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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23126_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23126_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/RGD-galacto18F/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/F18-83-85/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23126_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Cys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Arg-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluorodipalmitin-liposomes</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">CRPPR-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23126_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23126_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">May 12, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">May 29, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23126/table/CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Arg-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluorodipalmitin-liposomes</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRPPR-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Arg-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-1,2-dipalmitoyl glycerol-liposomes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compound</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unknown, heart</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Binding</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal/contrasat:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>18</sup>F</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is currently available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Background"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Endothelial cells are important in inflammatory responses (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.2">2</a>). The presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), virus growth, inflammation, and tissue injury increase secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and other cytokines and chemokines. Emigration of leukocytes from the blood is dependent on their ability to roll along endothelial cell surfaces and subsequently adhere to endothelial cell surfaces. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines induce chemokine secretion from endothelial cells and other vascular cells, and they also increase their expression of cell-surface adhesion molecules, such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, integrins, and selectins. Chemokines are chemotactic toward leukocytes and toward sites of inflammation and tissue injury. The movement of leukocytes through endothelial junctions into the extravascular space are highly orchestrated through various interactions with different adhesion molecules on endothelial cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.3">3</a>).</p><p>Liposomes are double-membrane lipid vesicles (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.4">4</a>). They have been widely studied as important carriers in controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of drug molecules or other bioactive molecules for targeted therapy; for example, they have been used as universal carriers of tumor chemotherapeutic agents, as antigen carriers to stimulate immune response, as carriers of nucleic acid for gene therapy, and as carriers of antibiotics for infectious disease treatment (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.5">5</a>). Marik et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.6">6</a>) developed liposomes by incorporation of [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorodipalmitin ([<sup>18</sup>F]FDP) into the phospholipid bilayer to minimize internalization and metabolism in cells. Therefore, the images obtained using [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes could be more reflective of the biodistribution of long-circulating liposomes. The linear peptide Cys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Arg (CRPPR) has been found to specifically bind to heart endothelium using phage display screenings. Zhang et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.7">7</a>) coupled polyethylene glycol-stearic acid to CRPPR to form the lipo-PEG-CRPPR peptide (LPP), which was later incorporated into [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes. The resulting CRPPR-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes were found to home to mouse hearts as determined with dynamic positron emission tomography.</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Synthesis"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>CRPPR was prepared by standard solid-phase synthesis (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.7">7</a>). Polyethylene glycol (PEG; molecular weight, 1,200 (<i>m</i> = 1), 2,400 (<i>m</i> = 2), or 3,600 Da (<i>m</i> = 3)) was coupled onto the peptidyl resin followed by Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH and stearic acid. LLP was cleaved from the resin and purified with high-performance liquid chromatography with a 20% yield. LLP was dimerized in 0.01 M ammonium bicarbonate. [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP was synthesized <i>via</i> nucleophilic substitution of the <i>p</i>-toluenesulfonyl moiety of 3-tosyl-1,2-dipalmitoyl glycerol with [<sup>18</sup>F]F<sup>–</sup> as reported previously (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.6">6</a>). [<sup>18</sup>F]KF/Kryptofix 2.2.2/K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 3-tosyl-1,2-dipalmitoyl glycerol were heated in acetonitrile to 100°C for 20 min with a decay-corrected yield of 43 ± 10% (<i>n</i> = 12). [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP was purified with chromatography and exhibited a radiochemical purity of 99%, a total synthesis time of 60 min, and a specific activity >111 GBq/mmol (3 Ci/mmol). Long-circulating radiolabeled PEG-coated liposomes were prepared by adding a CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> solution of [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP to a mixture of dimerized LLP, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and 1,2-distearoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-<i>N</i>-[methoxy(PEG)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.7">7</a>). After evaporation of the solvent, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was added to the residue and sonicated at 60°C for 1 min. The CRPPR-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes were purified with gel filtration. The size of CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes was 110 ± 38 nm with a molar ratio of CRPPR-3:DSPE-PEG2000:DPPC (6%:6%:88%). Radiochemical yield and specific activity of CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes were not reported.</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR+and+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Flow cytometry analysis showed that both endothelial and melanoma cells incubated with CRPPR-3-liposomes containing calcein exhibited higher fluorescence intensity than cells incubated with non-targeted liposomes (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.7">7</a>).</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Zhang et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.7">7</a>) performed positron emission tomography imaging with [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes and CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes in normal mice (<i>n</i> = 4) for 90 min after injection. CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes exhibited a high level of radioactivity in the heart (peak 39% injected dose (ID)/cc) and a lower level of radioactivity in the liver (peak 30% ID/cc), followed by the spleen (peak 27% ID/cc) and urinary bladder (4% ID/cc at 90 min). Radioactivity levels in the heart remained almost constant during the 90-min scan. The rapid blood clearance pattern exhibited a two-phase cycle with a half-life of 3.2 min during the distribution phase and a half-life of 78.7 min during the elimination phase. Other tissues cleared the radioactivity gradually except for the urinary bladder, which exhibited a gradual increase. Little radioactivity was detected in the bones and gut. The heart/muscle ratio was 32. <i>Ex vivo</i> autoradiography and confocal microscopy confirmed binding of CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes to blood vessels within the heart. Pre-administration of polyinosinic acid (a scavenger receptor inhibitor) and CRPPR decreased the accumulation in the heart by 41% (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and 19% (<i>P</i> < 0.05) at 90 min, respectively. On the other hand, [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes remained in the blood volume and were visualized in the heart chamber and carotid vessels. The [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposome accumulation in the liver (peak 11% ID/cc) and spleen (peak 10% ID/cc) was less than that of the CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes. On the other hand, biodistribution studies showed that the organ with the highest accumulation of CRPPR-3-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes was the heart (44% ID/g), followed by the liver (22% ID/g) and spleen (12% ID/g) 90 min after injection. The urine showed a radioactivity level of ~20% ID/g. Both [<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes and c(RGDY(OMe)KE)-[<sup>18</sup>F]FDP-liposomes (controls) remained in the blood circulation (>25% ID/g) with low radioactivity accumulation in the heart muscle (<4% ID/g), liver (<4% ID/g), and urine (<10% ID/g).</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR+(dog+or+pig+or+sheep+or+rabbit)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR+(primate+not+human)" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=CRPPR+human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>R01 CA103828, R24 CA110804</p></div><div id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.references"><h2 id="_CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.1">Cybulsky M.I. , Gimbrone M.A. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Science. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>251</strong>
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</span>(4995):788–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1990440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1990440</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.2">Lowe J.B. Glycosylation in the control of selectin counter-receptor structure and function. <span><span class="ref-journal">Immunol Rev. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>186</strong>
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</span>:19–36.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12234359</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.3">Vanderslice P. , Woodside D.G. Integrin antagonists as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Investig Drugs. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>15</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):1235–55.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16989599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16989599</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.4">Torchilin V.P. Liposomes as delivery agents for medical imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Med Today. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>2</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):242–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8796897" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8796897</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.5">Torchilin V.P. Targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Aaps J. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>9</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):E128–47.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2751402/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2751402</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17614355" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17614355</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.6">Marik J. , Tartis M.S. , Zhang H. , Fung J.Y. , Kheirolomoom A. , Sutcliffe J.L. , Ferrara K.W. Long-circulating liposomes radiolabeled with [18F]fluorodipalmitin ([18F]FDP). <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Biol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>34</strong>
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</span>(2):165–71.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1849971/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1849971</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17307124</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.REF.7">Zhang H. , Kusunose J. , Kheirolomoom A. , Seo J.W. , Qi J. , Watson K.D. , Lindfors H.A. , Ruoslahti E. , Sutcliffe J.L. , Ferrara K.W. Dynamic imaging of arginine-rich heart-targeted vehicles in a mouse model. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biomaterials. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>29</strong>
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</span>(12):1976–88.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2475513/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2475513</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18255141" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18255141</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23126</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641329" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641329</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/RGD-galacto18F/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/F18-83-85/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23126/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23126/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23126" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23126" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. Cys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Arg-[18F]fluorodipalmitin-liposomes. 2008 May 12 [Updated 2008 May 29]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23126/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23126.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (129K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#CRPPR-FDP18F-Lips.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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