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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Eu-chelate anti-fibrin antibody-conjugated perfluorocarbon nanoparticles" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2008/02/20" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Huiming Zhang" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641487" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23285/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Eu-chelate anti-fibrin antibody-conjugated perfluorocarbon nanoparticles" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Huiming Zhang" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/02/20" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23285/" /><meta name="description" content="Acute thrombus formation after atherosclerotic plaque rupture has been well recognized as the cause of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, and stroke (1, 2). 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Platelets and fibrin are the major components of all thrombi involved in the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease (3). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown promise in thrombus detection in both animals and humans (4), either with direct thrombus imaging based on the T1-shortening properties of endogenous methemoglobin in venous thrombi (5) or by enhancement of the contrast between the myocardium and intracardiac tissues by conventional gadolinium (Gd) chelates (6). However, thrombosis is a dynamic process in which thrombus material of different ages forms a layered structure as a result of successive mural deposition (7). The MRI signal of a thrombus is complicated by the presence of platelets, fibrin, and red blood cells in the clots (7). Accurate thrombus age definition and detection of old and organized thrombi remain difficult. Because fibrin is abundant in all types of thrombi, including arterial, venous, acute, and chronic, contrast agents that target fibrin can be used to differentiate between layers of fibrin deposits in all types of thrombi and in superimposed thrombosis associated with plaque (3). Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A from fibrinogen Aα-chains, followed by polymerization and cross-linkage to form thick fibrin bundles and complex, branched-clot networks (8). 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23285_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23285_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/soseuropiumperfluorocar/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/sosgadoliniumtexasred/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23285_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Eu-chelate anti-fibrin antibody-conjugated perfluorocarbon nanoparticles </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">EuPFC</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Huiming Zhang</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23285_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23285_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Huiming Zhang</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">January 17, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 20, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="Eupfc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23285/table/Eupfc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Eupfc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eu-chelate anti-fibrin antibody-conjugated perfluorocarbon nanoparticles</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EuPFC</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antibody, small molecule (nanoparticle)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fibrin</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antigen</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Ultrasound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal/contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Europium, perfluorocarbon</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<br />
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="Eupfc.Background"><h2 id="_Eupfc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=fibrin%20+%20paracest" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Acute thrombus formation after atherosclerotic plaque rupture has been well recognized as the cause of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, and stroke (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.2">2</a>). Platelets and fibrin are the major components of all thrombi involved in the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.3">3</a>). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown promise in thrombus detection in both animals and humans (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.4">4</a>), either with direct thrombus imaging based on the T<sub>1</sub>-shortening properties of endogenous methemoglobin in venous thrombi (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.5">5</a>) or by enhancement of the contrast between the myocardium and intracardiac tissues by conventional gadolinium (Gd) chelates (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.6">6</a>). However, thrombosis is a dynamic process in which thrombus material of different ages forms a layered structure as a result of successive mural deposition (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.7">7</a>). The MRI signal of a thrombus is complicated by the presence of platelets, fibrin, and red blood cells in the clots (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.7">7</a>). Accurate thrombus age definition and detection of old and organized thrombi remain difficult. Because fibrin is abundant in all types of thrombi, including arterial, venous, acute, and chronic, contrast agents that target fibrin can be used to differentiate between layers of fibrin deposits in all types of thrombi and in superimposed thrombosis associated with plaque (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.3">3</a>). Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A from fibrinogen Aα-chains, followed by polymerization and cross-linkage to form thick fibrin bundles and complex, branched-clot networks (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.8">8</a>). The low concentration of fibrin present in plasma minimizes spurious background imaging signals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.3">3</a>).</p><p>Europium(III) (Eu<sup>3+</sup>) is a lanthanide cation with six unpaired electrons in the f-shell. Many of the physical and chemical properties of Eu<sup>3+</sup> are similar to those of its neighbor Gd(III) (Gd<sup>3+</sup>), which has seven unpaired electrons. However, the spin interactions between Eu<sup>3+</sup> and its directly bound water molecules are quite different from the spin interactions between Gd<sup>3+</sup> and its directly bound water molecules. Both Gd<sup>3+</sup> and Eu<sup>3+</sup> exhibit a large effective magnetic momentum to generate a paramagnetic effect. The electron relaxation time of Eu<sup>3+</sup> (10<sup>-12</sup>–10<sup>-13</sup> s) is between four and five orders of magnitude shorter than that of Gd<sup>3+</sup> (10<sup>-8</sup>–10<sup>-9</sup>s) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.9">9</a>). The pseudocontact shift is quite large for Eu<sup>3+</sup>, but it is zero for Gd<sup>3+</sup> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.9">9</a>). As a result, Gd chelates are used as T<sub>1</sub>-relaxation agents in MRI because of a strong enhancement effect in T<sub>1</sub> relaxation; Eu chelates are used as a chemical shift agent in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy because they induce a substantial chemical shift effect. Eu<sup>3+</sup> has a negligible effect on water proton T<sub>1</sub> relaxivity because of its short electron relaxation time (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.10">10</a>). Similar to Gd-1,4,7,10-tetraazcyclododecane-<i>N,N’,N”,N”’</i>-tetraacetate (Gd-DOTA), Eu-DOTA has one coordinated water molecule in exchange with bulk water. The water residual time (τ<sub>m</sub>) can be prolonged to sub-millisecond scale by substitution of DOTA with various hydrophilic groups that drag the water exchange kinetics into slow exchange region (Δωτ<sub>m</sub> >>1) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.11">11</a>). Here Δω is the chemical shift difference between water molecules bound to the metal cation and bulk water, and its value is ~50 ppm for Eu<sup>3+</sup> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.12">12</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.13">13</a>). Radiofrequency prepulses applied at the appropriate frequency and power level can saturate Eu<sup>3+</sup>-bound water molecules. The exchange between the bound water and the bulk water pool leads to reduced equilibrium magnetization for bulk water (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.11">11</a>). This negative imaging contrast, called paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) contrast (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.11">11</a>), is “switched on” by simply changing the pulse sequence parameters, a unique feature of MRI. Simultaneously, the prepulse also generates magnetization transfer (MT) effect between the exchangeable protons in tissues (-NH, -OH, <i>etc.</i>) with bulk water. The MT effect produces a magnetization profile (Z-spectrum) of bulk water that is symmetrical about the chemical shift of bulk water (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.14">14</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.15">15</a>). Thus, a net change that originated from the PARACEST effect can be obtained by subtraction of images collected at ± frequency offset of the presaturation pulses. In general, signal change in bulk water is 37% for ~100 μM PARACEST agent and 5% for ~10 μM PARACEST agent (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.11">11</a>). A major advantage of PARACEST contrast is easy detection of the targeted agent without the need to collect images before and after contrast administration (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.16">16</a>).</p><p>Eu chelate anti-fibrin antibody–conjugated perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles (EuPFC) are a MRI PARACEST agent used to image fibrin (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.16">16</a>). EuPFC consists of three components (i.e., biotinylated phospholipids, Eu chelate–conjugated phospholipid, and monolayer lipid-encapsulated PFC nanoparticles). The biotinylated phospholipids provide convenience for site-directed targeting. The PFC nanoparticle has a liquid core that is ~200–250 nm in diameter and is emulsified through a microfluidization technique at 20,000 psi. Historically, PFC emulsions have been used as blood substitutes as a result of its high O<sub>2</sub>-loading capacity and excellent biological inertness (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.17">17</a>). Recently, PFC emulsions have been adopted for use as principal components in ultrasound contrast agents because of their low acoustic impedance relative to that of soft tissues (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.18">18</a>). Unlike microbubble-based formulations, the nanoparticles produce a negligible signal in circulation until they are bound and concentrated at a specific target. The prolonged systematic half-life of EuPFC (β-elimination time was ~1 h) provides adequate time for the nanoparticles to saturate targeted binding sites (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.19">19</a>). The large surface of a PFC can be modified to carry a substantial amount of targeting ligands (antibodies, peptides, biotins) and imaging payloads used in MRI, nuclear imaging, and computed tomography (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.20">20</a>). For instance, a PFC nanoparticle can support up to 50,000–100,000 Gd chelates, which allows robust detection of target molecules in the pM range by MRI (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.20">20</a>). This also creates a bifunctional ultrasonic contrast agent that can be used in combination with other imaging modalities.</p></div><div id="Eupfc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Eupfc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(fibrin%20+%20paracest%20)+AND+synthesis%0D%0A" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Winter et al. briefly described the synthesis of EuPFC (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.16">16</a>). Commercially available 1-(2-methyloxy-5-amine-benzyl)-tetra-glycine ethyl-1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate was coupled to a phosphatidylethanolamine through a thiourea linkage to the amine on the phenyl ring. Eu<sup>3+</sup> was added at equimolar concentrations to form the PARACEST agent, abbreviated as Eu<sup>3+</sup>-methoxyl-benzyl-DOTA. PFC nanoparticles were obtained by emulsion of 15% (v/v) perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB, C<sub>8</sub>F<sub>17</sub>Br), 1% (w/v) surfactant co-mixture, 2.5% (w/v) glycerin, and water in a microfluidizer for 4 min at 20,000 psi. The co-mixture was a liposome suspension made from a chloroform solution of 64 mol% lecithin, 35 mol% cholesterol, and 1 mol% N-((6-(biotinoyl)amino)hexanoyl)-dipalmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine. The obtained PFC nanoparticles were functionalized with a surfactant comprising phosphatidylcholine, biotinylated dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and Eu<sup>3+</sup>-methoxyl-benzyl-DOTA at a molar ratio of 59:1:40. The size of the nanoparticles was measured with electrophoretic light-scattering/laser Doppler velocimetry. The diameter was found to be 294 nm with a distribution of 0.215. The Eu<sup>3+</sup> content was determined by standard comparator instrumental neutron activation analysis. The concentration of Eu<sup>3+</sup> in the EuPFC emulsion was 2.1 mM.</p></div><div id="Eupfc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_Eupfc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(fibrin%20+%20paracest)+AND+%22in+vitro%22" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Winter et al. conducted a series of imaging and spectroscopy studies on a 4.7-T imager (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Eupfc.REF.16">16</a>). First, proton spectra of bulk water were collected for both EuPFC and control PFC nanopartciles using a 2-s presaturation pulse at a power level of 28 dB. The magnetization of bulk water was plotted as a function of frequency offset that ranged from 100 ppm to +100 ppm (relative to the bulk water frequency of 0 ppm. Compared to the control nanoparticles, EuPFC exhibited a marked saturation contrast effect at a presaturation frequency of +52 ppm. Second, the enhancement effect of EuPFC was examined in a two-compartment phantom in which EuPFC and control nanoparticles were located in separate chambers. Images were collected with the use of 2.5-s presaturation pulses at a power level of 38 dB with frequency offset of ±52 ppm relative to the bulk water peak. Subtraction of the images collected with saturation at +52 ppm from the images collected at -52 ppm demonstrated an 11.7% image enhancement in the compartment with EuPFC compared to the control nanoparticles. The enhancement effect of EuPFC was then examined in cylindrical plasma clots suspended in sterile saline. The acellular clots were formed in a plastic mold (5 mm in diameter) by combining fresh dog plasma with 5 U of thrombin and CaCl<sub>2</sub>. Subsequently, the clots were incubated with 150 μg biotinylated anti-fibrin antibodies (1H10) overnight followed by 50 μg avidin for 1 h, then 250 μl of EuPFC for 1 h. The images were acquired with parameters identical to those used for the two-compartment phantom. After the subtraction of the images collected with saturation at +52 ppm from the images collected at -52 ppm, the surface of the clot treated with fibrin-targeted EuPFC appeared to have ~10% enhancement in signal intensity and could be clearly distinguished from the rest.</p></div><div id="Eupfc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Eupfc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Eupfc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(fibrin%20+%20paracest)%20+AND+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="Eupfc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22%20SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20%28dog%20OR%20rabbit%20OR%20pig%20OR%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="Eupfc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(fibrin%20+%20paracest)%20+AND+(primate+non+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="Eupfc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Eupfc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=(fibrin%20+%20paracest)%20+AND+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p><div id="Eupfc.NIH_Support"><h3>NIH Support</h3><p>CO 07121, HL 42950, HL 59865, EB 01704</p></div></div><div id="Eupfc.references"><h2 id="_Eupfc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.1">Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">104</span>(3):365–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11457759" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11457759</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.2">Briley-Saebo K.C. , Mulder W.J. , Mani V. , Hyafil F. , Amirbekian V. , Aguinaldo J.G. , Fisher E.A. , Fayad Z.A. Magnetic resonance imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques: current imaging strategies and molecular imaging probes. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Magn Reson Imaging. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(3):460–79.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17729343" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17729343</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.3">Sirol M. , Aguinaldo J.G. , Graham P.B. , Weisskoff R. , Lauffer R. , Mizsei G. , Chereshnev I. , Fallon J.T. , Reis E. , Fuster V. , Toussaint J.F. , Fayad Z.A. Fibrin-targeted contrast agent for improvement of in vivo acute thrombus detection with magnetic resonance imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Atherosclerosis. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">182</span>(1):79–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16115477" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16115477</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.4">Yuan C. , Kerwin W.S. , Yarnykh V.L. , Cai J. , Saam T. , Chu B. , Takaya N. , Ferguson M.S. , Underhill H. , Xu D. , Liu F. , Hatsukami T.S. MRI of atherosclerosis in clinical trials. <span><span class="ref-journal">NMR Biomed. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">19</span>(6):636–54.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16986119" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16986119</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.5">Viereck J. , Ruberg F.L. , Qiao Y. , Perez A.S. , Detwiller K. , Johnstone M. , Hamilton J.A. MRI of atherothrombosis associated with plaque rupture. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>(1):240–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15528478" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15528478</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.6">Ala-Korpela M. , Sipola P. , Kaski K. Characterization and molecular detection of atherothrombosis by magnetic resonance--potential tools for individual risk assessment and diagnostics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Med. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">38</span>(5):322–36.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16938802" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16938802</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.7">Botnar R.M. , Perez A.S. , Witte S. , Wiethoff A.J. , Laredo J. , Hamilton J. , Quist W. , Parsons E.C. Jr, Vaidya A. , Kolodziej A. , Barrett J.A. , Graham P.B. , Weisskoff R.M. , Manning W.J. , Johnstone M.T. In vivo molecular imaging of acute and subacute thrombosis using a fibrin-binding magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">109</span>(16):2023–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2910574/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2910574</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15066940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15066940</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.8">Mosesson M.W. Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Thromb Haemost. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>(8):1894–904.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16102057" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16102057</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.9">Peters J.A. , Huskens J. , Raber D.J. Lanthanide induced shifts and relaxation rate enhancements. <span><span class="ref-journal">Prog. NMR Spectrosc. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>:283.</span></div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.10">Geraldes C.F. Lanthanide shift reagents. <span><span class="ref-journal">Methods Enzymol. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">227</span>:43–78.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8255231" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8255231</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.11">Zhang S. , Merritt M. , Woessner D.E. , Lenkinski R.E. , Sherry A.D. PARACEST agents: modulating MRI contrast via water proton exchange. <span><span class="ref-journal">Acc Chem Res. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">36</span>(10):783–90.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14567712" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14567712</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.12">Zhang S. , Wu K. , Biewer M.C. , Sherry A.D. 1H and (17)O NMR detection of a lanthanide-bound water molecule at ambient temperatures in pure water as solvent. <span><span class="ref-journal">Inorg Chem. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">40</span>(17):4284–90.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11487334" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11487334</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.13">Zhang S. , Winter P. , Wu K. , Sherry A.D. A novel europium(III)-based MRI contrast agent. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Chem Soc. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">123</span>(7):1517–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11456734" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11456734</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.14">Wolff S.D. , Balaban R.S. Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) and tissue water proton relaxation in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Magn Reson Med. </span>1989;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>(1):135–44.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2547135" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2547135</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.15">Ward K.M. , Aletras A.H. , Balaban R.S. A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST). <span><span class="ref-journal">J Magn Reson. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">143</span>(1):79–87.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10698648" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10698648</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.16">Winter P.M. , Cai K. , Chen J. , Adair C.R. , Kiefer G.E. , Athey P.S. , Gaffney P.J. , Buff C.E. , Robertson J.D. , Caruthers S.D. , Wickline S.A. , Lanza G.M. Targeted PARACEST nanoparticle contrast agent for the detection of fibrin. <span><span class="ref-journal">Magn Reson Med. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">56</span>(6):1384–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2920499/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2920499</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17089356" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17089356</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.17">Spahn D.R. Blood substitutes. Artificial oxygen carriers: perfluorocarbon emulsions. <span><span class="ref-journal">Crit Care. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>(5):R93–7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC137239/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC137239</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11094488" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11094488</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.18">Lanza G.M. , Wallace K.D. , Scott M.J. , Cacheris W.P. , Abendschein D.R. , Christy D.H. , Sharkey A.M. , Miller J.G. , Gaffney P.J. , Wickline S.A. A novel site-targeted ultrasonic contrast agent with broad biomedical application. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">94</span>(12):3334–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8989148" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8989148</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.19">Marsh J.N. , Hall C.S. , Scott M.J. , Fuhrhop R.W. , Gaffney P.J. , Wickline S.A. , Lanza G.M. Improvements in the ultrasonic contrast of targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles using an acoustic transmission line model. <span><span class="ref-journal">IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">49</span>(1):29–38.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11833889" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11833889</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Eupfc.REF.20">Winter P.M. , Cai K. , Caruthers S.D. , Wickline S.A. , Lanza G.M. Emerging nanomedicine opportunities with perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Rev Med Devices. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(2):137–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17359221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17359221</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23285</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641487" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641487</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/soseuropiumperfluorocar/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/sosgadoliniumtexasred/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23285/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23285/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23285" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23285" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Zhang H. Eu-chelate anti-fibrin antibody-conjugated perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. 2008 Jan 17 [Updated 2008 Feb 20]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23285/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23285.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (141K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#Eupfc.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#Eupfc.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#Eupfc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#Eupfc.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Eupfc.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Eupfc.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR receptor-antibody OR antibody-receptor)">Receptors</option><option value="transporter">Transporters</option><option value="non-targeted">Non-targeted</option><option value=""nucleic acid"">Nucleic acids</option><option value="(non-targeted OR "unknown binding site")">Others</option></select></div></div><div><input id="__micad_btn_1" type="radio" name="stage" value="vitro" /><label for="__micad_btn_1"><i>In vitro</i></label><input id="__micad_btn_2" type="radio" name="stage" value="rodents" /><label for="__micad_btn_2">Rodents</label><input id="__micad_btn_3" type="radio" name="stage" value="mammals" /><label for="__micad_btn_3">Non-primate non-rodent mammals</label><br /><input id="__micad_btn_4" type="radio" name="stage" value="primates" /><label for="__micad_btn_4">Non-human primates</label><input id="__micad_btn_5" type="radio" name="stage" value="humans" /><label for="__micad_btn_5">Humans</label><input id="__micad_btn_6" type="radio" name="stage" value="any" checked="checked" /><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=1513842" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=1513842" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20641459" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> (Gd-chelate)(2)-Phe-His-Cys-Pro(OH)-Tyr(2-Cl)-Asp-Leu-Cys-His-Ile-Leu-(Gd-chelate)(2).</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div 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xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid-icosahedral closo-borane(12) scaffold conjugated with Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Lys)](2)}(2).</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid-icosahedral closo-borane(12) scaffold conjugated with Glu-{Glu-[cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Lys)](2)}(2).<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Leung K. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/22238803" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Ytterbium chelated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid,10-orthoaminoanilide.</a><span class="source">[Molecular Imaging and Contrast...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Ytterbium chelated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid,10-orthoaminoanilide.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Pagel M, Chopra A. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). 2004</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/21751273" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Quantification of water exchange kinetics for targeted PARACEST perfluorocarbon nanoparticles.</a><span class="source">[NMR Biomed. 2012]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Quantification of water exchange kinetics for targeted PARACEST perfluorocarbon nanoparticles.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Cai K, Kiefer GE, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM, Winter PM. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">NMR Biomed. 2012 Feb; 25(2):279-85. 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