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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Gaussia princeps luciferase" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2008/02/28" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641352" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23149/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Gaussia princeps luciferase" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/02/28" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23149/" /><meta name="description" content="Proteins engineered to generate fluorescent or bioluminescent signals are commonly used for the non-invasive study of a variety of biological processes and diseases in animals and humans (1-3). Usually the enhanced green fluorescent proteins, the variant red or yellow fluorescent proteins, or the bioluminescent luciferase proteins are used as reporter molecules because they produce a photo signal upon stimulation that can be tracked for the study of a dynamic biological system or phenomenon under in vitro and in vivo conditions (4-6). The luciferase family is composed of several different enzymes that catalyze light-producing, oxygen-dependent molecular reactions and have been detected across a diverse group of organisms including bacteria, fungi, insects, and marine animals (7). Among the luciferases, the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase (FLuc) has been extensively studied; it requires ATP and Mg2+ as co-factors to function and oxidizes D-luciferin, its substrate, to release energy in the form of photons (8). The sea pansy (Renilla reniformis) is another luciferase (RLuc) that has been extensively investigated; RLuc uses coelenterazine as a substrate and does not require ATP to produce light. However, RLuc has a lower quantum yield compared with FLuc (6% versus 88%) and also shows a low enzymatic efficiency (9). With the use of commercially available molecular kits, the humanized forms of FLuc and RLuc (designated as hFLuc and hRLuc, respectively) were combined as dual reporters to image cultured cells in vivo because both enzymes used different substrates (10, 11). However, these enzymes have very specific requirements to catalyze reactions under in vivo conditions to generate sufficient signal/background ratios for imaging. Tannous et al. decided to explore the possibility of finding a superior luciferase that was more efficient and had a higher quantum yield compared with the FLuc and RLuc enzymes (12)." /><meta name="og:title" content="Gaussia princeps luciferase" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Proteins engineered to generate fluorescent or bioluminescent signals are commonly used for the non-invasive study of a variety of biological processes and diseases in animals and humans (1-3). Usually the enhanced green fluorescent proteins, the variant red or yellow fluorescent proteins, or the bioluminescent luciferase proteins are used as reporter molecules because they produce a photo signal upon stimulation that can be tracked for the study of a dynamic biological system or phenomenon under in vitro and in vivo conditions (4-6). The luciferase family is composed of several different enzymes that catalyze light-producing, oxygen-dependent molecular reactions and have been detected across a diverse group of organisms including bacteria, fungi, insects, and marine animals (7). Among the luciferases, the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase (FLuc) has been extensively studied; it requires ATP and Mg2+ as co-factors to function and oxidizes D-luciferin, its substrate, to release energy in the form of photons (8). The sea pansy (Renilla reniformis) is another luciferase (RLuc) that has been extensively investigated; RLuc uses coelenterazine as a substrate and does not require ATP to produce light. However, RLuc has a lower quantum yield compared with FLuc (6% versus 88%) and also shows a low enzymatic efficiency (9). With the use of commercially available molecular kits, the humanized forms of FLuc and RLuc (designated as hFLuc and hRLuc, respectively) were combined as dual reporters to image cultured cells in vivo because both enzymes used different substrates (10, 11). However, these enzymes have very specific requirements to catalyze reactions under in vivo conditions to generate sufficient signal/background ratios for imaging. Tannous et al. decided to explore the possibility of finding a superior luciferase that was more efficient and had a higher quantum yield compared with the FLuc and RLuc enzymes (12)." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23149/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/GLuc/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23149/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23149_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23149_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/AdTSTAFluc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/IDMyoDNCFluc/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23149_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><i>Gaussia princeps</i> luciferase </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">hGLuc</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23149_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23149_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20878,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">January 31, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 28, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="GLuc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23149/table/GLuc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__GLuc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Gaussia princeps</i> luciferase</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GLuc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Gaussia</i> luciferase</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Luciferase</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-targeted</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Photon emission/bioluminescence</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optical imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Photons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
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||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
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<i>In vitro</i>
|
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</div></li></ul>
|
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click here for the <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nuccore&id=12621053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">protein and nucleotide</a> sequence of <i>G. princeps</i> luciferase.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="GLuc.Background"><h2 id="_GLuc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gluc&WebEnv=0lM4-K2PBOxVU9gbNvh9P0XD06qNBK-lGDhNhuw65hlAh9GvntmLFIcvFJOMb4y5f7ddR4tMR_UWojA%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Proteins engineered to generate fluorescent or bioluminescent signals are commonly used for the non-invasive study of a variety of biological processes and diseases in animals and humans (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.1">1-3</a>). Usually the enhanced green fluorescent proteins, the variant red or yellow fluorescent proteins, or the bioluminescent luciferase proteins are used as reporter molecules because they produce a photo signal upon stimulation that can be tracked for the study of a dynamic biological system or phenomenon under <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> conditions (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.4">4-6</a>). The luciferase family is composed of several different enzymes that catalyze light-producing, oxygen-dependent molecular reactions and have been detected across a diverse group of organisms including bacteria, fungi, insects, and marine animals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.7">7</a>). Among the luciferases, the firefly (<i>Photinus pyralis</i>) luciferase (FLuc) has been extensively studied; it requires ATP and Mg<sup>2+</sup> as co-factors to function and oxidizes D-luciferin, its substrate, to release energy in the form of photons (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.8">8</a>). The sea pansy (<i>Renilla reniformis</i>) is another luciferase (RLuc) that has been extensively investigated; RLuc uses coelenterazine as a substrate and does not require ATP to produce light. However, RLuc has a lower quantum yield compared with FLuc (6% <i>versus</i> 88%) and also shows a low enzymatic efficiency (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.9">9</a>). With the use of commercially available molecular kits, the humanized forms of FLuc and RLuc (designated as hFLuc and hRLuc, respectively) were combined as dual reporters to image cultured cells <i>in vivo</i> because both enzymes used different substrates (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.10">10</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.11">11</a>). However, these enzymes have very specific requirements to catalyze reactions under <i>in vivo</i> conditions to generate sufficient signal/background ratios for imaging. Tannous et al. decided to explore the possibility of finding a superior luciferase that was more efficient and had a higher quantum yield compared with the FLuc and RLuc enzymes (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>).</p><p><i>Gaussia princeps</i>, a marine copepod, naturally secretes a luciferase (GLuc) that was cloned, expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and used as a detection agent in a DNA hybridization assay (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.13">13</a>). Tannous et al. cloned the humanized version of the GLuc enzyme (hGLuc) into a herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) amplicon under a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early (IE) promoter and evaluated the bioluminescence emitted from DNA-transfected and vector-infected mammalian cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>). The luciferase was also evaluated for imaging cultured cells <i>in vivo</i> after subcutaneous implantation of GLuc-transfected cells into nude mice (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>). In another study, GLuc was evaluated for imaging after it was cloned into a lentivirus (LV) vector and transduced into human glioma cells that were implanted into nude mice (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.14">14</a>).</p></div><div id="GLuc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_GLuc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gaussian+luciferase+synthesis&WebEnv=0pXJtXOc-CKsc0EhOlhpO1fw9mcnwMvGjDVJDa8ecFV4Evo9z9wQPExImQYHHE1wjhaPDXOWtyFcF60%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The cDNA encoding hGLuc, with codons optimized for mammalian cell expression, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from a commercially available <a href="http://www.nanolight.com/nanoligh.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">vector</a> with the use of appropriate primers (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>). The primers introduced an <i>EcoR</i>I site at the 5’ end and an <i>Xho</i>I site at the 3’ end of the cDNA. The polymerase chain reaction product was digested with these enzymes, then gel-purified and cloned into the pHGCX amplicon plasmid described elsewhere (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.15">15</a>) under the control of a CMV IE promoter. Because FLuc and RLuc are well studied, hFLuc or hRLuc cDNA, with codons optimized for mammalian cell expression and cloned into pHGCX as described by Shah et al., were used as controls in the study (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.11">11</a>). All amplicon constructs were packaged in the HSV-1 virions with the use of a virus-free packaging system and a cell line derived from <a href="http://www.atcc.org/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=CRL-1587" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">vero cells</a> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.15">15</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.16">16</a>). The cell growth medium containing the amplicon vector was concentrated and purified through a 25% sucrose cushion by centrifugation for 3 h at 4°C. The amplicon vector titer was determined in a serial dilution assay by fluorescent microscopy for the green fluorescent protein expressed by infected vero cells.</p><p>The hGLuc cDNA was also cloned into a LV vector under the control of a CMV promoter to produce LV-GLuc as detailed by Wurdinger et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.14">14</a>) For the same study, the hGLuc DNA was also cloned in a LV vector optimized for cyan fluorescent protein separated either by an internal ribosomal entry site or the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). Another LV construct contained the cDNA sequence for the <i>mCherry</i> protein separated by SEAP (the <i>mCherry</i> protein is described by Shaner et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.17">17</a>)). All of the respective LV constructs were produced by transfection of <a href="http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=CRL-11268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">293T cells</a> with the LV vector plasmid <i>pCMV∆R8.91</i> (the packaging genome plasmid) and the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein plasmid <i>pVSV-G</i>. The LV purification was performed by ultracentrifugation of the cell conditioned growth medium and titered as transducing units (t.u.)/ml on 293T cells in the presence of polybrene by counting the cells positive for cyan or yellow fluorescent proteins 72 h after infection (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.18">18</a>). The typical titer was reported to be 10<sup>8</sup> t.u./ml.</p></div><div id="GLuc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_GLuc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gaussia+luciferase+in+vitro&WebEnv=0ydff3aDKNg3owxkBrbKZ9v9vI0960FPfCTgVPM2l6tCSjXW4hDGUWAtcBfP9i2w6rxLgQ-DWMDdCrf%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Mammalian cells containing the HSV-1 amplicon vectors were reported to express the secreted hGLuc and exhibited bioluminescence characteristics that were similar to those of other coelenterazine luciferases (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>). The hGLuc generated a >1,000-fold higher bioluminescent signal intensity from live cells in the presence of the growth medium and a >100-fold higher intensity from viable cells alone (in the absence of the growth medium) or cell lysates compared with either the hFLuc or the hRLuc expressed under the same conditions. Compared with hRLuc, the hGLuc had a 200-fold higher signal intensity and exhibited an intensity comparable to hFLuc under standard <i>in vivo</i> imaging conditions. The investigators concluded that hGLuc could provide a sensitive means to image cells and their environment in real time after gene delivery because it has a high signal intensity and is a secreted luciferase that is independent of ATP.</p><p>In another study, hGLuc was transduced into 293T cells, and its secretion was monitored by determining the conditioned medium luciferase activity (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.18">18</a>). When the cells were treated with different drugs that interfere with the protein secretion pathway at various stages, the secretion of hGLuc was decreased up to 90%. To visualize the secretion pathway of cells in real time, the cells were co-transfected with a plasmid expressing FLuc and a plasmid expressing either hGLuc or SEAP. The FLuc activity was measured with luciferin, and it was used to normalize the hGLuc or SEAP activity. The hGLuc or SEAP activity was measured in the cell-free conditioned (growth) medium by the addition of either coelenterazine (for hGLuc) or chloro-5-substituted adamantyl-1,2-dioxetane phosphate (for SEAP). hGLuc proved very sensitive in the detection of the cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that is associated with a temporary reduction in protein processing through the secretion pathway. The hGLuc secretion assay was reported to have a >20,000-fold higher sensitivity compared with the SEAP assay, which is a well-established technique used to monitor protein processing and ER stress in mammalian cells. The investigators concluded that the GLuc assay was a rapid, quantitative, and sensitive technique to monitor the cellular secretion pathway and ER stress that could be used for high-throughput screening to discover drugs useful in the treatment of conditions that induce or are a consequence of cellular ER stress.</p><p>Wurdinger et al implanted different amounts of human Gli36 glioma cells transduced with a LV vector encoding GLuc into the flanks of nude mice to generate tumors in the animals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.14">14</a>).Three days after tumor implantation, GLuc activity was measured with a luminometer by adding coelenterazine to the blood obtained from these mice. The luciferase activity in the blood was determined to be linear with respect to the number of cells implanted into the animals. Some GLuc activity was also detected in the urine of the animals, indicating that it was cleared through the kidneys. The investigators also noted that there was little difference between the activity measurements in whole blood and the serum, suggesting that hemoglobin, which normally affects luciferase activity (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.19">19</a>), did not interfere with the GLuc activity under these assay conditions. The GLuc half-life was determined to be ~6 days when the blood or serum samples were stored at 4°C. Under in vivo conditions, the half-life of GLuc was reported to be ~20 min (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.14">14</a>). In addition, a comparison of the GLuc and SEAP (after implantation of Gli36 cells transfected with the appropriate vectors expressing the respective enzymes into mice; see Synthesis section above for details of the vectors) activities in the blood revealed that the GLuc assay was >1,000-fold more sensitive compared with the SEAP assay because hemoglobin inhibits SEAP activity. The investigators also demonstrated that the GLuc concentration in blood could be used as a quantitative marker for the tumor cells expressing GLuc in vivo (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.14">14</a>).</p></div><div id="GLuc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_GLuc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="GLuc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gaussia+luciferase+rodentia&WebEnv=0mZNCB8_x9TmOXBCNjZk0bYJ2TTnzFNLWk2_nO0WZT0rHEnTXvIuJAX2fVGv-0FQWJjRx2tiE5OeVY%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A nude mouse model (<i>n</i> = 4 animals/group) was used to compare the bioluminescence intensity produced by Gli36 cells respectively expressing the control (no luciferase expression), hGLuc, hFLuc, or hRLuc (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>). The mice were implanted with the Gli36 cells transfected with the respective vectors, and the tumors were allowed to grow for up to 5 days. To determine the luciferase activity from the different tumors, the mice were injected with the respective substrates (25–200 μg coelenterazine/mouse for hGLuc and hRLuc, and 4 mg D-luciferine/mouse for hFLuc) through two different routes, either through the tail vein or intracardially. Under either route of administration, the bioluminescence signal obtained with GLuc was reported to be 200-fold higher than that from the tumors that expressed hRLuc and comparable to the signal obtained with the tumors that expressed FLuc as measured under identical conditions. No signal was detected in the control tumors.</p><p>To evaluate the use of hGLuc for imaging deep tissue, 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> Gli36 cells expressing hGLuc were implanted in the right basal ganglia of five nude mice (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GLuc.REF.12">12</a>). Seven days after implantation, the bioluminescence signal from the implanted cells was detected from the tumors after an intravenous injection of 100 μg coelenterazine.</p></div><div id="GLuc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gaussia+luciferase+non+primate+mammals&WebEnv=0N-un-8OPqTJ2hH8Gt-k7OPZFcg0TYY11Xu1caczSxqxGdwSYAj-RwuX5QjLSFPkLnSidMFEigi6HAd%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="GLuc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gaussia+luciferase+non+human+primates&WebEnv=0ynf4GaOBSggA3pP0rPZv54jmBHkd_2khoJ4QCmI2VfvgjqSrAGZUDdLXqNYagv_T6h2vrpsgMslqYj%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="GLuc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_GLuc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=Gaussia+luciferase+human+studies&WebEnv=0DtCY6SMbIncU7PwX4QzMayn2ucsj6z0H8AvIhjSMEg4PToCrTY5t7AnjnUS9vqNVzVnXb_VF_9Roi_%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="GLuc.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_GLuc_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/">Disclaimers</a>]</p></div><div id="GLuc.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_GLuc_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>Parts of the studies presented in this chapter were funded by NCI grants CA69246, CA86355, CA92782, and 1K99CA126839-01.</p></div><div id="GLuc.references"><h2 id="_GLuc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.1">Barrett T. , Koyama Y. , Hama Y. , Ravizzini G. , Shin I.S. , Jang B.S. , Paik C.H. , Urano Y. , Choyke P.L. , Kobayashi H. In vivo diagnosis of epidermal growth factor receptor expression using molecular imaging with a cocktail of optically labeled monoclonal antibodies. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Cancer Res. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>13</strong>
|
||
</span>(22 Pt 1):6639–48.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17982120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17982120</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.2">Peterson J.R. , Infanger D.W. , Braga V.A. , Zhang Y. , Sharma R.V. , Engelhardt J.F. , Davisson R.L. <span><span class="ref-journal">and Longitudinal Non-invasive Monitoring of Transcription Factor Activation in Cardiovascular Regulatory Nuclei Using Bioluminescence Imaging. Physiol Genomics. </span>2008</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18230667" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18230667</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.3">Zinn K.R. , Chaudhuri T.R. , Szafran A.A. , O'Quinn D. , Weaver C. , Dugger K. , Lamar D. , Kesterson R.A. , Wang X. , Frank S.J. Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in small animals. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ilar J. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>49</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):103–15.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2614121/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2614121</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18172337" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18172337</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.4">Li Y. , Sierra A.M. , Ai H.W. , Campbell R.E. Identification of Sites Within a Monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein that Tolerate Peptide Insertion and Testing of Corresponding Circular Permutations. <span><span class="ref-journal">Photochem Photobiol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>84</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):111–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18173710" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18173710</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.5">Shimozono S. , Miyawaki A. Engineering FRET constructs using CFP and YFP. <span><span class="ref-journal">Methods Cell Biol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>85</strong>
|
||
</span>:381–93.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18155471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18155471</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.6">Kolossov V.L. , Spring B.Q. , Sokolowski A. , Conour J.E. , Clegg R.M. , Kenis P.J. , Gaskins H.R. Engineering Redox-Sensitive Linkers for Genetically Encoded FRET-Based Biosensors. <span><span class="ref-journal">Exp Biol Med (Maywood). </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>233</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):238–48.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18222979" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18222979</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.7">Weissleder R. , Ntziachristos V. Shedding light onto live molecular targets. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Med. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>9</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):123–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514725" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12514725</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.8">Lembert N. , Idahl L.A. Regulatory effects of ATP and luciferin on firefly luciferase activity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochem J. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>305</strong>
|
||
</span>(Pt 3):929–33.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1136347/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1136347</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7848294" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7848294</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.9">Matthews J.C. , Hori K. , Cormier M.J. Purification and properties of Renilla reniformis luciferase. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochemistry. </span>1977;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>16</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):85–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12797" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12797</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.10">Huang Q. , Acha V. , Yow R. , Schneider E. , Sardar D.K. , Hornsby P.J. Bioluminescence measurements in mice using a skin window. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biomed Opt. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>12</strong>
|
||
</span>(5):054012.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17994900" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17994900</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.11">Shah K. , Tang Y. , Breakefield X. , Weissleder R. Real-time imaging of TRAIL-induced apoptosis of glioma tumors in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Oncogene. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>22</strong>
|
||
</span>(44):6865–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14534533" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14534533</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.12">Tannous B.A. , Kim D.E. , Fernandez J.L. , Weissleder R. , Breakefield X.O. Codon-optimized Gaussia luciferase cDNA for mammalian gene expression in culture and in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Ther. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>11</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):435–43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15727940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15727940</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.13">Verhaegen M. , Christopoulos T.K. Recombinant Gaussia luciferase. Overexpression, purification, and analytical application of a bioluminescent reporter for DNA hybridization. <span><span class="ref-journal">Anal. Chem. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>74</strong>
|
||
</span>(17):4378–4385.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12236345" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12236345</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.14">Wurdinger T. , Badr C. , Pike L. , de Kleine R. , Weissleder R. , Breakefield X.O. , Tannous B.A. A secreted luciferase for ex vivo monitoring of in vivo processes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Methods. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>5</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):171–3.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2699561/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2699561</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18204457" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18204457</span></a>]</div></dd><li><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.15">15. Saeki, Y., X.O. Breakefield, and E.A. Chiocca, eds. Improved HSV-1 amplicon packaging system using ICP27-deleted oversized HSV-1 BAC DNA. Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy, Mathods and Protocols, ed. A. Curtis. 2003, Mashida Humana: Totowa, NJ. 51-60. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12526158" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12526158</span></a>]</div></li><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.16">Aubert M. , O'Toole J. , Blaho J.A. Induction and prevention of apoptosis in human HEp-2 cells by herpes simplex virus type 1. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Virol. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>73</strong>
|
||
</span>(12):10359–70.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC113091/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC113091</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10559354" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10559354</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.17">Shaner N.C. , Campbell R.E. , Steinbach P.A. , Giepmans B.N. , Palmer A.E. , Tsien R.Y. Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Biotechnol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>22</strong>
|
||
</span>(12):1567–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15558047" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15558047</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.18">Badr C.E. , Hewett J.W. , Breakefield X.O. , Tannous B.A. A highly sensitive assay for monitoring the secretory pathway and ER stress. <span><span class="ref-journal">PLoS ONE. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>2</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):e571.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1892804/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1892804</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17593970" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17593970</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GLuc.REF.19">Colin M. , Moritz S. , Schneider H. , Capeau J. , Coutelle C. , Brahimi-Horn M.C. Haemoglobin interferes with the ex vivo luciferase luminescence assay: consequence for detection of luciferase reporter gene expression in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gene Ther. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>7</strong>
|
||
</span>(15):1333–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10918505" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10918505</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23149</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641352" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641352</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/AdTSTAFluc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/IDMyoDNCFluc/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23149/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23149/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23149" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23149" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Chopra A. Gaussia princeps luciferase. 2008 Jan 31 [Updated 2008 Feb 28]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23149/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23149.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (147K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#GLuc.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.Supplemental_Informa" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Supplemental Information</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#GLuc.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=1515864" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=1515864" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/15727940" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Codon-optimized Gaussia luciferase cDNA for mammalian gene expression in culture and in vivo.</a><span class="source">[Mol Ther. 2005]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Codon-optimized Gaussia luciferase cDNA for mammalian gene expression in culture and in vivo.<div 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class="cit">Oncogene. 2003 Oct 9; 22(44):6865-72. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641620" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> T84.66 Anti-CEA diabody-GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTSG-Renilla luciferase.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> T84.66 Anti-CEA diabody-GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTSG-Renilla luciferase.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Zhang H. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641334" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> HSV1-TK/GFP/Fluc.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> HSV1-TK/GFP/Fluc.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Zhang H. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 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<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
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