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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK98128_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK98128_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/BrFPN/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/FPHBF-2-18F/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK98128_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><span class="small-caps">5-(2-</span>[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethoxy)-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-tryphan</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">[<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK98128_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK98128_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">March 3, 2012</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">June 28, 2012</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="FEHTP18F.T.nc_chemical_name5218ffluoroet" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK98128/table/FEHTP18F.T.nc_chemical_name5218ffluoroet/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__FEHTP18F.T.nc_chemical_name5218ffluoroet_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><span class="small-caps">5-(2-</span>[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethoxy)-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-tryphan</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
|
||
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/136345882" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=136345882" alt="image 136345882 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP, 5-<sup>18</sup>FEHTP</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><span class="small-caps">L</span>-<span class="small-caps">5-(2-</span>[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethoxy)tryphan</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amino acid uptake</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Positron emission tomography (PET)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>18</sup>F</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Studies:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
|
||
<i>In vitro</i>
|
||
|
||
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
||
<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
|
||
</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="FEHTP18F.Background"><h2 id="_FEHTP18F_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A variety of <sup>11</sup>C- and <sup>18</sup>F-labeled amino acids have been studied for potential use in positron emission tomography (PET) oncology (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.1" data-bk-pop-others="FEHTP18F.REF.2">1, 2</a>). Most brain tumors show an increased uptake of amino acids as compared with normal brain tissues (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.3">3</a>). These amino acids are composed of naturally occurring amino acids, such as L-[<sup>11</sup>C]leucine, <i>S</i>-[<sup>11</sup>C]methyl-L-methionine ([<sup>11</sup>C]MET), and L-[<sup>11</sup>C]tyrosine, and non-natural amino acids, such as [<sup>11</sup>C]aminoisobutyric acid, [<sup>11</sup>C]1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid, and [<sup>11</sup>C]1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid. <sup>123</sup>I-Labeled amino acids are also used in oncological imaging (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.1" data-bk-pop-others="FEHTP18F.REF.4 FEHTP18F.REF.5">1, 4, 5</a>).</p><p>Some 20 amino acid transporter systems have been identified (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.1">1</a>). Most amino acids are taken up by tumor cells through an energy-independent L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) system, a Na-dependent transporter system A, or a Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent system B<sup>0</sup> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.6">6</a>). They are retained in tumor cells due to their metabolic activities, including incorporation into proteins, which are higher than most normal cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.1">1</a>). Malignant transformation increases the use of amino acids for energy, protein synthesis, and cell division. Tumor cells have been found to have overexpressed transporter systems (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.7">7</a>). L-[<sup>11</sup>C]MET, [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorotyrosine, L-[<sup>11</sup>C]leucine, and [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-α-methyl tyrosine have been widely used in the detection of tumors (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="FEHTP18F.REF.6">2, 6</a>) but are not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. These agents are moved into cells by various amino acid transporters and are incorporated into proteins. The fraction of radiolabeled amino acid that is incorporated into protein is usually small compared to the total amount taken up into the cell, except for leucine which is incorporated into proteins, quantitatively. These natural amino acid images are based on amino acid transport and protein incorporation.</p><p>5-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethoxy)-L-tryphan ([<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP), unlike L-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluorophenylalanine (<a href="/books/NBK23043/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">[<sup>18</sup>F]FDOPA</a>), is only a substrate of LAT1 and is not a substrate of aromatic <span class="small-caps">L</span>-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP was evaluated as a PET tumor imaging agent in mice with comparison to [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-2-deoxy-2-<span class="small-caps">d</span>-glucose (<a href="/books/NBK23335/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">[18F]FDG</a>) and [<sup>18</sup>F]FDOPA (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.8" data-bk-pop-others="FEHTP18F.REF.9">8, 9</a>).</p><div id="FEHTP18F.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chapters in MICAD (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=books&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=amino%20acid%20(transporter%20OR%20transporters)+AND+micad%5Bbook%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/gene/8140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">L-type amino acid transporter 1</a>, <a href="/gene/23428" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">L-type amino acid transporter 2</a>, <a href="/gene/54407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">A-type amino acid transporter</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Articles in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (<a href="/omim?Db=omim&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=amino%5BAll+Fields%5D+AND+acid%5BAll+Fields%5D+AND+transporter%5BAll+Fields%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=amino+acid+transporters" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>, <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=11C+MET" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">L-[<sup>11</sup>C]methionine</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug information in FDA (<a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=amino+acid+transporters&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=13&y=15" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Amino acid transporters</a>, <a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=11C-methionine+&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=8&y=8" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">L-[<sup>11</sup>C]methionine</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="FEHTP18F.Synthesis"><h2 id="_FEHTP18F_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p> [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP was synthesized by direct alkylation of 5-hydroxy-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-tryptophan with [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyltosylate for 10 min at 90°C (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.9">9</a>). [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroethyltosylate was prepared by [<sup>18</sup>F]-fluorination of ethylene glycol-1,2-ditosylate with [<sup>18</sup>F]-potassium Kryptofix complex for 15 min at 100°C. This two-step automated synthesis provided [<sup>18</sup>F]-L-FEHTP with 12%–16% overall yield and a radiochemical purity >98% with a total synthesis time of ~40 min. The specific activities of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP was 50–150 GBq/μmol (1.35–4.05 Ci/μmol).</p></div><div id="FEHTP18F.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Cel"><h2 id="_FEHTP18F_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Cel_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Kramer et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.8">8</a>) showed that [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP accumulation in NCI-H69 endocrine small cell lung cancer cells, PC-3 prostate cancer cells, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was reduced by >95% in the presence of 10 mM 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH, an L-type transporter inhibitor). The radioactivity accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP was 48%–113% incubation dose (ID)/mg protein in the absence of BCH. The ADCC inhibitor <i>S</i>-carbidopa had little effect on the [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP accumulation in these cells, suggesting that decarboxylation was not involved in the accumulation. On the other hand, <i>S</i>-carbidopa almost completely abolished the accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]FDOPA (26%–53% ID/mg protein).</p></div><div id="FEHTP18F.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_FEHTP18F_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="FEHTP18F.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p><i>Ex vivo</i> tissue accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP was studied in mice (<i>n</i> = 6/group) bearing S180 fibrosarcoma at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection of 0.74 MBq (0.02 mCi) of the tracer as reported by Li et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.9">9</a>). The tumor accumulation of radioactivity was 3.07 ± 1.04% injected dose (ID)/g, 4.61 ± 1.18% ID/g, 5.19 ± 0.79% ID/g, and 2.37 ± 0.23% ID/g at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. The tissue with the highest uptake was the liver (4.59%), followed by the kidney (4.05% ID/g), lung (3.86% ID/g), small intestine (3.65% ID/g), brain (3.18% ID/g), spleen (3.15% ID/g), heart (2.41% ID/g), muscle (2.04% ID/g), bone (1.94% ID/g), and blood (1.91% ID/g) at 30 min. All tissues showed moderate washout. The maximal tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios at 60 min were 2.87 and 2.79, respectively. [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP remained >95% intact and no other radioactive metabolites were detected in the blood, brain, and tumors at 15 and 60 min after injection. No blocking studies were performed.</p><p>In a separate study, accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP (<i>n</i> = 4) and [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG (<i>n</i> = 4) was compared in mice with tumors and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>-induced inflammation in thigh muscle. [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP exhibited tumor/muscle and inflammation/muscle ratios of 2.79 and 0.94, respectively, at 60 min after injection. On the other hand, [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG exhibited tumor/muscle and inflammation/muscle ratios of 2.91 and 3.17, respectively, at 60 min after injection. Whole-body PET imaging at 60 min after injection showed high [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP and [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG accumulation in the tumors, whereas low [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP and high [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG accumulation were observed in the inflammation.</p><p>Kramer et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.8">8</a>) performed <i>ex vivo</i> biodistribution studies in nude mice bearing NCI-H69 (<i>n</i> = 3) or PC-3 xenografts (<i>n</i> = 4) at 70 min after injection of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP. The tumor accumulation of radioactivity (standard uptake value (SUV)) was 1.58 ± 0.48 and 1.40 ± 0.35 in the NCI-H69 and PC-3 tumors, respectively. The tissue with the highest SUV was the pancreas (8.50), followed by the kidney (2.05), spleen (0.88), brain (0.84), liver (0.81), heart (0.78), and blood (0.75). Pretreatment with tryptophan (25 mg/kg, 10 min) resulted in a slight decrease (not significant) of tissue accumulation in the NCI-H69 tumors, brain, and kidneys but had little effect on the other tissues.</p><p>Kramer et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#FEHTP18F.REF.8">8</a>) performed PET imaging studies in mice (<i>n</i> = 3–7/group) bearing NCI-H69 or PC-3 tumors after injection of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP or [<sup>18</sup>F]FDOPA. Dynamic and static PET scans showed the accumulation of both tracers in the two tumors with SUV of ~1.5. Pretreatment with <i>S</i>-carbidopa 60 min before [<sup>18</sup>F]FDOPA decreased the radioactivity levels in the PC-3 tumors by ~50%, whereas no decrease was observed in the accumulation of [<sup>18</sup>F]-<span class="small-caps">L</span>-FEHTP.</p></div><div id="FEHTP18F.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP%20and%20%28pig%20or%20dog%20or%20rabbit%20or%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="FEHTP18F.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP%20AND%20%28primate%20not%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="FEHTP18F.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_FEHTP18F_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=FEHTP%20and%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="FEHTP18F.References"><h2 id="_FEHTP18F_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.1">Jager P.L., Vaalburg W., Pruim J., de Vries E.G., Langen K.J., Piers D.A.
|
||
<em>Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>(3):432–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11337520" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11337520</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.2">Laverman P., Boerman O.C., Corstens F.H., Oyen W.J.
|
||
<em>Fluorinated amino acids for tumour imaging with positron emission tomography.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(5):681–90.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11976809" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11976809</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.3">Herholz K., Heiss W.D.
|
||
<em>Positron emission tomography in clinical neurology.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(4):239–69.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15262239" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15262239</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.4">Langen K.J., Pauleit D., Coenen H.H.
|
||
<em>3-[(123)I]Iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine: uptake mechanisms and clinical applications.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(6):625–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234586" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12234586</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.5">Lahoutte T., Caveliers V., Camargo S.M., Franca R., Ramadan T., Veljkovic E., Mertens J., Bossuyt A., Verrey F.
|
||
<em>SPECT and PET amino acid tracer influx via system L (h4F2hc-hLAT1) and its transstimulation.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">45</span>(9):1591–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15347729" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15347729</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.6">Langen K.J., Jarosch M., Muhlensiepen H., Hamacher K., Broer S., Jansen P., Zilles K., Coenen H.H.
|
||
<em>Comparison of fluorotyrosines and methionine uptake in F98 rat gliomas.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(5):501–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12831987" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12831987</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.7">Saier M.H., Daniels G.A., Boerner P., Lin J.
|
||
<em>Neutral amino acid transport systems in animal cells: potential targets of oncogene action and regulators of cellular growth.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Membr Biol. </span>1988;<span class="ref-vol">104</span>(1):1–20.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3054116" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3054116</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.8">Kramer S.D., Mu L., Muller A., Keller C., Kuznetsova O.F., Schweinsberg C., Franck D., Muller C., Ross T.L., Schibli R., Ametamey S.M.
|
||
<em>5-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan as a substrate of system L transport for tumor imaging by PET.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">53</span>(3):434–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22331220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22331220</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="FEHTP18F.REF.9">Li R., Wu S.C., Wang S.C., Fu Z., Dang Y., Huo L.
|
||
<em>Synthesis and evaluation of l-5-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy)tryptophan as a new PET tracer.</em>
|
||
<span><span class="ref-journal">Appl Radiat Isot. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">68</span>(2):303–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19906535</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK98128</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22764388" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">22764388</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/BrFPN/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/FPHBF-2-18F/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK98128/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK98128/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK98128" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK98128" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. 5-(2-[18F]Fluoroethoxy)-L-tryphan. 2012 Mar 3 [Updated 2012 Jun 28]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK98128/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK98128.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (144K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#FEHTP18F.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#FEHTP18F.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#FEHTP18F.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_Cel" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#FEHTP18F.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#FEHTP18F.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#FEHTP18F.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pcsubstance&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pcsubstance&IdsFromResult=2953766" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubChem Substance</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related PubChem Substances</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" 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