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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23583_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23583_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/P1133/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Gadobutrol/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23583_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Gadobenate </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Gd-BOPTA</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kenneth T. Cheng</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23583_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23583_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kenneth T. Cheng</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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||
National Center for Biotechnology, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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||
<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
|
||
</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">November 28, 2005</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">December 3, 2007</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="Gadobenate.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23583/table/Gadobenate.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Gadobenate.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gadobenate</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK23583/bin/Gadobenate.jpg" alt="Image Gadobenate.jpg" /></div>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gd-BOPTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MultiHance®, B-19036, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg, gadobenate dimeglumine, (4<i>RS</i>)-[4-carboxy-5,8,11-tris(carboxymethyl)-1-phenyl-2-oxa-5,8,11-triazatridecan-13-oato(5-)]gadolinate (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.2">2</a>-) dihydrogen with 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-<span class="small-caps">d</span>-glucitol (1:2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-targeted, CNS</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood-brain barrier breakdown</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal/</b>
|
||
<br />
|
||
<b>contrast:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gadolinium (Gd)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Other non-primate mammals
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-human primates
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Structure of Gadobenate.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="Gadobenate.Background"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22Gadobenate%20or%20Gd-BOPTA%20or%20MultiHance%22" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Gadobenate (Gd-BOPTA) is a paramagnetic contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 2004 for imaging the central nervous system to visualize lesions with abnormal blood-brain barrier (BBB) or abnormal vascularity of the brain, spine, and associated tissues (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.1">1-3</a>).</p><p>Conventional, water-soluble, paramagnetic contrast agents are generally metal chelates with unpaired electrons, and they work by shortening both T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times of surrounding water protons to produce the contrast-enhancing effect (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.2">2</a>). At normal clinical doses, the T<sub>1</sub> effect tends to dominate. Current agents are water-soluble compounds that distribute in the extracellular fluid and do not cross the intact BBB. They can be used to enhance signals of CNS tissues that lack a BBB (e.g., pituitary gland), extraaxial tumors (e.g., meningiomas), and areas of BBB breakdown (e.g., tumor margins). In these cases, small or multiple CNS lesions are more clearly delineated with contrast enhancement. In addition, contrast enhancement can highlight vasculature, delineate the extent of disease, and confirm the impression of normal or nonmalignant tissues. These contrast agents can also be used in a similar nonspecific manner to enhance contrast between perfused and nonperfused areas in other organs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.2">2</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.4">4</a>).</p><p>Gadolinium ion (Gd<sup>3+</sup>), a lanthanide metal ion with seven unpaired electrons, has been shown to be very effective at enhancing proton relaxation because of its high magnetic moment and very labile water coordination (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.2">2</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.5">5-7</a>). Gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) was the first intravenous MRI contrast agent used clinically, and a number of similar gadolinium chelates have been developed in an effort to further improve clinical efficacy, patient safety and patient tolerance. The major chemical differences among these Gd chelates or Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are the presence or absence of overall charge, ionic or nonionic, and their ligand frameworks (linear or macrocyclic). Gd-BOPTA has a linear framework and is ionic. The BOPTA ligand was originally developed as a potential hepatobiliary agent for MRI (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.8">8</a>). It is a modification of the DTPA molecule based on the belief that the addition of a benzoylmethyl group to the backbone of DTPA would increase the liver uptake of Gd-BOPTA. The hepatobiliary excretion of Gd-BOPTA appears to be species dependent, and only 2-5% of the dose is excreted via the biliary system in humans. Because of weak/transient interactions between Gd-BOPTA and macromolecules that reduce the tumbling rate of the Gd-BOPTA molecules, Gd-BOPTA demonstrates increased r<sub>1</sub> and r<sub>2</sub> relaxivities (efficiencies in shorteningT<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times) in solutions containing serum proteins (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.9">9-11</a>).</p><p>The <a href="http://multihanceusa.com/packageinserts.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">commercial formulation</a> of Gd-BOPTA is a meglumine salt (Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg) and is available as a 0.5 <span class="small-caps">M</span> injection with a recommended dose of 0.1 mmol/kg (0.2 ml/kg) either as a rapid intravenous infusion or bolus injection for CNS MRI imaging (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.3">3</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.12">12</a>). It has an osmolality of 1970 osmol/kg and viscosity of 5.3 mPas at 37<sup>o</sup>C.</p><p>Both renal and extra-renal toxicities have been reported following the clinical use of gadolinium in patients with underlying kidney disease (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.13">13-15</a>). In 2007, the <a href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/gcca/default.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">US FDA</a> requested manufacturers of all GBCAs to add new warnings about exposure to GBCAs increases the risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with advanced kidney disease.</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28BOPTA%20or%20Gd-BOPTA%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20B-19036%29%20AND%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Felder et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.16">16</a>) first synthesized the BOPTA ligand in 1987. Uggeri et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.17">17</a>) reported that the synthesis of BOPTA consisted of two major steps. Diethylenetriamine was first selectively monoalkylated on a primary amino group with 2-chloro-3-(phenylmethoxy)propanoic acid in water at 50<sup>o</sup>C for 40 h. The intermediate product was isolated as <i>N</i>-[2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl]-<i>O</i>-(phenylmethyl)-<span class="small-caps">dl</span>-serine tris-(hydrochloride) with the yield of 58%. This intermediate compound was then fully carboxymethylated with bromoacetic acid in water at pH 10 and room temperature for 15 h, and the yield of BOPTA was 21%. Gd-BOPTA dimeglumine salt was prepared by mixing BOPTA with <i>N</i>-methylglucamine and Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at 80<sup>o</sup>C for 1.5 h.</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28BOPTA%20or%20Gd-BOPTA%20or%20B-19036%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20MultiHance%29%20AND%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>In <i>in vitro</i> studies, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg at a concentration of 30 mM caused a slight reduction of the contractile force in a rat papillary muscle preparation, and a mild decrease of both amplitude and contraction rate in isolated guinea pig atria (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.18">18</a>).</p><p>The water proton relaxation of Gd-BOPTA in a protein-free aqueous solution was measured at 20 MHz, 39<sup>o</sup>C and pH 7.4, and its longitudinal (r<sub>1</sub>) and transverse (r<sub>2</sub>) relaxivities values in m<span class="small-caps">M</span>−<sup><span class="small-caps">1</span></sup><span class="small-caps">s</span>−<sup><span class="small-caps">1</span></sup>were reported to be 4.39 ± 0.01 and 5.56 ± 0.02, respectively (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.11">11</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.17">17</a>). The conditional stability constant (log <i>K</i>*<sub><span class="small-caps">ml</span></sub>) of Gd-BOPTA determined by competition complexation experiments was 18.4 at pH 7.4 and 20<sup>o</sup>C. The r<sub>1</sub> relaxivity of Gd-BOPTA in heparinzed human plasma was reported to be 9.7 m<span class="small-caps">M</span>−<sup><span class="small-caps">1</span></sup><span class="small-caps">s</span>−<sup><span class="small-caps">1</span></sup>. Cavagna et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.19">19</a>) reported that no binding of Gd-DOPTA/Dimeg to serum proteins could be detected using equilibrium dialysis (detection sensitivity at equilibrium constants = or < 5 m<span class="small-caps">M</span>) against rat, rabbit, or human plasma. With the use of different bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations, an <i>in vitro</i> nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profile of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg was constructed to show that protein concentrations had a strong influence on Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg relaxivity (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.20">20</a>).</p><p>Caravan et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.21">21</a>) in a 2003 study found that the ion-nuclear distance of Gd to a coordinated water proton, r<sub>Gd-H</sub>, was 3.1 ± 0.1 Å for Gd-BOPTA and four other Gd complexes. Partition coefficients of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg in the systems of n-butanol or n-octanol with 0.01 <span class="small-caps">M</span> phosphate buffer pH 7.3 were found to be 0.0067 and 0.0016, respectively (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.22">22</a>).</p><p>Planchamp et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.23">23</a>) used a hollow-fiber bioreactor to study the transport of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg into rat hepatocytes. They reported that the results supported a transporter-mediated mechanism, and the Michaelis-Menton constant (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>) was estimated to be 270 µ<span class="small-caps">M.</span> In another isolated rat liver study, the uptake of Gd-BOPTA into hepatocytes and its subsequent biliary excretion appeared to be highly temperature dependent (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.24">24</a>).</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Gadobenate.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28BOPTA%20or%20B-19036%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20MultiHance%20or%20Gd-BOPTA%29%20AND%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>In rats, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg rapidly distributed in the extravascular and extracellular compartments, and it showed a marked affinity for biliary excretion (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.19">19</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.25">25</a>). The biodistribution study showed that Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg was found mainly in the liver and kidney. Vittadini et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.26">26</a>) conducted pharmacokinetic studies of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg (0.05 mmol/kg) in rats and found that the blood kinetics (distribution <i>t</i><sub>½</sub>, elimination <i>t</i><sub>½</sub> and apparent volume of distribution <i>V</i><sub>d</sub>) and excretion kinetics of 6 h (total clearance, urinary excretion and biliary excretion) were 3.8 ± 0.5 min, 15.05 ± 0.54 min, 165.1 ml/kg and 13.9 ml/min/kg, 54.8 ± 8.8% injected dose (ID), 38.6 ± 7.3% ID, respectively. Cavagna et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.19">19</a>) reported that the bile and urine eliminations of Gd-BOPTA in rats at 8 h were 52% ID and 46% ID, respectively. There was no or weak binding of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg to plasma proteins and no apparent biotransformation of the compound.</p><p>The acute i.v. LD<sub>50</sub> of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg in rats was 6.6 (5.8-7.5, <i>n</i> = 5) mmol/kg at 6 ml/min and 9.2 (8.1-10.4) mmol/kg at 0.2 ml/min (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.27">27</a>). No observed effect levels (NOEL) were observed in rats with repeated doses up to 0.3 mmol/kg/day. Only a mild and transient reduction in heart rate was observed at the dose of 1 mmol/kg (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.18">18</a>). Luzzani et al (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.28">28</a>). studied the brain penetration and neurological effects of Gd-BOPTA in rats with various i.v. and intracisternal injection doses of <sup>153</sup>Gd-BOPTA. At 0.01 mmol/kg of intracisternal injection of <sup>153</sup>Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg, the motor coordination was slightly impaired. No neurological effect was observed with i.v. doses of <sup>153</sup>Gd-BOPTA up to 2 mmol/kg. Noce et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.29">29</a>)did not find any effect of Gd-BOPTA on cerebral glucose metabolism after an intracerebral dose of 120 nmol/rat. In the same study, no genotoxic potential was observed in mutagenicity tests, and the reproductive performance and development of offspring were not affected at doses up to 20 times the human dose.</p><p>The acute i.v. LD<sub>50</sub> of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg in mice was 5.7 (5.3-6.2, <i>n</i> = 5) mmol/kg at 6 ml/min and 7.9 (7.5-8.3) mmol/kg at 0.2 ml/min (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.27">27</a>). The intracerebral LD<sub>50</sub> was 1.02 mmol/kg (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.26">26</a>). In another preclinical study in rats, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg at the i.v. dose of 1 mmol/kg caused a decrease of blood pressure of about 15%, a decrease of heart rate of about 7%, but no significant ECG alterations (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.22">22</a>).</p><p>With the use of MRI imaging (2 Tesla, T<sub>1</sub>-weighted), <i>in vivo</i> relaxivity (r<sub>1</sub>) values of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg (200 µmol/kg) in the blood, normal and infracted myocardium of rats were determined to be 6.19, 4.05, and 10.03 m<span class="small-caps">M</span>−<sup>1</sup>s−<sup>1</sup>, respectively (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.20">20</a>). In comparison, the corresponding values for Gd-DTPA were reported to be 3.41, 3.52, and 5.32 m<span class="small-caps">M</span>−<sup>1</sup>s−<sup>1</sup>.</p><p>Pastor et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.30">30</a>) studied the hepatic kinetics of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg with the use of MRI (1.5 Tesla, T<sub>1</sub>-weighted) in a perfused rat liver model. They found that the hepatic activity uptake <i>t</i><sub>½</sub> was 4.8 ± 0.3 min, and the washout <i>t</i><sub>½</sub> was 17.5 ± 2.8 min.</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Gd-BOPTA%20or%20BOPTA%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20MultiHance%20or%20B-19036%29%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Lorusso and colleagues showed that Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg distributes into plasma, extracellular fluid, and intrahepatocytic space in both rabbits and dogs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.25">25</a>). Gd-BOPTA was not metabolized and was cleared from plasma by renal and biliary excretion.</p><p>Morisetti et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.27">27</a>) found no adverse effects of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg treatment on rabbit dams or on fetuses at a dose of 0.3 mmol/kg per day. Cavagna et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.19">19</a>) used MRI (2 Telsa, T<sub>1</sub>-weighted) to perform the <i>in vivo</i> determination of the relaxation rate of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg (0.1 mmol/kg) in rabbit blood. The longitudinal relaxation rate was 1.93 ± 0.06 s−<sup>1</sup> at 5 min after injection.</p><p>No significant cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg at i.v. dose of 1 mmol/kg (10 ml/min) in Large White pigs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.18">18</a>). In a myocardial ischemia Yucatan micropig model, i.v. doses of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg up to 3 mmol/kg did cause dose-dependent cardiovascular changes.</p><p>Port and colleagues (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.31">31</a>) used a rabbit experimental model to determine that the dynamic relaxivity (r<sub>1dynamic</sub>) of Gd-BOPTA in plasma was 5.2 m<span class="small-caps">M</span>−<sup>1</sup>s−<sup>1</sup> (60 MHz) at the bolus phase (0-15 sec postinjection) when 93% of Gd-BOPTA was present in the free form. The r<sub>1dynamic</sub> was 6.7 m<span class="small-caps">M</span>−<sup>1</sup>s−<sup>1</sup> at the postbolus phase (1-5 min postinjection) when 82% of Gd-BOPTA remained in the free form.</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Gd-BOPTA%20or%20BOPTA%20or%20MultiHance%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20B-19036%29%20AND%20%28primate%20NOT%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The NOEL dose of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg was found to be 0.25 mmol/kg/day (i.v.) in Cynomolgus monkeys (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.27">27</a>) In the doses ranging from 0.25 to 3 mmol/kg, the maximal plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve were linearly related to the dose (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.25">25</a>). Runge (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.32">32</a>) studied MRI (1.5 Tesla, T<sub>1</sub>-weighted) of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg at the dose of 0.1 mmol/kg in rhesus monkeys (<i>n</i> = 4). The enhancements (percent increase in signal intensity before injection) of the muscle, kidneys, and spleen were maximum at 2 min (40 ± 17%), 5 min (164 ± 25%), and 5 min (92 ± 25%) after injection, respectively. Two peaks of liver enhancement were observed with 114 ± 45% occurred immediately and then with 136 ± 23% occurred at 30 min after injection.</p></div></div><div id="Gadobenate.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Gd-BOPTA%20or%20BOPTA%20or%20MultiHance%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20B-19036%29%20AND%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The Phase I study by Spinazzi et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.33">33</a>) and the Phase II clinical trial by Rosati et al (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.34">34</a>). reported the safety and pharmacokinetics data of Gd-BOPTA/dimeg. The pharmacokinetics profile was studied in 28 healthy volunteers. Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg was given in seven different i.v. doses ranging from 0.05 mmol/kg to 0.4 mmol/kg. In the dose range from 0.005 mmol/kg to 0.2 mmol/kg, the pharmacokinetics value ranges (<i>n</i> = 4) of the distribution <i>t</i><sub>½</sub>, elimination <i>t</i><sub>½</sub>, <i>V</i><sub>d</sub>, and the total clearance (CL) were 0.084-0.36 h, 1.17-1.68 h, 0.074-0.142 liter/kg, 0.170-0.248 liter/kg, and 0.098-0.133 liter/h/kg, respectively. In the dose range from 0.2 mmol/kg to 0.4 mmol/kg, the value ranges (<i>n</i> = 4 ) of the distribution <i>t</i><sub>½</sub>, elimination <i>t</i><sub>½</sub>, <i>V</i><sub>d</sub>, and CL were 0.48-0.605 h, 1.95-2.02 h, 0.147-0.158 liter/kg, 0.261-0.282 liter/kg, and 0.093-0.098 l/h/kg, respectively. In 72 h, 89-95.2% of the injected dose was eliminated unchanged by the kidneys and about 0.6-3.5% was excreted in the bile. With the use of equilibrium dialysis, the complex did not appear to bind measurably to plasma proteins. Safety studies in 39 volunteers indicated an18% of adverse events as compared with 14% in the placebo group (<i>n</i> = 14). The most frequent adverse events were altered sensation at the injection site, nausea, and sweating. In 127 patients with intracranial lesions, Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg (0.1-0.2 mmol/kg) provided better diagnostic information in 95% of the cases than those of MRI without contrast.</p><p>Phase III double-blind, multicenters (28 centers), randomized, parallel group comparative studies with 410 CNS patients had shown that Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg at doses of 0.05-0.15 mmol/kg and 0.1-0.2 mmol/kg had comparable safety and efficacy profiles as Gd-DTPA-BMA at doses of 0.1 mmol/kg and 0.3 mmol/kg for imaging of CNS lesions (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.35">35</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Gadobenate.EXTYLES.36">36</a>). Other studies had investigated the potential usefulness of Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg for liver imaging [<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Gd-BOPTA%20or%20BOPTA%20or%20MultiHance%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20B-19036%29%20AND%20liver%20imaging%20in%20humans" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>] and magnetic resonance angiography [<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%28Gd-BOPTA%20or%20BOPTA%20or%20MultiHance%20or%20gadobenate%20or%20B-19036%29%20AND%20angiography" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>].</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/">Disclaimers</a>]</p><p>
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<a href="/books/NBK23583/bin/Gadobenatepi.pdf">Gadobenate package insert</a>
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</p><p>
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<a href="/books/NBK23583/bin/Gadobenatemultipackpi.pdf">Gadobenate multipack package insert</a>
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</p></div><div id="Gadobenate.references"><h2 id="_Gadobenate_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.1">Brasch RC, Ogan MD, Engelstad BL. Paramagnetic Contrast Agents and Their Application in NMR Imaging, in Contrast media; Biologic effects and clinical application, Z. Parvez, R., R. Monada and M. Sovak, Editor. 1987, CRC Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, Florida. p. 131-143.</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.2">Saini S, Ferrucci JT. Enhanced Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Applications, in Pharmaceuticals in Medical Imaging, D.P. Swanson, H.M. Chilton and J.H. Thrall, Editor. 1990, MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York. p. 662-681.</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.3">multihance (gadobenate dimeglumine injection, 529 mg/ml) Package Insert. 2005: Bracco Diagnostics Inc. F1/3.541037.</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.4">Runge V. , Kirsch J. , Wells J. , Awh M. , Bittner D. , Woolfolk C. Enhanced liver MR: Contrast agents and imaging strategy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(2):1–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8216813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8216813</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.5">DeSimone D. , Morris M. , Rhoda C. , Lucas T. , Zielonka J. , Olukotun A. , Carvlin M. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of gadoteridol injection (a low osmolal magnetic resonance contrast agent). Clinical trials report. <span><span class="ref-journal">Invest Radiol. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>:S212–S216.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1808133" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1808133</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.6">Tweedle M. Physicochemical properties of gadoteridol and other magnetic resonance contrast agents. <span><span class="ref-journal">Invest Radiol. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>:S2–S6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1506149" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1506149</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.7">Yuh W. , Engelken J. , Muhonen M. , Mayr N. , Fisher D. , Ehrhardt J. Experience with high-dose gadolinium MR imaging in the evaluation of brain metastases. <span><span class="ref-journal">AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(1):335–345.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8331800/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8331800</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1595472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1595472</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.8">Oksendal A. , Hals P. Biodistribution and toxicity of MR imaging contrast media. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Magn Reson Imaging. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>23</strong>
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</span>:S161–S168.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10608412" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10608412</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.12">de Haen C. , Gozzini L. Soluble-type hepatobiliary contrast agents for MR imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Magn Reson Imaging. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(3):179–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17555477" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17555477</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.14">Grobner T. , Prischl F.C. <span><span class="ref-journal">and Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Kidney Int. </span>2007</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17507905" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17507905</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.15">Pedersen M. Safety update on the possible causal relationship between gadolinium-containing MRI agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Magn Reson Imaging. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(5):881–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17457808" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17457808</span></a>]</div></dd><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.16">16. Felder, E., R. Vitale, F. Uggeri, L. Fumagalli, and G. Vittadini, 1990.</div></li><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.17">Uggeri F. , Aime S. , Anelli P. , Botta M. , Brocchetta M. , de Haen C. , Ermondi G. , Grandi M. , Paoli P. Novel contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Synthesis and characterization of the ligand BOPTA and its Ln(III) complexes (Ln=Gd, La, Lu). X-ray structure of disodium (TPS-9-145337286-C-S)-[4-carboxy-5,8,11-tris(carboxymethyl)-1-phenyl-2-oxa-5,8,11-triazatridecan-13-oato(5-)]gadolinate(2-) in a mixture with its enantiomer. <span><span class="ref-journal">Inorg Chem. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>:633–642.</span></div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.18">Tirone P. , Castano M. , Cipolla P. , Frigeni V. , La Noce A. , Luzzani F. , Valenti R. , de Haen C. General pharmacology in experimental animals of gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance), a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Comput Assist Tomogr. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(2):65–71.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11224753" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11224753</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Gadobenate.EXTYLES.36">Runge V. , Parker J. , Donovan M. Double-blind, efficacy evaluation of gadobenate dimeglumine, a gadolinium chelate with enhanced relaxivity, in malignant lesions of the brain. <span><span class="ref-journal">Invest Radiol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(5):269–280.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11979153" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11979153</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23583</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641781" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641781</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/P1133/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Gadobutrol/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23583/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23583/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23583" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23583" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Cheng KT. Gadobenate. 2005 Nov 28 [Updated 2007 Dec 3]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23583/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23583.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (195K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#Gadobenate.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#Gadobenate.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#Gadobenate.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#Gadobenate.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Gadobenate.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Gadobenate.Supplemental_Informa" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Supplemental Information</a></li><li><a href="#Gadobenate.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option 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value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option 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xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadoteridol : Gd-HP-DO3A.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cheng KT. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641436" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadoversetamide: Gd-DTPA-BMEA.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadoversetamide: Gd-DTPA-BMEA.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cheng KT. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641787" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadobutrol.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadobutrol.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cheng KT. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641326" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadoxetate.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 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