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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23359_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23359_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/RGDfK-D-99mTc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Tc99m-BN-A/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23359_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-glutamate peptide 3-aminoethyl estradiol</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23359_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23359_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">August 27, 2007</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">September 24, 2007</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23359/table/GAPEDLTc99m.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__GAPEDLTc99m.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Glutamate peptide-3-aminoethyl estradiol</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<span class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK23359/bin/GAPEDL.jpg" alt="Image GAPEDL.jpg" /></span>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Estrogen receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or gamma planar imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal/contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-primate non-rodent mammals
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The exact location of <sup>99m</sup>Tc in the structure of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL is unknown.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.Background"><h2 id="_GAPEDLTc99m_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A favorable prognosis of estrogen therapy for breast cancer can often be predicted on the basis of response to the hormone because the estrogen receptor (ER) is a valuable marker to determine treatment outcome (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.1">1</a>). The ER status of the tumors determines the likelihood of a favorable response to the treatment, and patients with ER-positive tumors have a better chance of recovery compared to those with ER-negative tumors. The presence of ER in the tissue is measured in a biopsy sample or after resection of a tumor. The random biopsy or tumor sampling may yield a false negative result because primary tumors usually have a heterogeneous ER distribution (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.2">2</a>). In this regard a radioscintigraphic procedure could be more useful to determine the ER status of tumors because agents used for scintigraphy have a binding specificity for their targets.</p><p>Tamoxifen is a selective ER modulator that blocks estrogen binding to the receptor and is often used to treat breast cancer. Using radioactive halogen ([<sup>18</sup>F] fluorine and [<sup>131</sup>I] iodine) derivatives of tamoxifen in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET), some investigators have investigated and monitored the effects of this drug at the cellular and clinical levels for the treatment of cancer (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.3" data-bk-pop-others="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.4 GAPEDLTc99m.REF.5 GAPEDLTc99m.REF.6">3-6</a>). Although the results obtained from these studies are encouraging, the expenses, availability, and water solubility of these derivatives are limiting factors for clinical use. As an alternative, Takahashi et al. decided to develop a meta-stable, technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc)-labeled derivative of estradiol (EDL) to possibly investigate and monitor ER status in cancer patients because the isotope is inexpensive and easily available, and the derivative is water-soluble (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">7</a>); this estradiol was conjugated to a poly-glutamate peptide (GAP) that could chelate the <sup>99m</sup>Tc isotope to obtain <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL for imaging and radiotherapeutic purposes. The investigators also explored the possibility of using <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL to detect endometriosis, an ER-associated condition, using a rabbit model (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7" data-bk-pop-others="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.8 GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">7-9</a>).</p></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.Synthesis"><h2 id="_GAPEDLTc99m_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The synthesis of <sup>99m</sup>Tc -GAP-EDL was performed as described by Takahashi et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7" data-bk-pop-others="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">7, 9</a>). To start, estrone was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol. Sodium ethoxide and bromoacetonitrile were added to the solution and the mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. The ethanol was allowed to evaporate completely and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water and the organic layer was filtered after drying over magnesium sulphate. The ethyl actetate was evaporated under reduced pressure and the remaining solid product, 3-acetonitrile estradiol, was washed with ether. The yield of this reaction was 75%. The solid product was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, and lithium aluminum hydride was added to the mixture and stirred for 4 h. The solvent was evaporated to yield a solid that was dissolved in ethyl acetate. This solution was washed with water, dried over magnesium sulphate, and filtered. The solvent was evaporated to obtain 3-cyanomethyl estrone (EDL) with a yield of 92%. The structure of EDL was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance.</p><p>For the synthesis of GAP-EDL, the sodium salt of GAP was converted to the acid form by the addition of 2 N hydrochloric acid (HCl). This solution was dialyzed to remove all the HCl and freeze-dried to obtain the acidic form of GAP. The GAP acid was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and 4-<i>N,N</i>-dimethyl aminopyridine were added to it. This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The DMF was evaporated under reduced pressure; 1 N sodium bicarbonate was added to it and extracted with chloroform. The aqueous solution was dialyzed, filtered, and freeze-dried to obtain GAP-EDL. The percent yield of this reaction was not provided in the publication. The GAP-EDL complex contained 15% (weight/weight) EDL as determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy.</p><p>For the synthesis of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL, <sup>99m</sup>Tc was added to a vial containing lyophilized GAP-EDL and tin (II) chloride. Using a radio thin-layer chromatography scanner, the radiochemical purity of the product was determined to be 97%. The Rf value and specific activity of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL were not provided in the publication (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">7</a>). The synthesis and specific activities of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled diethylenetriamene pentaacetate (DTPA), used as controls in the studies, were not presented in the publications (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7" data-bk-pop-others="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">7, 9</a>).</p></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_GAPEDLTc99m_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The uptakes of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL were investigated in ER-positive cell lines (ie, <a href="http://www.atcc.org/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=HTB-22" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">MCF-7</a> (of human breast adenocarcinoma origin), <a href="http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=HTB-133" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">T-47D</a> (of human breast carcinoma origin), and <a href="http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=CRL-1666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">13762 MAT B III</a> (of rat mammary adenocarcinoma origin) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">7</a>). An ER-negative cell line, <a href="http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=CRL-1414" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">RAB-9</a> (of rabbit skin origin), was used as a control in the studies (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">9</a>). The uptake of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL was significantly higher than <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP in the MCF-7, T-47D, and 13762 MAT B III cells. Prior exposure of these cells to diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, resulted in a 70% reduction of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL uptake (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">7</a>). In the same study, MCF-7 cells treated with tamoxifen showed a 10% decrease in uptake of the radiochemical. The rate of uptake and accumulation of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL was ~4-fold higher in the MCF-7 <i>versus</i> the RAB cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">9</a>). On the basis of these observations, the investigators concluded that the <i>in vitro</i> uptake of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-RDL was an ER-mediated process.</p></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_GAPEDLTc99m_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Tissue distribution studies of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL were performed in rats bearing 13762 MAT B III cell tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">7</a>). The animals (<i>n</i> = 3 per time point) were injected with either <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL or <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP and euthanized 0.5–4 h later. Selected tissues from the animals were excised, collected, and counted for incorporated radioactivity. Radioactivity levels, given as % injected dose/gram (%ID/g) for tumor/muscle increased as a function of time and were significantly higher (<i>P</i><0.05) 4 h after administration for animals injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL (7.92 ± 0.56% ID/g) compared to those injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP (6.01 ± 0.05% ID/g). Similar observations were also made for the uterus/muscle and uterus/blood count ratios.</p><p>Planar scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DTPA was also performed on rats bearing 13762 MAT B III cell tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">7</a>). In blocking studies, the rats were treated with DES 1 h before administration of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL. Region-of-interest analysis of the planar images 0.5 and 4 h after administration of the labels showed that the tumor/muscle ratios were 1.67–2.95 and 1.26–1.75 for <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DTPA, respectively. In the blocking study, the ratios were 1.98–2.39 and 1.21–1.63 for <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL and the DES pre-treated animals, respectively.</p></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL+nonprimate+mammals" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL for the detection of endometriosis was evaluated in a rabbit model (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7" data-bk-pop-others="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">7, 9</a>). An established procedure was used to induce endometriosis in the animals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#GAPEDLTc99m.REF.10">10</a>). Eight weeks after surgery, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL was intravenously administered to the animals, and scintigraphic images were obtained 0.5–2 h after the injection. The rabbits were then euthanized, and the grafts were excised for histological examination. In comparison to the surrounding tissue, the uterus, ovaries, and the implants showed an increased uptake of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL. The radiotracer was also detected in the microinvasive endometrial tissue. A microscopic examination of the tissue supported the observations made after imaging. From these observations the investigators suggest that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL was taken up by the tissue through an ER-mediated process. No blocking studies for <sup>99m</sup>Tc-GAP-EDL uptake were reported.</p></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL+nonhuman+primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publications are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_GAPEDLTc99m_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+GAP+EDL+human+studies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publications are currently available.</p></div><div id="GAPEDLTc99m.References"><h2 id="_GAPEDLTc99m_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.1">Chen W.Y., Colditz G.A. Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Clin Pract Oncol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(7):415–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17597706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17597706</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.2">van Netten J.P., Armstrong J.B., Carlyle S.S., Goodchild N.L., Thornton I.G., Brigden M.L., Coy P., Fletcher C. Estrogen receptor distribution in the peripheral, intermediate and central regions of breast cancers. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. </span>1988;<span class="ref-vol">24</span>(12):1885–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3220085" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3220085</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.3">Inoue T., Kim E.E., Wallace S., Yang D.J., Wong F.C., Bassa P., Cherif A., Delpassand E., Buzdar A., Podoloff D.A. Positron emission tomography using [18F]fluorotamoxifen to evaluate therapeutic responses in patients with breast cancer: preliminary study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Biother Radiopharm. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>(4):235–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10851543" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10851543</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.4">Yang D.J., Li C., Kuang L.R., Price J.E., Buzdar A.U., Tansey W., Cherif A., Gretzer M., Kim E.E., Wallace S. Imaging, biodistribution and therapy potential of halogenated tamoxifen analogues. <span><span class="ref-journal">Life Sci. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">55</span>(1):53–67.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8015349" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8015349</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.5">Aliaga A., Rousseau J.A., Ouellette R., Cadorette J., van Lier J.E., Lecomte R., Benard F. Breast cancer models to study the expression of estrogen receptors with small animal PET imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">31</span>(6):761–70.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246367" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15246367</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.6">Seimbille Y., Benard F., Rousseau J., Pepin E., Aliaga A., Tessier G., van Lier J.E. Impact on estrogen receptor binding and target tissue uptake of [18F]fluorine substitution at the 16alpha-position of fulvestrant (faslodex; ICI 182,780). <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">31</span>(6):691–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15246359</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.7">Takahashi N., Yang D.J., Kohanim S., Oh C.S., Yu D.F., Azhdarinia A., Kurihara H., Zhang X., Chang J.Y., Kim E.E. Targeted functional imaging of estrogen receptors with 99mTc-GAP-EDL. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">34</span>(3):354–62.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17021817" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17021817</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.8">Hudelist G., Keckstein J., Czerwenka K., Lass H., Walter I., Auer M., Wieser F., Wenzl R., Kubista E., Singer C.F. Estrogen receptor beta and matrix metalloproteinase 1 are coexpressed in uterine endometrium and endometriotic lesions of patients with endometriosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Fertil Steril. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">84</span> Suppl 2:1249–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16210018" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16210018</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.9">Takahashi N., Yang D.J., Kurihara H., Borne A., Kohanim S., Oh C.S., Mawlawi O., Kim E.E. Functional Imaging of Estrogen Receptors with Radiolabeled-GAP-EDL in Rabbit Endometriosis Model. <span><span class="ref-journal">Acad Radiol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(9):1050–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17707312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17707312</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="GAPEDLTc99m.REF.10">Dunselman G.A., Willebrand D., Land J.A., Bouckaert P.X., Evers J.L. A rabbit model of endometriosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gynecol Obstet Invest. </span>1989;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(1):29–33.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2920970" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2920970</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23359</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641560" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641560</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/RGDfK-D-99mTc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Tc99m-BN-A/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23359/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23359/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23359" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23359" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Chopra A. 99mTc-glutamate peptide 3-aminoethyl estradiol. 2007 Aug 27 [Updated 2007 Sep 24]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23359/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23359.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (141K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#GAPEDLTc99m.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#GAPEDLTc99m.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#GAPEDLTc99m.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#GAPEDLTc99m.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#GAPEDLTc99m.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#GAPEDLTc99m.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/17021817" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Targeted functional imaging of estrogen receptors with 99mTc-GAP-EDL.</a><span class="source">[Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Targeted functional imaging of estrogen receptors with 99mTc-GAP-EDL.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Takahashi N, Yang DJ, Kohanim S, Oh CS, Yu DF, Azhdarinia A, Kurihara H, Zhang X, Chang JY, Kim EE. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007 Mar; 34(3):354-62. Epub 2006 Sep 22.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/17707312" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Functional imaging of estrogen receptors with radiolabeled-GAP-EDL in rabbit endometriosis model.</a><span class="source">[Acad Radiol. 2007]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Functional imaging of estrogen receptors with radiolabeled-GAP-EDL in rabbit endometriosis model.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Takahashi N, Yang DJ, Kurihara H, Borne A, Kohanim S, Oh CS, Mawlawi O, Kim EE. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Acad Radiol. 2007 Sep; 14(9):1050-7. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26466867" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">99mTc-labeled estradiol as an estrogen receptor probe: Preparation and preclinical evaluation.</a><span class="source">[Nucl Med Biol. 2016]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">99mTc-labeled estradiol as an estrogen receptor probe: Preparation and preclinical evaluation.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Xia X, Feng H, Li C, Qin C, Song Y, Zhang Y, Lan X. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Nucl Med Biol. 2016 Jan; 43(1):89-96. Epub 2015 Sep 21.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/21290630" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+)-Labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) affibody Z(HER2:342) with a tri-(histidine-glutamate) peptide tag (HE)(3) on the N-terminal.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+)-Labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) affibody Z(HER2:342) with a tri-(histidine-glutamate) peptide tag (HE)(3) on the N-terminal.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Chopra A. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641903" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (99m)Tc((v))O-Gly-Gly-Cys-Orn-Orn-Orn-Bombesin[2-14].</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (99m)Tc((v))O-Gly-Gly-Cys-Orn-Orn-Orn-Bombesin[2-14].<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Shan L. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=20641560" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=20641560" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d64a2684f3725e59b7e058">99mTc-glutamate peptide 3-aminoethyl estradiol - 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