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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="[99mTc]Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2008/03/10" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641231" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23024/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="[99mTc]Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2008/03/10" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23024/" /><meta name="description" content="A characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is progressive inflammation and proliferation of the synovium in the joints, but the disease may also have extra-articular manifestations (1, 2). The inflammatory response observed during RA is believed to be caused by the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the RA-inflamed tissue, which indicates that these cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease (3). Although radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging with examination both before and after contrast administration are used for detecting early arthritis, none of these imaging procedures can adequately measure the state of or detect the early signs of arthritis in the tissue (4). The use of radiopharmaceuticals to detect RA has also been explored, but these bone-seeking agents accumulate nonspecifically in the arthritic joint, depicting bone metabolism rather than inflammation of the synovium (5, 6)." /><meta name="og:title" content="[99mTc]Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="A characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is progressive inflammation and proliferation of the synovium in the joints, but the disease may also have extra-articular manifestations (1, 2). The inflammatory response observed during RA is believed to be caused by the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the RA-inflamed tissue, which indicates that these cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease (3). Although radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging with examination both before and after contrast administration are used for detecting early arthritis, none of these imaging procedures can adequately measure the state of or detect the early signs of arthritis in the tissue (4). The use of radiopharmaceuticals to detect RA has also been explored, but these bone-seeking agents accumulate nonspecifically in the arthritic joint, depicting bone metabolism rather than inflammation of the synovium (5, 6)." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23024/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/micad/AntiCD399mTc/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23024/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23024_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23024_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/P1827DS99mTc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Depreotide99mTc/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23024_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody</span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Anti-CD3 mAb</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23024_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23024_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">January 28, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 10, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="AntiCD399mTc.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23024/table/AntiCD399mTc.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__AntiCD399mTc.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Anti-CD3 mAb</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Synonym:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-OKT3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Agent Category:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Monoclonal antibody</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CD3 antigen on human T cells</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Target Category:</b>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antibody-ligand binding</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Method of detection:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or gamma planar imaging</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Source of signal:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>99m</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Activation:</b>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
|
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</div></li></ul>
|
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Background"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+OKT3&WebEnv=0LDqyW8YezKYPS53viZ-u0X4sRwxDX_nvCL46q0TjWbfWmFEl_odftIiU6yaV81MFqnK6Dzn2ii4dEb%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>A characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is progressive inflammation and proliferation of the synovium in the joints, but the disease may also have extra-articular manifestations (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.2">2</a>). The inflammatory response observed during RA is believed to be caused by the presence of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes in the RA-inflamed tissue, which indicates that these cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.3">3</a>). Although radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging with examination both before and after contrast administration are used for detecting early arthritis, none of these imaging procedures can adequately measure the state of or detect the early signs of arthritis in the tissue (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.4">4</a>). The use of radiopharmaceuticals to detect RA has also been explored, but these bone-seeking agents accumulate nonspecifically in the arthritic joint, depicting bone metabolism rather than inflammation of the synovium (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.5">5</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.6">6</a>).</p><p>Because T cells are known to accumulate in the inflamed tissue during RA, the possible use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against membrane-surface molecules on T cells to detect, evaluate, and monitor the disease has been explored (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">7-10</a>). Among these mAbs, the anti-CD3 antibody is directed against the CD3 antigen present on the T cells and is widely used as an immunosuppressive drug in organ transplant patients (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.11">11</a>). This mAb is <a href="http://www.orthobiotech.com/common/prescribing_information/OKT3/PDF/OKT3_PI.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">approved</a> by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the reversal of acute renal, cardiac, or hepatic allograft rejections and is in <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=OKT3" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials</a> for the treatment of a variety of conditions involving T cells; it is available commercially. Investigators have evaluated the use of a metastable technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc)-labeled anti-CD3 mAb ([<sup>99m</sup>Tc]anti-CD3 mAb or [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3) for the detection of acute renal rejection in transplant patients and also for monitoring RA synovitis (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">7</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">10</a>).</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Synthesis"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+OKT3+synthesis&WebEnv=0vzdWffN4y9fddN3AFcXzOSf_Q4tGN_knzwV_mcOr2nB67Q1AcVVU-mW0hH7Q0D06NOaqAQ9dEsEfo8%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The source of OKT3 used for the imaging work was not mentioned in the publication (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.9">9</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">10</a>). The labeling of OKT3 was described by Martins et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">10</a>). Briefly, the mAb was incubated with 2-mercaptoethanol for 10 min along with an exogenous chelator; the nature of the chelator was not described. Stannous chloride was added to the mAb solution, and the mixture was incubated for another 10 min. Subsequently, <sup>99m</sup>Tc as sodium pertechnetate was added to the mixture and incubated for 20 min (incubation temperature was not provided). After the labeling reaction, the mAb was filtered through a 0.45-micron filter to remove any colloidal form of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3. The investigators claimed that >90% of the mAb was labeled with <sup>99m</sup>Tc (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">10</a>). The stability and specific activity of the labeled mAb were not provided (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">10</a>).</p><p>Marcus et al described a different method for the generation of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">7</a>). The commercial antibody was first incubated with ascorbic acid for the reduction of one or two disulphide bonds in the mAb. The conditions (time and temperature) for this incubation were not provided. The reaction mixture was then mixed with sodium pertechnetate previously reduced with sodium hydrosulphite and incubated for 30 min. Unbound <sup>99m</sup>Tc was separated from the labeled mAb by centrifugation in a Centricon 30 microconcentrator. The radiochemical yield of the reaction was >95%, and the colloid formation was consistently <5% as determined by thin-paper chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography on a Water’s protein pak SW 300 column. The stability and specific activity of the labeled product were not provided (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">7</a>).</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+OKT3+in+vitro&WebEnv=03gnu9_gXr8YWPnJ9HDgglR1T3hk2Klus7GIj6eA39jPGg79gM7XcpTa600SEe-4U1sJMOtWeU7e1qP%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+OKT3+rodentia&WebEnv=06HK32GhRoLbG5DMvTtVNIKnQfiwbvv9qrtP3TxtaGfJfU1zWUCAt3hu4SSo5gMLo-Gav860PihLc2j%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed]</a></p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+OKT3+non+primate+mammals&WebEnv=0wHOiJurKE00tfBdkRS2HC5Pf3F7QAHENfntTSq-5VKWpXQMHwIDSoaYf-pN7fzSTtztIl98viLY80v%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=99mTc+OKT3+non+human+primates&WebEnv=02rY_2OrsvG_1USvZH1HPT2SepLpcc0gB3p9QjeaMmRXoanqy6-E02rfOSakTaliXzAfs02ZTGpUhWX%407748428072881B60_0000SID&WebEnvRq=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=%22SUBSTANCENAME%22%5BSubstance%20Name%5D%20AND%20human" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The use of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 scintigraphy to diagnose acute rejection in renal transplants was evaluated by Martins et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">10</a>). Among the 22 renal transplant patients in this study, an increased kidney uptake of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 was observed with time in 3 patients experiencing allograft rejection. A histopathological examination of the kidneys in these 3 patients confirmed the observations made with [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 scintigraphy. The investigators reported that a larger number of kidney transplant patients were being monitored with this technique to confirm the use of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 to detect kidney allograft rejection.</p><p>In another study, [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 was given intravenously to seven RA and two psoriatic arthritis patients to evaluate the use of this labeled mAb for the identification of an inflamed synovium (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">7</a>). Specific regional imaging and anterior and posterior whole-body scans were performed on the patients 20 min after administration of the labeled mAb. Based on criteria for the classification of RA specified by the American College of Rheumatology, patients with asymptomatic and joints with mild pain or minimal tenderness showed normal uptake of the label. Patients who described moderate to severe pain in their joints showed moderate to marked increases in radioactivity uptake. With these results the investigators concluded that [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 could possibly be used to measure the effectiveness of a treatment for RA and other conditions that result in an inflamed synovium (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">7</a>).</p><p>Martins et al. investigated the use of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 to monitor RA in 38 patients (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AntiCD399mTc.REF.9">9</a>). Planar anterior images of the patients' wrists, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, elbows, shoulders, and knees were obtained 1 h and 3 h after administration of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3. A significant correlation (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between the accumulation of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 and swollen or tender joints and the visual analog scale was reported. The investigators observed no correlation between the accumulation of radioactivity and the patients' age, gender, duration of disease, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. From these results the investigators concluded that [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]OKT3 scintigraphy was a reliable and objective method to detect synovial activity, and this technique could possibly be used to observe disease prognosis.</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.Supplemental_Informa"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_Supplemental_Informa_">Supplemental Information</h2><p>[<a href="/books/n/micad/disclaimer/">Disclaimers</a>]</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.NIH_Support"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_NIH_Support_">NIH Support</h2><p>Some of the studies presented in this chapter were funded by NIH grant (MLT)CA-51960.</p></div><div id="AntiCD399mTc.references"><h2 id="_AntiCD399mTc_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.1">Goldring M.B. , Goldring S.R. <span><span class="ref-journal"> and , <em>Osteoarthritis.</em> </span><span class="ref-journal">J Cell Physiol. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>213</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):626–34.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17786965" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17786965</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.2">Goekoop Y.P. , Allaart C.F. , Breedveld F.C. , Dijkmans B.A. Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Opin Rheumatol. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>13</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):177–83.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11333345" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11333345</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.3">Breedveld F.C. , Verweij C.L. T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Rheumatol. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>36</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):617–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9236668" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9236668</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.4">Backhaus M. , Burmester G.R. , Sandrock D. , Loreck D. , Hess D. , Scholz A. , Blind S. , Hamm B. , Bollow M. Prospective two year follow up study comparing novel and conventional imaging procedures in patients with arthritic finger joints. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Rheum Dis. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>61</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):895–904.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1753903/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1753903</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12228160" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12228160</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.5">van der Heijde D.M. , van 't Hof M. , van Riel P.L. , van de Putte L.B. Validity of single variables and indices to measure disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Rheumatol. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>20</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):538–41.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8097536" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8097536</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.6">Kraus V.B. Pathogenesis and treatment of osteoarthritis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Clin North Am. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>81</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):85–112.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9012756" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9012756</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.7">Marcus C. , Thakur M.L. , Huynh T.V. , Louie J.S. , Leibling M. , Minami C. , Diggles L. Imaging rheumatic joint diseases with anti-T lymphocyte antibody OKT-3. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nucl Med Commun. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>15</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):824–30.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7838446" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7838446</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.8">Kinne R.W. , Becker W. , Schwab J. , Schwarz A. , Kalden J.R. , Emmrich F. , Burmester G.R. , Wolf F. Imaging rheumatoid arthritis joints with technetium-99m labelled specific anti-CD4- and non-specific monoclonal antibodies. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Nucl Med. </span>1994;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>21</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):176–80.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8162942" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8162942</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.9">Martins F.P. , Gutfilen B. , de Souza S.A. , de Azevedo M.N. , Cardoso L.R. , Fraga R. , da Fonseca L.M. Monitoring rheumatoid arthritis synovitis with 99mTc-anti-CD3. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Radiol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>81</strong>
|
||
</span>(961):25–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039720" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18039720</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.10">Martins F.P. , Souza S.A. , Goncalves R.T. , Fonseca L.M. , Gutfilen B. Preliminary results of [99mTc]OKT3 scintigraphy to evaluate acute rejection in renal transplants. <span><span class="ref-journal">Transplant Proc. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>36</strong>
|
||
</span>(9):2664–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621118" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15621118</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AntiCD399mTc.REF.11">Ortho B. <span><span class="ref-journal">Orthoclone OKT3 sterile solution, Ortho Biotech: Raritan, NJ. </span>2004</span></div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23024</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641231" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641231</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/P1827DS99mTc/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/Depreotide99mTc/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23024/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23024/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23024" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23024" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Chopra A. [99mTc]Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. 2008 Jan 28 [Updated 2008 Mar 10]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23024/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23024.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (131K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.Supplemental_Informa" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Supplemental Information</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.NIH_Support" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">NIH Support</a></li><li><a href="#AntiCD399mTc.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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