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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Complement receptor type 2–conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2010/12/29" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="21210563" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK51066/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Complement receptor type 2–conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2010/12/29" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK51066/" /><meta name="description" content="Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) maps information about tissues spatially and functionally. 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK51066_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK51066_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/CLIONRPV7/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/CLIO-Tat/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK51066_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Complement receptor type 2–conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">CR2-Fc-SPIO</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK51066_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK51066_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@DACIM" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@DACIM</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">July 23, 2010</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">December 29, 2010</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.T.nc_chemical_namecomplement" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK51066/table/CR2-Fc-SPIO.T.nc_chemical_namecomplement/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__CR2-Fc-SPIO.T.nc_chemical_namecomplement_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complement receptor type 2–conjugated gold/superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles<br /></td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CR2-Fc-SPIO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complement C3 fragments</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protein</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iron oxide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No structure is available in <a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubChem</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Background"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) maps information about tissues spatially and functionally. Protons (hydrogen nuclei) are widely used to create images because of their abundance in water molecules, which comprise >80% of most soft tissues. The contrast of proton MRI images depends mainly on the density of nuclear proton spins, the relaxation times of the nuclear magnetization (T1, longitudinal; T2, transverse), the magnetic environment of the tissues, and the blood flow to the tissues. However, insufficient contrast between normal and diseased tissues requires the use of contrast agents. Most contrast agents affect the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the surrounding nuclei, mainly the protons of water. T2* is the spin–spin relaxation time composed of variations from molecular interactions and intrinsic magnetic heterogeneities of tissues in the magnetic field (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.1">1</a>). Cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO) and other iron oxide formulations affect T2 primarily and lead to a decreased signal. On the other hand, paramagnetic T1 agents, such as gadolinium (Gd<sup>3+</sup>) and manganese (Mn<sup>2+</sup>), accelerate T1 relaxation and lead to brighter contrast images.</p><p>The superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) structure is composed of ferric iron (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) and ferrous iron (Fe<sup>2+</sup>). These particles have large combined magnetic moments or spins, which are randomly rotated in the absence of an applied magnetic field. SPIO is used mainly as a T2 contrast agent in MRI, though it can shorten both T1 and T2/T2* relaxation processes. SPIO particle uptake into the reticuloendothelial system (RES) is by endocytosis or phagocytosis. SPIO particles are also taken up by phagocytic cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and oligodendroglial cells. SPIO nanoparticles are sometimes modified with dextran, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), or other biomaterials to reduce RES uptake and to prolong blood half-life. A variety of cells can also be labeled with these particles for cell trafficking and tumor-specific molecular imaging studies. SPIO agents are classified by their sizes with coating material (~20–3,500 nm in diameter) as large SPIO (LSPIO) nanoparticles, standard SPIO (SSPIO) nanoparticles, ultrasmall SPIO (USPIO) nanoparticles, and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) (1). </p><p>The complement system consists of >30 proteins and acts as important part of the innate immune system. Complement activation helps eliminate pathogens during infection but also causes injury to host tissues in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.2">2</a>) and allergic asthma (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.3">3</a>). Most lupus patients develop renal abnormalities with glomerular deposition of C3 fragments (C3b, iC3b, and C3d) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.4">4</a>). Complement receptor type 2 (CR2, CD21) binds C3 fragments but does not bind C3 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.5">5</a>). Serkova et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.6">6</a>) conjugated a recombinant protein containing the C3d-binding region of CR2 to SPIO nanoparticles. CR2-Fc-SPIO nanoparticles were evaluated in a mouse model of lupus nephritis.</p><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Related_Resource_Links"><h3>Related Resource Links:</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=Search&term=SPIO+AND+micad%5bbook%5d&doptcmdl=TOCView&log%24=booksrch&bname=micad" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chapters in MICAD</a> (SPIO)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gene information in NCBI (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=1380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CR2</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/omim/120650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Articles in OMIM</a> (CR2)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical trials (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Feridex" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">SPIO</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug information in FDA (<a href="http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=Feridex&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=*&x=11&y=6" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">SPIO</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Synthesis"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A recombinant protein containing the C3d-binding region of CR2 was linked to the Fc portion of mouse IgG<sub>1</sub> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.6">6</a>). The recombinant protein (6.7 µmol) was incubated with SPIO (10 nm in diameter) containing 1.5 nmol Fe, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, and <i>N</i>-hydroxysulfosuccinimide for 2 h at room temperature. CR2-Fc-SPIO nanoparticles were purified with high-speed centrifugation. The copies of protein per SPIO were not reported.</p></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were incubated with 10% normal mouse serum to opsonize C3 fragments on their cell surface. The binding of serum proteins on the cell surface enhanced phagocytosis of C3 fragments in the serum. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed binding of CR2-Fc-SPIO to the opsonzied CHO cells, whereas SPIO did not bind to the opsonzied CHO cells. Furthermore, CR2-Fc-SPIO did not bind to unopsonized CHO cells. Cy3-Labeled anti-mouse IgG was used to detect CR2-Fc-SPIO.</p></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Serkova et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.6">6</a>) performed T2-weighted MRI (4.7 T) in MRL/lpr lupus mice (<i>n</i> = 5) and normal wild-type mice (<i>n</i> = 6) with CR2-Fc-SPIO and SPIO (10–16 mg/kg) at 4–72 h after injection. T2 relaxation times in the muscle, fat, and spleen were similar in both groups before injection of nanoparticles. Injection of CR2-Fc-SPIO into MRL/lpr lupus mice resulted in a significant decrease in T2 relaxation times (from 93.3 ± 10.3 ms to 66.3 ± 6.4 ms; <i>P</i> < 0.008) in the inner medulla of the kidney at 24–48 h after injection. A smaller decrease in T2 relaxation times was observed in the outer medulla and cortex. No significant reduction was observed in the muscle, fat, or spleen of MRL/lpr lupus mice. No reduction of T2 relaxation times was detected in the kidneys of wild-type mice after injection of CR2-Fc-SPIO; in addition, no reduction of T2 relaxation times was detected in the kidneys of MRL/lpr lupus mice after injection of SPIO alone. Negative contrast was clearly visualized in the kidneys of MRL/lpr lupus mice but not in the kidneys of wild-type mice at 4–72 h after injection of CR2-Fc-SPIO. Histochemical staining of iron showed that CR2-Fc-SPIO nanoparticles were still detected in the glomeruli and tubules of MRL/lpr mice at 72 h after injection. No such staining was observed in the kidneys of normal mice.</p></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Other_NonPrimate_Mammals"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20sheep%20or%20rabbit%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO%20and%20%28primate%20not%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=CR2%20SPIO%20and%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>DK076690, AI31105, P30 CA046934, T32 CA079446</p></div><div id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.References"><h2 id="_CR2-Fc-SPIO_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.1">Wang Y.X., Hussain S.M., Krestin G.P.
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<em>Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>(11):2319–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11702180" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11702180</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.2">Bao L., Quigg R.J.
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<em>Complement in lupus nephritis: the good, the bad, and the unknown.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Nephrol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(1):69–80.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336690" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17336690</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.3">Zhang X., Kohl J.
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<em>A complex role for complement in allergic asthma.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Rev Clin Immunol. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(2):269–77.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2856962/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2856962</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20402389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20402389</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.4">Rovin B.H., McKinley A.M., Birmingham D.J.
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<em>Can we personalize treatment for kidney diseases?</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(10):1670–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19808246" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19808246</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.5">Kovacs, J.M., J.P. Hannan, E.Z. Eisenmesser, and V.M. Holers, <em>Biophysical investigations of complement receptor 2 (CD21, CR2) ligand Interactions reveal amino acid contacts unique to each receptor-ligand pair.</em> J Biol Chem, 2010. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2930724/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2930724</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20558730" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20558730</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="CR2-Fc-SPIO.REF.6">Serkova N.J., Renner B., Larsen B.A., Stoldt C.R., Hasebroock K.M., Bradshaw-Pierce E.L., Holers V.M., Thurman J.M.
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<em>Renal inflammation: targeted iron oxide nanoparticles for molecular MR imaging in mice.</em>
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<span><span class="ref-journal">Radiology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">255</span>(2):517–26.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2858816/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2858816</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20332377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20332377</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK51066</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21210563" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">21210563</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/CLIONRPV7/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/CLIO-Tat/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK51066/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK51066/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK51066" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK51066" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. Complement receptor type 2–conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. 2010 Jul 23 [Updated 2010 Dec 29]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK51066/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK51066.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (131K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.In_Vitro_Studies_Testing_in" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#CR2-Fc-SPIO.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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