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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>[11C]Choline - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="[11C]Choline">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2011/02/07">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641747">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="[11C]Choline">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung">
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<meta name="description" content="Choline is an important component of phospholipids in the cell membranes. Tissues with increased metabolism will lead to an increased uptake of choline. Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (1). Because tumor cells have a high metabolic rate, choline uptake is high in order to keep up with the demands with the synthesis of phospholipids in their cellular membranes (2). Positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]Choline has been reported to be useful for the detection and differential diagnosis of brain tumors, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal cancer (3, 4), whereas [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) lacks of specificity or sensitivity (3).">
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<meta name="og:title" content="[11C]Choline">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Choline is an important component of phospholipids in the cell membranes. Tissues with increased metabolism will lead to an increased uptake of choline. Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (1). Because tumor cells have a high metabolic rate, choline uptake is high in order to keep up with the demands with the synthesis of phospholipids in their cellular membranes (2). Positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]Choline has been reported to be useful for the detection and differential diagnosis of brain tumors, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal cancer (3, 4), whereas [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) lacks of specificity or sensitivity (3).">
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class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23549_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">[<sup>11</sup>C]Choline</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">[<sup>11</sup>C]CH</div><p class="contribs">Leung K.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK23549_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figCholine11CTncchemicalname11ccholinea"><a href="/books/NBK23549/table/Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCholine11CTncchemicalname11ccholinea" rid-ob="figobCholine11CTncchemicalname11ccholinea"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK23549/table/Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK23549/table/Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea"><a href="/books/NBK23549/table/Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCholine11CTncchemicalname11ccholinea">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>In vitro</i>
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Rodents
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</p></div></div><div id="Choline11C.Background"><h2 id="_Choline11C_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Choline is an important component of phospholipids in the cell membranes. Tissues with increased metabolism will lead to an increased uptake of choline. Choline is phosphorylated by choline kinases (CHK) to phosphorylcholine within cells, and, after several biosynthetic processes, finally is integrated into phospholipids (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.1" rid="Choline11C.REF.1">1</a>). Because tumor cells have a high metabolic rate, choline uptake is high in order to keep up with the demands with the synthesis of phospholipids in their cellular membranes (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.2" rid="Choline11C.REF.2">2</a>). Positron emission tomography (PET) with [<sup>11</sup>C]Choline has been reported to be useful for the detection and differential diagnosis of brain tumors, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal cancer (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.3" rid="Choline11C.REF.3 Choline11C.REF.4">3, 4</a>), whereas [<sup>18</sup>F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) lacks of specificity or sensitivity (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.3" rid="Choline11C.REF.3">3</a>).</p><div id="Choline11C.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=Search&term=Choline+AND+micad%5bbook%5d&doptcmdl=TOCView&log%24=booksrch&bname=micad" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chapters in MICAD</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/gene/1119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Choline kinase</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Articles in OMIM (<a href="/omim/612395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Choline kinase</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=11C+Choline" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">[<sup>11</sup>C]Choline</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="Choline11C.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Choline11C_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%28%22chemical%20synthesis%22%5BSubheading%5D%20OR%20chemical%20synthesis%5BText%20Word%5D%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p> [<sup>11</sup>C]Methylcholine was produced by reacting [<sup>11</sup>C]methyliodide with 2-dimethylaminoethanol. Purified [<sup>11</sup>C]choline was produced with a measured specific activity of 11.1 GBq/μmol (>300 mCi/μmol) and a radiochemical purity >98% at 35 min after bombardment. The radiochemical yield for the synthesis and purification was approximately 22% (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.5" rid="Choline11C.REF.5">5</a>). A new method of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline synthesis was achieved by the reaction of [<sup>11</sup>C]methyl iodide with dimethylaminoethanol at 120 ºC for 5 min. Purification was performed by evaporation of the reactants, followed by passage of the aqueous solution of the product through a cation-exchange resin cartridge. The total time required for obtaining the finished chemical was 25 min. Radiochemical yield was > 98% with radiochemical purity of > 98%. Chemical purity was > 90% (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.6" rid="Choline11C.REF.6">6</a>). An automated synthesis of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline with a radiochemical yield of about 42% was reported (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.7" rid="Choline11C.REF.7">7</a>).</p></div><div id="Choline11C.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_C"><h2 id="_Choline11C_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_C_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Because of the short half-life (20 min) of <sup>11</sup>C, [<sup>14</sup>C]choline and [<sup>3</sup>H]choline were often used in <i>in vitro</i> studies. Both [<sup>14</sup>C] and [<sup>3</sup>H]choline were rapidly incorporated into phospholipids into PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.1" rid="Choline11C.REF.1">1</a>) and human astrocytoma cell line (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.8" rid="Choline11C.REF.8">8</a>)</p></div><div id="Choline11C.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Choline11C_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Choline11C.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A biodistribution of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline was determined at 45 min post intravenous injection in nude mice transplanted with MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line or MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma. The results showed that the uptake of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in these tumors was high, 2.0% dose/g in MCF-7 implanted mice and 1.8% dose/g in MDA-MB-435 implanted mice. The tumor/muscle ratios are moderate and the tumor/blood ratios are high. The major organs of [<sup>11</sup>C]Choline uptake were the kidneys, liver, small intestine, heart, and spleen. The micro-PET imaging of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in both nude mice showed a clear uptake of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in the transplanted breast tumors (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.9" rid="Choline11C.REF.9">9</a>).</p></div><div id="Choline11C.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20rabbit%20or%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p> [<sup>11</sup>C]Choline PET was studied in normal rabbits. [<sup>11</sup>C]Choline was taken up from blood by various tissues very rapidly, and the radioactivity remaining in blood became almost negligible 5 min after intravenous injection. The highest uptake was in the liver, followed by the kidneys and spleen at the end of this 36 min experiment (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.6" rid="Choline11C.REF.6">6</a>)</p></div><div id="Choline11C.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%28%22primates%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20Primates%5BText%20Word%5D%29%20NOT%20%22humans%22%5BMeSH%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Dynamic positron imaging of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in a rhesus monkey showed a rapid brain uptake, followed by a rapid decline, with a heavy late uptake in muscle (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.10" rid="Choline11C.REF.10">10</a>).</p></div></div><div id="Choline11C.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Choline11C_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A time-course study of a normal 60-year-old man with [<sup>11</sup>C]choline PET revealed the following organs with high [<sup>11</sup>C]choline uptake: kidney, liver, pancreas, small intestine content, and salivary gland. Dosimetry of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in an ideal man was estimated (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.3" rid="Choline11C.REF.3">3</a>). The total body absorbance dose was 0.00279 mSv/MBq (10.3 mrem/mCi). The kidneys (0.018 mGy/MBq (67 mrad/mCi)) received the highest dose of radioactivity, followed by the liver (0.017 mGy/MBq (63 mrad/mCi)), pancreas (0.013 mGy/MBq (48 mrad/mCi)), and spleen (0.008 mGy/MBq (30 mrad/mCi)). Various tumors of >1600 cancer patients were visualized with both [<sup>11</sup>C]choline and [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.3" rid="Choline11C.REF.3">3</a>). If the tumor was in an organ with high uptake, it was impossible to distinguish the tumor uptake from the normal organ uptake. If the tumor was separated from normal tissue uptake, [<sup>11</sup>C]choline PET visualized tumors as small as 5 mm in diameter, and FDG PET visualized tumors of 10 mm in diameter. Lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis could be differentiated by comparing [<sup>11</sup>C]choline PET and FDG PET images (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.11" rid="Choline11C.REF.11">11</a>).</p><p> [<sup>11</sup>C]choline PET is a useful tool in diagnosis of brain tumor [<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%22hominidae%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20AND%20%22brain%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>], lung cancer [<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%28%22human%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20%22hominidae%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20human%5BText%20Word%5D%29%20AND%20%28%22lung%22%5BMeS" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>], esophageal cancer (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.12" rid="Choline11C.REF.12">12</a>), colorectal cancer (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.3" rid="Choline11C.REF.3">3</a>), bladder cancer (<a class="bibr" href="#Choline11C.REF.13" rid="Choline11C.REF.13">13</a>), and prostate cancer [<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=11C-Choline%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%28%22human%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20%22hominidae%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20human%5BText%20Word%5D%29%20AND%20%22prostate%22%5BAll" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>].</p></div><div id="Choline11C.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_Choline11C_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>P50 CA128301, U54 CA119338, R01 CA122602-02</p></div><div id="Choline11C.References"><h2 id="_Choline11C_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.1">DeGrado T.R., Baldwin S.W., Wang S., Orr M.D., Liao R.P., Friedman H.S., Reiman R., Price D.T., Coleman R.E.
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<em>Synthesis and evaluation of (18)F-labeled choline analogs as oncologic PET tracers.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>(12):1805–14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11752077" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11752077</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.2">Podo F.
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<em>Tumour phospholipid metabolism.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">NMR Biomed. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>(7):413–39.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10654290" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10654290</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.3">Hara T.
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<em>11C-choline and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in tumor imaging with positron emission tomography.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging Biol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(4):267–73.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14537115" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14537115</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.4">Tian M., Zhang H., Oriuchi N., Higuchi T., Endo K.
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<em>Comparison of 11C-choline PET and FDG PET for the differential diagnosis of malignant tumors.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">31</span>(8):1064–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15014903" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15014903</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.5">Rosen M.A., Jones R.M., Yano Y., Budinger T.F.
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<em>Carbon-11 choline: synthesis, purification, and brain uptake inhibition by 2-dimethylaminoethanol.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1985;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(12):1424–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3877796" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3877796</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.6">Hara T., Kosaka N., Shinoura N., Kondo T.
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<em>PET imaging of brain tumor with [methyl-11C]choline.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">38</span>(6):842–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9189127" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9189127</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.7">Hara T., Yuasa M.
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<em>Automated synthesis of [11C]choline, a positron-emitting tracer for tumor imaging.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Appl Radiat Isot. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">50</span>(3):531–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10070713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10070713</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.8">Narayanan T.K., Said S., Mukherjee J., Christian B., Satter M., Dunigan K., Shi B., Jacobs M., Bernstein T., Padma M., Mantil J.
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<em>A comparative study on the uptake and incorporation of radiolabeled methionine, choline and fluorodeoxyglucose in human astrocytoma.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging Biol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(2):147–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14537137" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14537137</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.9">Zheng Q.H., Stone K.L., Mock B.H., Miller K.D., Fei X., Liu X., Wang J.Q., Glick-Wilson B.E., Sledge G.W., Hutchins G.D.
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<em>[11C]Choline as a potential PET marker for imaging of breast cancer athymic mice.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(8):803–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12453589" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12453589</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.10">Friedland R.P., Mathis C.A., Budinger T.F., Moyer B.R., Rosen M.
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<em>Labeled choline and phosphorylcholine: body distribution and brain autoradiography: concise communication.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1983;<span class="ref-vol">24</span>(9):812–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6604143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6604143</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.11">Hara T., Kosaka N., Suzuki T., Kudo K., Niino H.
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<em>Uptake rates of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-choline in lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis: a positron emission tomography study.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Chest. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">124</span>(3):893–901.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12970014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12970014</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.12">Kobori O., Kirihara Y., Kosaka N., Hara T.
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<em>Positron emission tomography of esophageal carcinoma using (11)C-choline and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose: a novel method of preoperative lymph node staging.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">86</span>(9):1638–48.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10547535</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Choline11C.REF.13">de Jong I.J., Pruim J., Elsinga P.H., Jongen M.M., Mensink H.J., Vaalburg W.
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<em>Visualisation of bladder cancer using (11)C-choline PET: first clinical experience.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(10):1283–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12271408" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12271408</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK23549_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@DACIM" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@DACIM</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 1, 2004</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 7, 2011</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Leung K. [11C]Choline. 2004 Oct 1 [Updated 2011 Feb 7]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/micad/Carfentanil11C/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/micad/Gly-Sar11C/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobCholine11CTncchemicalname11ccholinea"><div id="Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23549/table/Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Choline11C.T.nc_chemical_name11ccholinea_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>11</sup>C]Choline</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/66" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=66" alt="image 66 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>11</sup>C]CH</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>11</sup>C]Trimethylethanolamine; [<sup>11</sup>C]trimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Choline kinase</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Enzyme</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>11</sup>C</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-primate non-rodent mammals
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-human primates
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on the above structure for additional information in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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