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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009/12/24" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641554" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23353/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009/12/24" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23353/" /><meta name="description" content="Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) maps information about tissues spatially and functionally. 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Most contrast agents affect the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the surrounding nuclei, mainly the protons of water. T2* is the spin–spin relaxation time composed of variations from molecular interactions and intrinsic magnetic heterogeneities of tissues in the magnetic field [1]. Cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO) nanoparticles and other iron oxide formulations affect T2 primarily and lead to decreased signals. 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23353_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23353_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/CLIO-Cy55/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/R4-SC-CLIO/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23353_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Cy5.5-AFT-IO</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23353_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23353_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.mln.ibcn@dacim</a></div></div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 7, 2009</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">December 24, 2009</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23353/table/Cy55_ATF_IO.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Cy55_ATF_IO.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cy5.5-AFT-IO</td></tr><tr><td scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Polypeptide</td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)</td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optical, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging</td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cy5.5, iron oxide</td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No</td></tr><tr><td scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=protein&id=48146021" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">protein</a>, <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nuccore&id=48146020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nucleotide</a> (RefSeq), and <a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Graphics&list_uids=5329" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gene</a> for more information about uPAR.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Background"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) maps information about tissues spatially and functionally. Protons (hydrogen nuclei) are widely used in imaging because of their abundance in water molecules. Water comprises ~80% of most soft tissue. The contrast of proton MRI depends primarily on the density of the nucleus (proton spins), the relaxation times of the nuclear magnetization (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>, longitudinal, and <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>, transverse), the magnetic environment of the tissues, and the blood flow to the tissues. However, insufficient contrast between normal and diseased tissues requires the development of contrast agents. Most contrast agents affect the T1 and <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxation times of the surrounding nuclei, mainly the protons of water. <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>* is the spin–spin relaxation time composed of variations from molecular interactions and intrinsic magnetic heterogeneities of tissues in the magnetic field [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.1">1</a>]. Cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO) nanoparticles and other iron oxide formulations affect <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> primarily and lead to decreased signals. On the other hand, the paramagnetic <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> agents, such as gadolinium (Gd<sup>3+</sup>), and manganese (Mn<sup>2+</sup>), accelerate <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> relaxation and lead to brighter contrast images.</p><p>Optical fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to obtain biological functions of specific targets [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.2" data-bk-pop-others="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.3">2, 3</a>] in small animals. However, the intrinsic fluorescence of biomolecules poses a problem when visible light (350-700 nm) absorbing fluorophores are used. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence (700-1000 nm) detection avoids the background fluorescence interference of natural biomolecules, providing a high contrast between target and background tissues. NIR fluorophores have wider dynamic range and minimal background as a result of reduced scattering compared with visible fluorescence detection. They also have high sensitivity, resulting from low infrared background, and high extinction coefficients, which provide high quantum yields. The NIR region is also compatible with solid-state optical components, such as diode lasers and silicon detectors. NIR fluorescence imaging is becoming a non-invasive alternative to radionuclide imaging in small animals.</p><p>Extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion molecules consist of a complex network of fibronectins, collagens, chondroitins, laminins, glycoproteins, heparin sulfate, tenascins, and proteoglycans that surround connective tissue cells, and they are mainly secreted by fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.4">4</a>]. Cell substrate adhesion molecules are considered essential regulators of cell migration, differentiation, and tissue integrity and remodeling. These molecules play an important role in inflammation and atherogenesis, but they also participate in the process of invasion and metastasis of malignant cells in the host tissue [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.5">5</a>]. Invasive tumor cells adhere to the ECM, which provides a matrix environment for permeation of tumor cells through the basal lamina and underlying interstitial stroma of the connective tissue. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other proteases by tumor cells allows intravasation of tumor cells into the circulatory system after degradation of the basement membrane and ECM [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.6">6</a>]. Several families of proteases are involved in atherogenesis, myocardial infarction, angiogenesis, and tumor invasion and metastasis [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.7" data-bk-pop-others="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.8 Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.9 Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.10">7-10</a>].</p><p>Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.11" data-bk-pop-others="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.12">11, 12</a>]. The uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR) system is responsible for tissue degradation after plasminogen activation to plasmin, which leads to a cascade of proteolysis or thrombolysis depending on the physiological conditions. uPA also directly activates MMPs, vascular endothelial growth factor, and human growth factor [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.13">13</a>]. Malignant tumors and tumor-associated stromal cells (macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) often express high levels of uPA and uPAR [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.14">14</a>]; therefore, the uPA/uPAR system is linked to vascular diseases and cancer. The amino-terminal fragment (ATF, 1-135 amino acids) of uPA binds with high affinity to uPAR [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.15">15</a>]. Yang et al. [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.16">16</a>] have developed a multimodality imaging probe by conjugation of Cy5.5-ATF to iron oxide nanoparticles to form Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles for NIR imaging and MRI of uPAR expression in tumor. Cy5.5 is a NIR fluorescent dye with absorbance maximum at 675 nm and emission maximum at 694 nm with a high extinction coefficient of 250,000 M<sup>-1</sup>cm<sup>-1</sup>.</p><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=Search&term=uPAR+AND+micad%5bbook%5d&doptcmdl=TOCView&log%24=booksrch&bname=micad" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chapters in MICAD</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/gene/5329" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">uPAR</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/omim/?term=uPAR" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Articles in OMIM</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=uPAR" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">uPAR</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=Urokinase-type+plasminogen+activator+receptor++inhibitor&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=7&y=10" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drug information in FDA</a>
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</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Yang et al. [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.16">16</a>] performed conjugation of Cy5.5 to recombinant ATF peptides with Cy5.5 maleimide. Paramagnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (10 nm core) coated with amphiphilic polymers were activated with ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl-carbodiimide and sulfo-<i>N</i>-hydroxysuccinimide for 15 min. The activated nanoparticles were incubated with Cy5.5-ATF peptides (17 kDa) at a molar iron oxide to ATF of 1:20 at 4°C overnight. Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles (18 nm in diameter) were isolated with column chromatography. There were 8-10 Cy5.5-ATF peptides per nanoparticles.</p></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO+and+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Kim et al. [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.15">15</a>] performed binding experiments with ATF with the use of a Biacore sensor chip immobilized with uPAR. The <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> value of ATF was calculated to be 122 ± 13 nM. ATF inhibited endothelial cell proliferation induced with basic fibroblast growth factor (2 ng/ml) in culture with a 50% inhibition concentration of ~320 nM. The Kd for the Cy5.5-ATF-IO was not determined. Yang et al. [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.16">16</a>] showed that Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles exhibited <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>-relaxivity <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> values of 3.6 ± 0.3 mM<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>-relaxivity <i>R</i><sub>2</sub> values of 124 ± 7 mM<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at 3 T. Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles were internalized by mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells (uPAR positive) but not by human mammary carcinoma T47D cells (uPAR negative). <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>-weighted imaging showed a signal reduction in 4T1 cells incubated with Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles compared with IO nanoparticles, whereas no signal reduction was observed in T47D cells.</p></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Yang et al. [<a class="bk_pop" href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.16">16</a>] performed <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>-weighted MR imaging (3 T) studies in mice bearing 4T1 tumors after intravenous injection of 0.2 nmol Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles. There was a 2-fold greater tumor signal reduction in the mice receiving Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles as compared with that in mice receiving IO nanoparticles at 6 h after injection. In contrast, the signal reduction was 50% and 80% less than that in mice receiving IO nanoparticles in the spleen and liver indicating non specific uptake of the IO nanoparticles. The signal reduction was similar in the kidney for both nanoparticles. Staining of iron in tissue sections confirmed the MRI findings. High resolution MR images showed the intracellular localization of nanoparticles in the cells. A high percentage of iron-positive cells were found in the tumor sections in mice injected with Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles but little or no iron-positive cells were detected in the tumor sections in mice injected with IO nanoparticles. Iron-positive cells were present in CD68-positive (macrophages) and CD68–negative cells (such as tumor cells). Optical imaging showed a strong Cy5.5 NIR fluorescence signal above the background was visualized in the tumor at 24 h after injection of Cy5.5-ATF-IO nanoparticles. The signal intensity increased at 48 h and decreased at 72 h as compared with the signal intensity at 24 h. The tumor/background ratios were 3.3, 2.2 and 2.0 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. No blocking experiment was performed.</p></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO+(dog+or+pig+or+sheep+or+rabbit)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO+(primate+not+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=ATF-IO+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>U54 CA119338, R01 CA133722, P50 CA128613</p></div><div id="Cy55_ATF_IO.References"><h2 id="_Cy55_ATF_IO_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.1">Wang Y.X., Hussain S.M., Krestin G.P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>(11):2319–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11702180" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11702180</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.2">Ntziachristos V., Bremer C., Weissleder R. Fluorescence imaging with near-infrared light: new technological advances that enable in vivo molecular imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(1):195–208.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12541130" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12541130</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.3">Achilefu S. Lighting up tumors with receptor-specific optical molecular probes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Technol Cancer Res Treat. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>(4):393–409.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270591" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15270591</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.4">Bosman F.T., Stamenkovic I. Functional structure and composition of the extracellular matrix. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pathol. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">200</span>(4):423–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12845610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12845610</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.5">Jiang W.G., Puntis M.C., Hallett M.B. Molecular and cellular basis of cancer invasion and metastasis: implications for treatment. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Surg. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">81</span>(11):1576–90.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7827878" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7827878</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.6">Albelda S.M. Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lab Invest. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">68</span>(1):4–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8423675" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8423675</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.7">Keppler D., et al. Tumor progression and angiogenesis: cathepsin B & Co. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochem Cell Biol. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">74</span>(6):799–810.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9164649" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9164649</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.8">Liu J., et al. Lysosomal cysteine proteases in atherosclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">24</span>(8):1359–66.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178558" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15178558</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.9">Berchem G., et al. Cathepsin-D affects multiple tumor progression steps in vivo: proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Oncogene. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>(38):5951–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12185597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12185597</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.10">Brix K., et al. Cysteine cathepsins: Cellular roadmap to different functions. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochimie. </span>2007</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17825974" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17825974</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.11">Choong P.F., Nadesapillai A.P. Urokinase plasminogen activator system: a multifunctional role in tumor progression and metastasis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Orthop Relat Res. </span>2003;(415) Suppl:S46–58.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14600592" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14600592</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.12">Rabbani S.A., Mazar A.P. The role of the plasminogen activation system in angiogenesis and metastasis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Surg Oncol Clin N Am. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>(2):393–415.</span> p. x. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11382594" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11382594</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.13">Folkman J., Shing Y. Angiogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biol Chem. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">267</span>(16):10931–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1375931" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1375931</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.14">Duffy M.J., et al. Urokinase plasminogen activator: a prognostic marker in multiple types of cancer. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Surg Oncol. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">71</span>(2):130–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10389872" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10389872</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.15">Kim K.S., et al. Differential inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and migration by urokinase subdomains: amino-terminal fragment and kringle domain. <span><span class="ref-journal">Exp Mol Med. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">35</span>(6):578–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14749538" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14749538</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Cy55_ATF_IO.REF.16">Yang L., et al. Receptor-targeted nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of breast cancer. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Cancer Res. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>(14):4722–32.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2727672/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2727672</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19584158" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19584158</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23353/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23353/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23353" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23353" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. Cy5.5-Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. 2009 Oct 7 [Updated 2009 Dec 24]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23353/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23353.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (134K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#Cy55_ATF_IO.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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