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<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK23393" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="micad" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK23393/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="99mTc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[N-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide) - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
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<title>99mTc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[N-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide) - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="99mTc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[N-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009/01/14" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641594" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23393/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="99mTc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[N-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide)" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009/01/14" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23393/" /><meta name="description" content="Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is the formation of blood clots in veins and is also known as venous thromboembolism (VT), is preventable, yet it occurs in the lower extremities of approximately two million Americans each year (1). A majority of DVT patients will experience pulmonary embolism (PE; ~30% are symptomatic, and another 40% are asymptomatic and at high risk) because the blood clot is unstable and can travel to, and lodges in, the lungs. An estimated 100,000 individuals are reported to die every year as a result of PE, and an equal number of people may die from PE-associated conditions such as heart disease and cancer (1). Contrast-enhanced venography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of DVT, but compression ultrasonography is usually the most common technique used to detect VT in the lower extremities. The primary limitation of these procedures is that neither technique can distinguish between chronic and unstable thrombi (2)." /><meta name="og:title" content="99mTc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[N-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide)" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is the formation of blood clots in veins and is also known as venous thromboembolism (VT), is preventable, yet it occurs in the lower extremities of approximately two million Americans each year (1). A majority of DVT patients will experience pulmonary embolism (PE; ~30% are symptomatic, and another 40% are asymptomatic and at high risk) because the blood clot is unstable and can travel to, and lodges in, the lungs. An estimated 100,000 individuals are reported to die every year as a result of PE, and an equal number of people may die from PE-associated conditions such as heart disease and cancer (1). Contrast-enhanced venography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of DVT, but compression ultrasonography is usually the most common technique used to detect VT in the lower extremities. 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23393_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23393_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/Demobesin3-99mTc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/EMIDP99mTc/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23393_"><span class="title" itemprop="name"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[<i>N</i>-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide)</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23393_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23393_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">December 19, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 14, 2009</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="Apcitide99mTc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23393/table/Apcitide99mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Apcitide99mTc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[<i>N</i>-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide)</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-P280, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-peptide 280</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ligand</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (GPIIb/IIIa receptor)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receptor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); planar gamma imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal / contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-primate non-rodent mammals
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Structure not available.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.Background"><h2 id="_Apcitide99mTc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+apcitide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is the formation of blood clots in veins and is also known as venous thromboembolism (VT), is preventable, yet it occurs in the lower extremities of approximately two million Americans each year (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.1">1</a>). A majority of DVT patients will experience pulmonary embolism (PE; ~30% are symptomatic, and another 40% are asymptomatic and at high risk) because the blood clot is unstable and can travel to, and lodges in, the lungs. An estimated 100,000 individuals are reported to die every year as a result of PE, and an equal number of people may die from PE-associated conditions such as heart disease and cancer (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.1">1</a>). Contrast-enhanced venography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of DVT, but compression ultrasonography is usually the most common technique used to detect VT in the lower extremities. The primary limitation of these procedures is that neither technique can distinguish between chronic and unstable thrombi (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.2">2</a>).</p><p>Formation of a blood clot is a complex process that requires recruitment of platelets (thrombocytes are cytoplasmic bodies derived from megakaryocytes and have many other functions besides facilitating blood clot formation) for the formation of a thrombus, and the process is described in detail elsewhere (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.3">3</a>). One of the important components of the blood clotting process is platelet activation, which leads to the expression of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (GPIIb/IIIa receptor) that binds fibrinogen and promotes platelet–platelet interaction, resulting in platelet aggregation and the formation of a secure plug. Several investigators have used radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies targeting fibrin and platelets to identify acute thrombi in humans, but these molecules have limited use because they are cumbersome to manufacture, are large in size, have a long blood circulation time, and present a danger of developing human antibodies directed against mouse antibodies (HAMA) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.4">4</a>). These limitations can be alleviated by the use of synthetic peptides that are much smaller than the monoclonal antibodies, are cleared quickly from circulation, and do not have a potential to produce the HAMA response. In this regard, synthetic peptides containing or mimicking the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence were shown to specifically bind the GPIIb/IIIa receptor, and a radioactive technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc)-labeled RGD mimetic peptide, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-P280), was shown to selectively accumulate in fresh venous thrombi in dogs (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.4">4-6</a>). The study with dogs showed that the thrombus could be detected with scintigraphy 1 h after administration of the radiochemical, and at 4 h the thrombus/muscle ratio was 11 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The investigators also studied the biodistribution of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide in rats and rabbits. In another study, Muto et al. conducted a preliminary study using <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide to detect DVT in humans (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.4">4</a>). Apcitide is <a href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/98/20887.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">approved</a> by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the detection and localization of acute VT in humans and is commercially available as a <a href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/98/20887_appltrs_prntlbl.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nonradioactive freeze-dried kit</a> that can be labeled with <sup>99m</sup>Tc for clinical use (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.2">2</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.7">7-9</a>).</p></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_Apcitide99mTc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The synthesis of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide was described by Lister-James et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). Briefly, a trifluoroacetate salt of P280 was synthesized on a peptide synthesizer using FastMoc™ chemistry on a Rink amide resin. The peptide was purified with preparative reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C<sub>18</sub> Delta-Pak column. Identification of the P280 peptide was established with amino acid analysis and electrospray mass spectrochemistry. Purity of the peptide was determined to be ≥90% with RP-HPLC as described above.</p><p>Labeling of the P280 peptide with <sup>99m</sup>Tc was also described by Lister-James et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The P280 peptide was labeled with the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-glucoheptonate, a ligand exchange reagent. The peptide was dissolved in normal saline and mixed with commercially available glucoheptonate previously mixed with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sodium pertechnetate. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 15 min at 100°C, and after cooling the solution was sterile-filtered through a low-protein binding 0.22-micron filter. The radiochemical yield and purity were both determined to be ≥90% with instant thin-layer chromatography and HPLC analysis. The specific activity of the labeled product was reported to be ~2,230 GBq/mmol (~60 Ci/mmol) P280 peptide.</p><p>The commercially available freeze-dried kit has been described in the <a href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/98/20887_appltrs_prntlbl.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">draft package insert</a> of nonradioactive apcitide. Each vial of the kit contains bibapcitide (a dimer of apcitide), sodium glucoheptonate dihydride, stannous chloride dihydride, and sufficient sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH to 7.4 before freeze-drying. The freeze-dried powder, containing no preservative, is then sealed with a rubber stopper under a nitrogen atmosphere. The peptide was labeled with <sup>99m</sup>Tc as described above, and the specific activity of the labeled product was calculated to be 11.2–33.6 MBq/μM (303–909 μCi/μM) depending on final volume (1–3 mL) of the labeled product (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.7">7</a>). <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Apcitide was used within 6 h of labeling.</p></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_Apcitide99mTc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+apcitide+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Lister-James et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>) determined the 50% inhibition concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) of P280 for human platelet aggregation using inhibition curves as described by Zucker (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.10">10</a>). A fixed number of the platelets were respectively exposed to varying concentrations of the peptide to obtain curves representing percent platelet aggregation <i>versus</i> peptide concentration. The IC<sub>50</sub> of P280 for platelet aggregation was determined from the curves to be 0.079 ± 0.017 μM. The investigators also compared the inhibition platelet aggregation by P280 in dogs and humans (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The IC<sub>50</sub> for dog platelets was reported to be 0.20 ± 0.11 μM compared with 0.056 ± 0.011 μM for the human platelets. This showed that the peptide was 2.5–3.5 times more potent in inhibiting human platelet aggregation than dog platelet aggregation.</p><p>In another <i>in vitro</i> assay described elsewhere (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.11">11</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.12">12</a>), P280 was shown to inhibit the binding of fibrinogen to the GPIIb/IIIa receptor with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 6.8 nM (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). Under the same conditions, the IC<sub>50</sub> of P280 to inhibit the binding of vitronectin to the vitronectin receptor was 12,900 nM, indicating that the P280 peptide was three logs more selective for the GPIIb/IIIa than the vitronectin receptor.</p></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_Apcitide99mTc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="Apcitide99mTc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+apcitide+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Lister-James et al. studied the biodistribution of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide in normal Sprague-Dawley rats (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The animals were injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide through the tail vein and euthanized (<i>n</i> = 3/group) at 5, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection. Blood and tissue samples were obtained from the animals, and accumulated radioactivity was counted after washing (tissue only) with normal saline. The radioactivity was reported to be rapidly cleared from circulation over 2 h, and 70% of the radioactivity was cleared from the tissue during this time. Little radiotracer was observed to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and the other tissues. Radioactivity was excreted primarily through the kidneys. No competition studies using unlabeled P280 were reported.</p></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+apcitide+rodentia+non+primate+mammals" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Lister-James et al. performed imaging studies in mongrel dogs after creating a thrombus in one of the hind leg femoral veins of the animals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The other femoral vein was used as a control. Six dogs were injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide as a bolus in the foreleg through the intravenous route. Three dogs were used as positive controls and injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)-labeled autologous platelets (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO platelets) as described by Becker et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.13">13</a>). Two dogs were injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-glucoheptonate as negative controls. Images of the hind legs (with a lead shield placed over the bladder) were acquired at 12 min and ~1, 2, 3, and 4 h after the injection. From the images with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide it was evident that the thrombus was visible after 13 min after injection. The thrombus was not visible with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-glucoheptonate even 2 h after administration of radioactivity, but the dogs treated with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO platelets had very clear images of the thrombus 2 h after treatment. However, the labeled platelets are not the preferred method to visualize thrombi because they require a great deal of manipulation to radiolabel <i>ex vivo</i> and have slow pharmacokinetics (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.14">14</a>).</p><p>A region of interest analysis of the various images obtained with the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide treatment of the dogs showed rapid blood clearance of the radioactivity, and the label was excreted primarily through the liver and kidneys (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The amount of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide accumulated in the thrombi was 0.0059% of the injected dose/gram of tissue (% ID/g), and the vessels containing the thrombi had a radioactivity accumulation of 0.0040% ID/g (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The thrombus/blood (T/B) and thrombus/muscle (T/M) ratios 4 h after treatment were reported to be 4.4 ± 0.74 and 11 ± 7.0, respectively. During the same time, the T/B and T/M ratios for the control dogs was reported to be 2.2 ± 0.8 and 4.3 ± 2.4, respectively. For the positive control animals, which were treated with the labeled platelets, the T/B and T/M ratios were 5.4 ± 3.2 and 230 ± 100.0, respectively.</p><p>Lister-James et al. also studied the biodistribution of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide in New Zealand white rabbits (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">6</a>). The animals were injected with the labeled peptide through the ear vein, and the animals were euthanized 5, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after injection. Blood and various organs (after washing with saline and blotting dry) were collected from the animals, and accumulated radioactivity was counted . The radioactivity was reported to clear rapidly from blood within 4 h after injection. Some radioactivity accumulated in the bile and the colon, but clearance of radioactivity through the gastrointestinal tract was not clearly apparent. Approximately 70% of the radioactivity was reported to be cleared through the urinary route.</p></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+apcitide+non+human+primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_Apcitide99mTc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+apcitide+human+studies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Muto et al. reported the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide imaging to detect DVT in nine patients (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.4">4</a>). No adverse effects on the patients were reported, and the thrombi were visible in eight of the nine patients 1 h after treatment with the radiochemical. All the positive cases had an onset of DVT in <3 weeks, and the only negative case was diagnosed ~6 weeks earlier. PE was detected in two patients, and a third patient showed an accumulation of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide in a hemagioblastoma. From these results the investigators concluded that the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy is a safe and sensitive procedure for the diagnosis of DVT and PE.</p><p>Two preliminary reports detailing the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide for DVT imaging in clinical trials of humans are available (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.15">15</a>). A detailed account of two clinical trials comparing the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide with contrast venography for the imaging of DVT was later published by Taillefer et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.16">16</a>). Two hundred eighty patients either showing signs and symptoms of acute DVT or having a high risk of DVT after surgery were reported to be enrolled in the two clinical trials. Imaging with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide and contrast venography was performed on the patients within 36 h of enrollment. Only 243 patients participating in the trials were evaluable. Compared with contrast venography, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy had a sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of 73.4%, 67.5%, and 69.1%, respectively. In one of the institutions involved in the clinical trial, data obtained from a subset of patients (<i>n</i> = 63), who had no history of acute DVT or PE and presented at the institute within 3 days of the onset of DVT symptoms, showed that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy compared with contrast venography had a sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of 90.6%, 83.9%, and 87.3%, respectively. On the basis of this information the investigators concluded that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy is a new, sensitive modality that could be used for imaging acute DVT.</p><p>Bates et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.7">7</a>) evaluated the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide for the detection of recurrent DVT in 78 patients. Of these, 38 patients were newly diagnosed with DVT (group 1), and 40 patients were previously diagnosed (group 2) with DVT and showed postthrombotic symptoms. The investigators expected that scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide would be positive only in individuals with the acute (recent) condition because GPIIb/IIIa is expressed only on activated platelets that participate in the formation of the thrombus. Patients with old, inactive thrombi were expected to be negative for DVT with this technique. The images were interpreted by two expert nuclear medicine physicians in a blinded fashion. The sensitivity and specificity of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide were respectively based on the proportion of group 1 patients who were positive for acute DVT and the proportion of group 2 individuals who were negative for the condition. On the basis of the results of the two experts, who had excellent agreement on interpretation of the images, it was concluded that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide has a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 82%. The investigators concluded that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy could be used to detect acute DVT and has few false positive results in patients having a previous history of DVT. However, accuracy of the interpretation was dependent on the training and experience of the interpreting physicians.</p><p>Dunzinger et al. investigated the use of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide for the detection of DVT and PE in 19 patients (<a class="bk_pop" href="#Apcitide99mTc.REF.2">2</a>). The patients received the radiochemical through an intravenous injection within 24 h of presentation at the hospital. Scintigraphic images were compared with results obtained from ultrasonography and/or contrast venography, and patients suspected to have PE underwent computed tomography or lung perfusion scans. Scintigraphy was reported to detect acute DVT in 14 of 16 patients diagnosed with the condition using the other modalities. In the 14 DVT-positive patients, the thrombi were visible with scintigraphy up to 17 days after the clinical symptoms were apparent. Three patients without DVT, as determined with other modalities, were reported to be negative even with scintigraphy. Only 1 of 6 patients with PE was positive on the basis of scintigraphy. From these results the investigators concluded that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy had a sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 100%, respectively, for patients with DVT. However, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-apcitide scintigraphy did not detect PE in 83% of the patients.</p></div><div id="Apcitide99mTc.references"><h2 id="_Apcitide99mTc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.1">Rahman, S., <em>Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis: Friend or Foe.</em> Am J Ther, 2008. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19092638" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19092638</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.2">Dunzinger A. , Hafner F. , Schaffler G. , Piswanger-Soelkner J.C. , Brodmann M. , Lipp R.W. (99m)Tc-apcitide scintigraphy in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
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<strong>35</strong>
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</span>(11):2082–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18618107" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18618107</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.3">Furie B. , Furie B.C. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
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<strong>359</strong>
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</span>(9):938–49.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18753650" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18753650</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.4">Muto P. , Lastoria S. , Varrella P. , Vergara E. , Salvatore M. , Morgano G. , Lister-James J. , Bernardy J.D. , Dean R.T. , Wencker D. et al. Detecting deep venous thrombosis with technetium-99m-labeled synthetic peptide P280. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>36</strong>
|
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</span>(8):1384–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7629582" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7629582</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.5">Weisel J.W. , Nagaswami C. , Vilaire G. , Bennett J.S. Examination of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex and its interaction with fibrinogen and other ligands by electron microscopy. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biol Chem. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>267</strong>
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</span>(23):16637–43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1644841" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1644841</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.6">Lister-James J. , Knight L.C. , Maurer A.H. , Bush L.R. , Moyer B.R. , Dean R.T. Thrombus imaging with a technetium-99m-labeled activated platelet receptor-binding peptide. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">
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</span>(5):775–81.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8965144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8965144</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.7">Bates S.M. , Lister-James J. , Julian J.A. , Taillefer R. , Moyer B.R. , Ginsberg J.S. Imaging characteristics of a novel technetium Tc 99m-labeled platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist in patients With acute deep vein thrombosis or a history of deep vein thrombosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Intern Med. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>163</strong>
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</span>(4):452–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12588204" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12588204</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.8">Reinisch J.F. , Bresnick S.D. , Walker J.W. , Rosso R.F. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus after face lift: a study of incidence and prophylaxis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Plast Reconstr Surg. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>107</strong>
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</span>(6):1570–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11335838" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11335838</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.9">Taillefer R. , Therasse E. , Turpin S. , Lambert R. , Robillard P. , Soulez G. Comparison of early and delayed scintigraphy with 99mTc-apcitide and correlation with contrast-enhanced venography in detection of acute deep vein thrombosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>40</strong>
|
||
</span>(12):2029–35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10616882" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10616882</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.10">Zucker M.B. Platelet aggregation measured by the photometric method. <span><span class="ref-journal">Methods Enzymol. </span>1989;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>169</strong>
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||
</span>:117–33.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2716524" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2716524</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.11">Barker P.L. , Bullens S. , Bunting S. , Burdick D.J. , Chan K.S. , Deisher T. , Eigenbrot C. , Gadek T.R. , Gantzos R. , Lipari M.T. et al. Cyclic RGD peptide analogues as antiplatelet antithrombotics. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Med Chem. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
|
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<strong>35</strong>
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</span>(11):2040–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1597855" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1597855</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.12">Burnier, J.P., T. Gadek, and R. McDowell, <em>Platelet aggregation inhibitors having high specificity for GPIIb/IIIa.</em>, in <em>WO 92/17492</em>, I.P.A. Publication, Editor. 1992, Geneva, Switzerland.</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.13">Becker W. , Borner W. , Borst U. 99Tcm hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (HMPAO) as a platelet label: evaluation of labelling parameters and first in vivo results. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Commun. </span>1988;<span class="ref-vol">
|
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<strong>9</strong>
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||
</span>(10):831–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3211441" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3211441</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.14">Knight L.C. Radiopharmaceuticals for thrombus detection. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Nucl Med. </span>1990;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>20</strong>
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</span>(1):52–67.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2136960" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2136960</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.15">Carretta R.F. , Streek P.V. , Weiland F.L. Optimizing images of acute deep-vein thrombosis using technetium-99m-apcitide. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med Technol. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>27</strong>
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</span>(4):271–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10646544" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10646544</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Apcitide99mTc.REF.16">Taillefer R. , Edell S. , Innes G. , Lister-James J. Acute thromboscintigraphy with (99m)Tc-apcitide: results of the phase 3 multicenter clinical trial comparing 99mTc-apcitide scintigraphy with contrast venography for imaging acute DVT. Multicenter Trial Investigators. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>41</strong>
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</span>(7):1214–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10914912" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10914912</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23393</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641594" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641594</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/Demobesin3-99mTc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/EMIDP99mTc/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23393/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23393/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23393" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23393" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Chopra A. 99mTc-Labeled 13,13’[oxybis[methylene(2,5-dioxo-1,3-pyrrolidinediyl)]]bis[N-(mercaptoacetyl)-D-tyrosyl-S-(3-aminopropyl)-L-cysteinylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl]-L-cysteinylglycyl-S-[(acetylamino)methyl-L-cysteinylglycylglycyl-L-cysteinamide],cyclic(1→5),(1’→5’),-bis(sulfide) 2008 Dec 19 [Updated 2009 Jan 14]. 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/><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=1508510" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div 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