GdPCA2.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#GdPCA2.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#GdPCA2.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#GdPCA2.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option 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receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=1510586" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641769" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N',N'',N''',N''''-tetraacetic acid-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Lys-Arg-Asp-Arg.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N',N'',N''',N''''-tetraacetic acid-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Lys-Arg-Asp-Arg.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/19228016" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">New enzyme-activated solubility-switchable contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging: from synthesis to in vivo imaging.</a><span class="source">[J Med Chem. 2009]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">New enzyme-activated solubility-switchable contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging: from synthesis to in vivo imaging.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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