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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>[18F]α/γ-Fluorobenzylamine-folate - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="[18F]α/γ-Fluorobenzylamine-folate">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2006/08/07">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="[18F]α/γ-Fluorobenzylamine-folate">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="description" content="Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin (1) that is essential for methylation and DNA synthesis. The primary pathway for entry of folate into cells is through the facilitated transporter, which has a low affinity for folate (Michaelis constant (Km) = 1-5 μM). Some cells in the choroid plexus, kidney, lung, thyroid, spleen, placenta, and thymus also possess a higher affinity (dissociation constant (Kd) = 0.5 nM) receptor that allows folate uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some human epithelial tumor cells were found to overexpress folate-binding protein (2). More than 90% of human ovarian and endometrial cancers express the high-affinity receptor, which is absent in normal tissues. Breast, colorectal, renal, and lung carcinomas also overexpress the folate receptor but at lower frequencies (20-50%). Activated macrophages, but not resting macrophages, have been also found to have folate receptor (3).">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin (1) that is essential for methylation and DNA synthesis. The primary pathway for entry of folate into cells is through the facilitated transporter, which has a low affinity for folate (Michaelis constant (Km) = 1-5 μM). Some cells in the choroid plexus, kidney, lung, thyroid, spleen, placenta, and thymus also possess a higher affinity (dissociation constant (Kd) = 0.5 nM) receptor that allows folate uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some human epithelial tumor cells were found to overexpress folate-binding protein (2). More than 90% of human ovarian and endometrial cancers express the high-affinity receptor, which is absent in normal tissues. Breast, colorectal, renal, and lung carcinomas also overexpress the folate receptor but at lower frequencies (20-50%). Activated macrophages, but not resting macrophages, have been also found to have folate receptor (3).">
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id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23020_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">[<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-Fluorobenzylamine-folate</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">[<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate</div><p class="contribs">Leung K.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23020_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figFolate18FTncchemicalname18ffluoroben"><a href="/books/NBK23020/table/Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figFolate18FTncchemicalname18ffluoroben" rid-ob="figobFolate18FTncchemicalname18ffluoroben"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK23020/table/Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK23020/table/Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben"><a href="/books/NBK23020/table/Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobFolate18FTncchemicalname18ffluoroben">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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Rodents
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</p></div></div><div id="Folate18F.Background"><h2 id="_Folate18F_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.1" rid="Folate18F.REF.1">1</a>) that is essential for methylation and DNA synthesis. The primary pathway for entry of folate into cells is through the facilitated transporter, which has a low affinity for folate (Michaelis constant (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>) = 1-5 μM). Some cells in the choroid plexus, kidney, lung, thyroid, spleen, placenta, and thymus also possess a higher affinity (dissociation constant (<i>K</i><sub>d</sub>) = 0.5 nM) receptor that allows folate uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some human epithelial tumor cells were found to overexpress folate-binding protein (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.2" rid="Folate18F.REF.2">2</a>). More than 90% of human ovarian and endometrial cancers express the high-affinity receptor, which is absent in normal tissues. Breast, colorectal, renal, and lung carcinomas also overexpress the folate receptor but at lower frequencies (20-50%). Activated macrophages, but not resting macrophages, have been also found to have folate receptor (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.3" rid="Folate18F.REF.3">3</a>).</p><p>Several folate-based conjugates (<a href="/books/n/micad/DTPA-folate-111In/?report=reader"><sup>111</sup>In-DTPA-folate</a>, <a href="/books/n/micad/EC-folate-99mTc/?report=reader"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-EC-folate</a> and <a href="/books/NBK23092/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><sup>68/67/66</sup>Ga-DF-folate</a>) have been studied in tumor imaging (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.4" rid="Folate18F.REF.4 Folate18F.REF.5 Folate18F.REF.6 Folate18F.REF.7">4-7</a>). Bettio et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.8" rid="Folate18F.REF.8">8</a>) reported a synthesis of 18F-labeled folate by a reaction of [<sup>18</sup>F]4-fluorobenzylamine (FBA) with the α- and γ-carboxyl groups of folic acid. [18F]α/γ-FBA-folate is being developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) agent for detection of folate receptors <i>in vivo</i>.</p><div id="Folate18F.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=Search&term=folate+AND+micad%5bbook%5d&doptcmdl=TOCView&log%24=booksrch&bname=micad" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chapters in MICAD</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/gene/2348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">folate receptor</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Articles in OMIM (<a href="/omim/136430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">folate receptor</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=folate+receptor" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">folate receptors</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=folate+receptor&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=14&y=15" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drug information in FDA</a>
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</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="Folate18F.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Folate18F_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Bettio et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.8" rid="Folate18F.REF.8">8</a>) coupled folic acid with [<sup>18</sup>F]FBA to yield a 4:1 mixture of [<sup>18</sup>F]γ-FBA-folate and</p><p>[<sup>18</sup>F]α-FBA-folate with radiochemical yields of 15-44% and specificity activity up to 24 GBq/μmol (0.65 Ci/μmol). [<sup>18</sup>F]FBA was prepared by a two-step reaction by standard nucleophilic radiofluorination of 4-cyano-<i>N,N,-</i>trimethylanilinium trifluoromethane sulfonate to form 4-[<sup>18</sup>F]-benzonitrile and reduction of the nitrile functional group by LiAlH<sub>4</sub> to the amino functionality with radiochemical yields of 8-13%.</p></div><div id="Folate18F.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce"><h2 id="_Folate18F_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Ce_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The human nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB-31 cell line has putative folate receptors as determined by [<sup>3</sup>H]folate binding studies in cultures (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.8" rid="Folate18F.REF.8">8</a>). The mean IC<sub>50</sub> values for α-FBA-folate, γ-FBA-folate and folate were 71 ± 8, 62 ± 6 and 41 nM, respectively. Therefore, the α- and γ-FBA-folate have comparable binding affinity to that of native folic acid.</p></div><div id="Folate18F.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Folate18F_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Folate18F.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Bettio et al. (<a class="bibr" href="#Folate18F.REF.8" rid="Folate18F.REF.8">8</a>) performed biodistribution studies of [<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate in nude mice bearing the KB-31 tumor xenografts. The organ with the highest accumulation was the kidneys (40.65%ID/g), followed by the tumor (6.65%ID/g), duodenum (5.01%ID/g), and liver (2.37%ID/g) at 125 min after [<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate injection. Very high radioactivity was found in bile, urine, and faces. Pretreatment with folic acid (200 μg/mouse) reduced [<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate accumulation by 80% in the tumor and 97% in the kidneys.</p><p>The whole body distribution of [<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate was also assessed by PET imaging from 75 to 120 min after injection. The highest activity concentrations were visualized in the gallbladder, urinary bladder, and parts of the intestines. Moderate accumulation was observed in the kidneys, tumors, and liver. The accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate was heterogeneous within the tumor, with higher radioactivity in the tumor rim. The accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate in the tumor and kidneys was completely blocked by folic acid pretreatment.</p></div><div id="Folate18F.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20sheep%20or%20rabbit%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="Folate18F.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate%20and%20%28primate%20not%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="Folate18F.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Folate18F_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=18F%20folate%20and%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="Folate18F.References"><h2 id="_Folate18F_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.1">Stanger O.
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<em>Physiology of folic acid in health and disease.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Drug Metab. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>(2):211–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12003352" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12003352</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.2">Ke C.Y., Mathias C.J., Green M.A.
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<em>The folate receptor as a molecular target for tumor-selective radionuclide delivery.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(8):811–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14698784" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14698784</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.3">Nakashima-Matsushita N., Homma T., Yu S., Matsuda T., Sunahara N., Nakamura T., Tsukano M., Ratnam M., Matsuyama T.
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<em>Selective expression of folate receptor beta and its possible role in methotrexate transport in synovial macrophages from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Arthritis Rheum. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>(8):1609–16.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10446858" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10446858</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.4">Mathias C.J., Hubers D., Low P.S., Green M.A.
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<em>Synthesis of [(99m)Tc]DTPA-folate and its evaluation as a folate-receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Bioconjug Chem. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>(2):253–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725102" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10725102</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.5">Mathias C.J., Lewis M.R., Reichert D.E., Laforest R., Sharp T.L., Lewis J.S., Yang Z.F., Waters D.J., Snyder P.W., Low P.S., Welch M.J., Green M.A.
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<em>Preparation of 66Ga- and 68Ga-labeled Ga(III)-deferoxamine-folate as potential folate-receptor-targeted PET radiopharmaceuticals.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(7):725–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14499330" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14499330</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.6">Mathias C.J., Wang S., Low P.S., Waters D.J., Green M.A.
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<em>Receptor-mediated targeting of 67Ga-deferoxamine-folate to folate-receptor-positive human KB tumor xenografts.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(1):23–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10096497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10096497</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.7">Mathias C.J., Wang S., Waters D.J., Turek J.J., Low P.S., Green M.A.
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<em>Indium-111-DTPA-folate as a potential folate-receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">39</span>(9):1579–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9744347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9744347</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Folate18F.REF.8">Bettio A., Honer M., Muller C., Bruhlmeier M., Muller U., Schibli R., Groehn V., Schubiger A.P., Ametamey S.M.
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<em>Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of a Folic Acid Derivative Labeled with 18F for PET Imaging of Folate Receptor-Positive Tumors.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">47</span>(7):1153–1160.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16818950" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16818950</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23020_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@DACIM" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@DACIM</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">July 12, 2006</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 7, 2006</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Leung K. [18F]α/γ-Fluorobenzylamine-folate. 2006 Jul 12 [Updated 2006 Aug 7]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/Y1-973-18F/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/SPA-RQ18F/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobFolate18FTncchemicalname18ffluoroben"><div id="Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23020/table/Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Folate18F.T.nc_chemical_name18ffluoroben_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-Fluorobenzylamine-folate</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/12011216" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=12011216" alt="image 12011216 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>18</sup>F]α/γ-FBA-folate, [<sup>18</sup>F]FBA-folate</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Putative folate receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Positron emission tomography (PET)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>18</sup>F</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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