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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Anti-α-Fetoprotein antibody-quantum dots" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009/02/24" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641270" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23065/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Anti-α-Fetoprotein antibody-quantum dots" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kam Leung" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009/02/24" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23065/" /><meta name="description" content="Fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystals made of CdSe/CdTe-ZnS with radii of 1–10 nm (1-3). 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23065_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23065_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/sosquantumdotqd/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/QD705RGD/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23065_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Anti-α-Fetoprotein antibody-quantum dots </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Anti-AFP-QDs</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23065_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23065_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Kam Leung</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">February 6, 2009</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 24, 2009</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="AFP-QD.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23065/table/AFP-QD.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__AFP-QD.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
|
||
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anti-α-Fetoprotein antibody-quantum dots</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anti-AFP-QDs</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antibody</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">α-Fetoprotein (AFP)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antigen</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optical, near-infrared (NIR)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal\contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quantum dot</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" />
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<i>In vitro</i>
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Click on <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=protein&val=119626086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">protein</a>, <a href="/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=4501988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nucleotide</a> (RefSeq), and <a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=174" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gene</a> for more information about AFP.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="AFP-QD.Background"><h2 id="_AFP-QD_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystals made of CdSe/CdTe-ZnS with radii of 1–10 nm (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.1">1-3</a>). They can be tuned to emit in a range of wavelengths by changing their sizes and composition, thus providing broad excitation profiles and high absorption coefficients. They have narrow and symmetric emission spectra with long excited-state lifetimes of 20–50 ns, <i>versus</i> 1–10 ns for fluorescent dyes. QDs possess good quantum yields of 40–90% and high extinction coefficients, and they are more photo-stable than conventional organic dyes. QDs can be coated and capped with hydrophilic materials for additional conjugation with biomolecules such as peptides, antibodies, nucleic acids, and small organic compounds, which were tested <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.3">3-7</a>). Although many cells have been labeled with QDs <i>in vitro</i> with little cytotoxicity, there are limited studies of long-term QD toxicity in small animals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.8">8-16</a>). However, little is known about the toxicity or the mechanisms of clearance and metabolism of QDs in humans.</p><p>α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a single-chain glycoprotein (70 kDa) that is highly expressed in the fetal liver, gastrointestinal tract, and yolk sac (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.17">17</a>); serum AFP levels are markedly low (<3 ng/ml) in healthy adults. Synthesis of AFP in adults appears in a variety of disease states, often associated with increased concentrations of AFP in serum. Markedly high serum levels are found in cancer patients with hepatoblastomas, nephroblastomas, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), and certain testicular tumors. Yu et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.18">18</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.19">19</a>) prepared QDs conjugated with anti-AFP monoclonal antibodies to detect accumulation and retention of AFP at the site of HCC tumors. Anti-AFP-QDs are being studied as a contrast agent for imaging AFP expression in HCC cancer cells.</p></div><div id="AFP-QD.Synthesis"><h2 id="_AFP-QD_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP%20and%20synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>CdSe-ZnS QDs (with emission peaks at 590 nm) modified with thioglycolic acid were activated with 50 mmol 1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide and 5 mmol <i>N</i>-hydroxysuccinimide in phosphate-buffered saline (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.18">18</a>). Mouse anti-human monoclonal AFP antibody was incubated with the activated QDs at room temperature for 2–4 h. The anti-AFP-QDs were isolated with centrifugation and purified with dialysis. The assembled anti-AFP-QDs have a spherical diameter of 5 nm, as measured with low-temperature transmission electron microscopy. The number of copies of antibody per QD was not reported.</p></div><div id="AFP-QD.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_AFP-QD_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP%20and%20in%20vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Anti-AFP-QDs were examined for their ability to discriminate between the AFP-expressing HCC cell line HCCLM6 and the AFP-negative human colon cell line SW480 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.20">20</a>). <i>In vitro</i> imaging showed that anti-AFP-QDs (100 nM) could bind to HCCLM6 cells after 4 h of incubation but not to SW480 cells. Furthermore, anti-AFP-QDs (100 nM) exerted little effect on cell viability in culture for 48 h.</p></div><div id="AFP-QD.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_AFP-QD_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="AFP-QD.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP%20and%20rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Chen et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AFP-QD.REF.20">20</a>) performed <i>ex vivo</i> biodistribution studies of anti-AFP-QDs (200 nmol/kg) administered to normal mice (<i>n</i> = 5) <i>via</i> intravenous injection. The plasma half-life of anti-AFP-QDs was ~2 h. The tissue with the highest Cd (measured with inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry) accumulation at 24 h was the spleen (~10% µg/g tissue), followed by the liver (~7% µg/g tissue) and kidneys (~2% µg/g tissue). There was minimal accumulation in the brain, heart, muscle, and lung. Anti-AFP-QDs were taken up by the reticuloendothelial system and by phagocytes in the liver and spleen. The mice showed no acute toxicity when compared with mice injected with saline. No signs of sickness were observed in the mice for up to 7 days after injection. Whole-body imaging of mice bearing HCCLM6 tumors and small-cell lung metastases showed a good near-infrared fluorescence signal in the tumor and lung metastases, with approximately four-fold enhancement as compared with saline injection. The near-infrared fluorescence signal was localized to both primary and metastatic tumor cells as confirmed with staining and confocal microscopy. No blocking experiment was performed.</p></div><div id="AFP-QD.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP%20and%20%28dog%20or%20pig%20or%20rabbit%20or%20sheep%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="AFP-QD.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP%20and%20%28primate%20not%20human%29" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div></div><div id="AFP-QD.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_AFP-QD_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=PureSearch&db=pubmed&details_term=Quantum%20dot%20and%20AFP%20and%20human%20not%20animal%20not%20cell%20line" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No publication is currently available.</p></div><div id="AFP-QD.references"><h2 id="_AFP-QD_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.1">Chan W.C. , Maxwell D.J. , Gao X. , Bailey R.E. , Han M. , Nie S. Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Opin Biotechnol. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(1):40–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11849956" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11849956</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.2">Gao X. , Nie S. Quantum dot-encoded beads. <span><span class="ref-journal">Methods Mol Biol. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">303</span>:61–71.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15923675" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15923675</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.3">Michalet X. , Pinaud F.F. , Bentolila L.A. , Tsay J.M. , Doose S. , Li J.J. , Sundaresan G. , Wu A.M. , Gambhir S.S. , Weiss S. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Science. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">307</span>(5709):538–44.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1201471/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1201471</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15681376" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15681376</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.4">Alivisatos A.P. , Gu W. , Larabell C. Quantum dots as cellular probes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Annu Rev Biomed Eng. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>:55–76.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16004566" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16004566</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.5">Hilger I. , Leistner Y. , Berndt A. , Fritsche C. , Haas K.M. , Kosmehl H. , Kaiser W.A. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of HER-2 protein over-expression in tumour cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(6):1124–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118831" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15118831</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.6">Medintz I.L. , Uyeda H.T. , Goldman E.R. , Mattoussi H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Mater. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(6):435–46.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15928695" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15928695</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.7">Smith A.M. , Gao X. , Nie S. Quantum dot nanocrystals for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">Photochem Photobiol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">80</span>(3):377–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15623319" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15623319</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.8">Akerman M.E. , Chan W.C. , Laakkonen P. , Bhatia S.N. , Ruoslahti E. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">99</span>(20):12617–21.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC130509/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC130509</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12235356" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12235356</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.9">Braydich-Stolle L. , Hussain S. , Schlager J.J. , Hofmann M.C. In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Toxicol Sci. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">88</span>(2):412–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2911231/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2911231</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16014736" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16014736</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.10">Frangioni J.V. , Hajjar R.J. In vivo tracking of stem cells for clinical trials in cardiovascular disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Circulation. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">110</span>(21):3378–83.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15557385" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15557385</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.11">Gao X. , Cui Y. , Levenson R.M. , Chung L.W. , Nie S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Biotechnol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>(8):969–76.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15258594" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15258594</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.12">Han M. , Gao X. , Su J.Z. , Nie S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Biotechnol. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">19</span>(7):631–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11433273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11433273</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.13">Lovric J. , Bazzi H.S. , Cuie Y. , Fortin G.R. , Winnik F.M. , Maysinger D. Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Mol Med. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">83</span>(5):377–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15688234" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15688234</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.14">Ohnishi S. , Lomnes S.J. , Laurence R.G. , Gogbashian A. , Mariani G. , Frangioni J.V. Organic alternatives to quantum dots for intraoperative near-infrared fluorescent sentinel lymph node mapping. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Imaging. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(3):172–81.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16194449" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16194449</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.15">Shiohara A. , Hoshino A. , Hanaki K. , Suzuki K. , Yamamoto K. On the cyto-toxicity caused by quantum dots. <span><span class="ref-journal">Microbiol Immunol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">48</span>(9):669–75.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15383704" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15383704</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.16">Soltesz E.G. , Kim S. , Laurence R.G. , DeGrand A.M. , Parungo C.P. , Dor D.M. , Cohn L.H. , Bawendi M.G. , Frangioni J.V. , Mihaljevic T. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Thorac Surg. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">79</span>(1):269–77.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1421510/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1421510</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15620956" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15620956</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.17">Smith C.J. , Kelleher P.C. Alpha-fetoprotein molecular heterogeneity. Physiologic correlations with normal growth, carcinogenesis and tumor growth. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochim Biophys Acta. </span>1980;<span class="ref-vol">605</span>(1):1–32.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6154476" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6154476</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.18">Yu X. , Chen L. , Deng Y. , Li K. , Wang Q. , Li Y. , Xiao S. , Zhou L. , Luo X. , Liu J. , Pang D. Fluorescence analysis with quantum dot probes for hepatoma under one- and two-photon excitation. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Fluoresc. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>(2):243–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17279333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17279333</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.19">Yu X. , Chen L. , Li K. , Li Y. , Xiao S. , Luo X. , Liu J. , Zhou L. , Deng Y. , Pang D. , Wang Q. Immunofluorescence detection with quantum dot bioconjugates for hepatoma in vivo. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biomed Opt. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>(1):014008.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17343483" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17343483</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AFP-QD.REF.20">Chen L.D. , Liu J. , Yu X.F. , He M. , Pei X.F. , Tang Z.Y. , Wang Q.Q. , Pang D.W. , Li Y. The biocompatibility of quantum dot probes used for the targeted imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biomaterials. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(31):4170–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18691751" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18691751</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23065/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23065/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23065" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23065" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Leung K. Anti-α-Fetoprotein antibody-quantum dots. 2009 Feb 6 [Updated 2009 Feb 24]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23065/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23065.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (373K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#AFP-QD.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#AFP-QD.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#AFP-QD.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#AFP-QD.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#AFP-QD.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#AFP-QD.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option 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