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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="1-[11C]Arachidonic acid" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2009/01/14" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="20641417" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23214/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="1-[11C]Arachidonic acid" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arvind Chopra" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2009/01/14" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23214/" /><meta name="description" content="Arachidonic acid (AA), also known as all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-6, a ω-6 fatty acid), is an essential fatty acid that is found primarily at the sn-2 position of most membrane phospholipids (PLs). Through the AA cascade it is a precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which have been implicated in the development of a variety of neurological disorders in mammals (1). The AA is released from the PLs by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes (both cytosolic and secretory forms) that are calcium dependent, and they are usually receptor activated. The released AA and its metabolites are believed to modulate a variety of processes in mammals including aging, ion channel functioning, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammation, and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (2-7). Because cytokines, nitric oxide, and glutamate influence calcium mobilization in the tissue, they are known to affect PLA2 activation, the release of AA from PLs, and neuroinflammation observed with different neurological diseases (8-13)." /><meta name="og:title" content="1-[11C]Arachidonic acid" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Arachidonic acid (AA), also known as all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-6, a ω-6 fatty acid), is an essential fatty acid that is found primarily at the sn-2 position of most membrane phospholipids (PLs). Through the AA cascade it is a precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which have been implicated in the development of a variety of neurological disorders in mammals (1). The AA is released from the PLs by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes (both cytosolic and secretory forms) that are calcium dependent, and they are usually receptor activated. 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/micad/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-micad-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23214_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23214_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>; 2004-2013.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/micad/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/C11-13/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/PMP11C/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK23214_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">1-[<sup>11</sup>C]Arachidonic acid </span></h1><div itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="subtitle whole_rhythm">1-[<sup>11</sup>C]AA</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK23214_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK23214_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Arvind Chopra</span>, PhD<div class="affiliation small">
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894,
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<span class="before-email-separator"></span><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@dacim</a>
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</div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">December 29, 2008</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 14, 2009</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="AA11C.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK23214/table/AA11C.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__AA11C.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Chemical name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-[<sup>11</sup>C]Arachidonic acid</td><td rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK23214/bin/AA11C.jpg" alt="Image AA11C.jpg" /></div>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Abbreviated name:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-[<sup>11</sup>C]AA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Synonym:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Agent Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Small molecule</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Phospholipids</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Target Category:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lipids</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Method of detection:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Positron emission tomography (PET)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Source of signal / contrast:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><sup>11</sup>C</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Activation:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Studies:</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Rodents
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Non-human primates
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</div></li></ul>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<img alt="Checkbox" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/studies.checkbox.png" /> Humans
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</div></li></ul>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Structure of 1-[<sup>11</sup>C]arachidonic acid.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="AA11C.Background"><h2 id="_AA11C_Background_">Background</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=11c+arachidonic+acid" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Arachidonic acid (AA), also known as <i>all-cis</i>-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-6, a ω-6 fatty acid), is an essential fatty acid that is found primarily at the <i>sn</i>-2 position of most membrane phospholipids (PLs). Through the AA cascade it is a precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which have been implicated in the development of a variety of neurological disorders in mammals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.1">1</a>). The AA is released from the PLs by phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (PLA<sub>2</sub>) enzymes (both cytosolic and secretory forms) that are calcium dependent, and they are usually receptor activated. The released AA and its metabolites are believed to modulate a variety of processes in mammals including aging, ion channel functioning, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammation, and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.2">2-7</a>). Because cytokines, nitric oxide, and glutamate influence calcium mobilization in the tissue, they are known to affect PLA<sub>2</sub> activation, the release of AA from PLs, and neuroinflammation observed with different neurological diseases (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.8">8-13</a>).</p><p>The AD brain has been shown to have higher than normal PLA<sub>2</sub> enzyme activity and increased levels of cytokines, β-amyloid proteins and peptides, glutamatergic markers, and AA metabolites (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.14">14-18</a>). Esposito et al. envisioned that elevated AA metabolism in the AD brain could perhaps be used to image the neuroinflammation during the course and therapy of the disease because this fatty acid is either synthesized <i>de novo</i> or from linoleic acid (18:2n-6), which can be considered as its precursor in mammals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.19">19</a>). Using AA labeled with radioactive carbon (1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA), investigators have determined the regional brain AA incorporation coefficient (K*), which is the ratio of radioactivity in the brain and the integral of AA in plasma, developed using quantitative autoradiography in rodents with <sup>14</sup>C-labeled AA (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.20">20</a>) and positron emission tomography (PET) in non-human primates (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.21">21</a>) and humans with <sup>11</sup>C-labeled AA (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.19">19</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.22">22</a>). In addition, labeled AA has been shown to be an ideal brain imaging agent, and K* was not influenced by regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes measured with water containing radioactive oxygen (<sup>15</sup>O-water) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.19">19</a>).</p></div><div id="AA11C.Synthesis"><h2 id="_AA11C_Synthesis_">Synthesis</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=11c+arachidonic+acid+synthesis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The methods described by Chang et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.21">21</a>) and Channing et al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.23">23</a>) were used for the synthesis of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.19">19</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.22">22</a>). The radiochemical was routinely obtained at the end of synthesis in ~35 min and was formulated in 0.9% saline containing 8% serum (source of the serum used was not specified) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.21">21</a>). Stability of the formulated tracer was not reported. Radiochemical purity of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA was reported to be >95% as determined with high-performance liquid chromatography with a specific activity of ~37 GBq/μmol (~1 Ci/μmol; <i>n</i> = 10) at the end of bombardment. In another publication the specific activity of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA was reported to be 3,700 MBq/μmol (100 mCi/μmol) with a radiochemical purity of >97.6% (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.19">19</a>).</p></div><div id="AA11C.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes"><h2 id="_AA11C_In_Vitro_Studies_Tes_"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=arachidonic+acid+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Much literature is available regarding AA activity under <i>in vitro</i> conditions (<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=arachidonic+acid+in+vitro" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>), however only some studies are presented in this section. Readers interested to learn more about the <i>in vitro</i> investigations with AA are encouraged to check references available by clicking on the above link. It is also pertinent to mention that all studies reviewed in this section were performed with unlabeled AA.</p><p>Using a mouse epidermal JB6 cell line model the effects of omega 3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and AA (an omega 6 fatty acid) on phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate (TPA)- induced or epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced transcription activator protein 1 (AP-1) transactivation and the subsequent transformation of the cells was investigated (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.24">24</a>). Among the two omega 3 fatty acids DHA was more effective at inhibiting cell transformation, but AA inhibited the beneficial effects of DHA. The investigators concluded the dietary ratio of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids may be an important factor in tumorigenesis under in vivo conditions.</p><p>In another study it was demonstrated that an AA metabolite (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) stimulated the adhesion of human metastatic human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells to the extracellular matrix (type IV collagen) by activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.25">25</a>). This indicated that 15(S)-HETE initiated the signal transduction pathway responsible for adhesion of the cells to the extracellular matrix. AA was also shown to induce MDA-MB-231 cell migration by Navarro-Tito et. al. (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.26">26</a>). Using tumor derived endothelial cells from human breast carcinomas it was shown that AA promotes Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry into the cells during early phases of angiogenesis and this AA activity is inhibited by carboxyamidotriazole (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.27">27</a>). This indicated that AA may have a role in angiogenesis during tumor development.</p></div><div id="AA11C.Animal_Studies"><h2 id="_AA11C_Animal_Studies_">Animal Studies</h2><div id="AA11C.Rodents"><h3>Rodents</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=11c+arachidonic+acid+rodentia" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Basselin et al. used autoradiography to investigate the effect of a lithium chloride (LiCl) or control diet on the K* of 1-<sup>14</sup>C-AA in brains of rats after an intracerebroventricular infusion of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces neuroinflammation and elevates AA metabolism in the brain, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.28">28</a>). Compared with animals on the aCSF diet, LPS was reported to significantly increase the K* in 28 regions of the brain in rats on the control diet. Under the same conditions, LiCl prevented an increase in K* in 18 of the same regions of the brain in rats on the control diet. LiCl was reported to increase K* in 14 regions (primarily in the visual and auditory systems) of the brain in rats fed aCSF. Markers of AA metabolism such as PLA<sub>2</sub> activity as well as prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 levels were increased by LPS infusion in the animals on the control diet, but no such increase was observed in rats treated with LPS and fed the LiCl diet.</p></div><div id="AA11C.Other_NonPrimate_Mam"><h3>Other Non-Primate Mammals</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=11c+arachidonic+acid+non+primate+mammals" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>No references are currently available.</p></div><div id="AA11C.NonHuman_Primates"><h3>Non-Human Primates</h3><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=11c+arachidonic+acid+non+human+primates" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>The incorporation of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA was investigated using PET in the brains of normocapnic (normal carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood) and hypercapnic (increased carbon dioxide blood levels) monkeys (<i>n</i> = 4) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.21">21</a>). CBF was measured in the animals with <sup>15</sup>O-water before the intravenous infusion of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA. Dynamic PET scans were performed on the animals at various time points starting at 0 min for up to 60 min after the infusion of labeled AA. During the same time, arterial blood samples were taken from the animals. The half-life of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA in the blood was reported to be 1.1 min, and radioactivity in the brain reached a steady-state within 10 min. The K* of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA was determined to be 1.1–1.2 × 10<sup>-4</sup> ml/sec per gram of gray matter and remained consistent at all time points even after a 2.6-fold increase in CBF caused by hypercapnia in the animals. The investigators concluded that the incorporation of <sup>11</sup>C-AA could be quantified in monkeys with PET and that the accumulation of this radiochemical in the brain was independent of blood flow.</p></div></div><div id="AA11C.Human_Studies"><h2 id="_AA11C_Human_Studies_">Human Studies</h2><p>[<a href="/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=11c+arachidonic+acid+human+studies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed</a>]</p><p>Giovacchini et al. used PET to measure the incorporation of 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA in the brains of eight rested, young, and healthy adult humans (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.22">22</a>). The K* and cerebral blood volume (V<sub>b</sub>) were determined for the gray and white matter in the subjects. The K* values were 5.6 ± 1.2 and 2.6 ± 0.5 μL/min per mL in the gray and white matter, respectively. The V<sub>b</sub> values were reported to remain unchanged for the data analysis periods from 20 to 60 min.</p><p>In another study, the effect of healthy aging on 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA incorporation, blood volume, and blood flow was investigated in eight young (27 ± 5 y) and seven old (65 ± 9 y) healthy individuals after applying the partial-volume correction (PVC) (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.29">29</a>). No differences between the K* and V<sub>b</sub> values of the young and old individuals were reported before or after the application of PVC. However, a significant reduction of CBF was apparent in the frontal cortex of individuals in the older group. After normalization to the global gray area of the brain, the K*, V<sub>b</sub>, and CBF values were significantly reduced in frontal lobe of the older individuals, but this difference disappeared after application of the PVC. The investigators concluded that brain function as determined with PET imaging is affected minimally by healthy aging in humans.</p><p>PET imaging was also used to study signal transduction by 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA in the human brain during visual stimulation (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.30">30</a>). 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA was administered to the individuals through the intravenous route, and K* of the labeled fatty acid was determined in different parts of the brain. Sixteen healthy individuals were enrolled for the study; they were split into two groups each having eight subjects. One group was subjected to visual stimulation by flash frequencies of either 2.9 Hz or 7.8 Hz and compared with the second group, which was not visually stimulated and was kept under dark conditions (0 Hz). CBF was measured after an intravenous injection of <sup>15</sup>O-water in the individuals kept under the same conditions for visual stimulation. Compared with the dark conditions, a significant increase in K* (2.3–8.9%) was observed in the Brodmann areas 17, 18, and 19 as well as in some frontal, parietal, and temporal cortical regions of the brain in individuals who were flash-stimulated at either frequency. The CBF was reported to increase significantly (3.1–22%) in these subjects, usually in areas of the brain comparable to those mentioned above. Reduced K* and CBF levels were also reported in some frontal brain areas of these individuals. From this study it was concluded AA plays a role in the signaling process provoked by visual stimulation, since visual stimulation at flash frequencies of 2.9 and 7.8 Hz compared to 0 Hz modifies both K* for AA and rCBF in visual and related areas of the human brain.</p><p>Because neuroinflammation is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD, Esposito et al. used PET with 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA to determine the K* for AA in patients with AD (<a class="bk_pop" href="#AA11C.REF.19">19</a>). Eight patients with AD (mean age, 71.7 ± 11.2 y) and nine normal control subjects (mean age, 68.7 ± 5.6 y) were enrolled in the study. CBF in the individuals was determined after an intravenous injection of <sup>15</sup>O-water, and 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA was administered to the individuals 15 min later to determine the K* for AA, with or without the application of PVC. Compared with the control group, the K* of global gray matter, with or without the application of PVC, was significantly elevated in subjects belonging to the AD group, but the global CBF (without the application of PVC) was reduced significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in these individuals. The K* for AA of individuals in the AD group, after the application of PVC, was elevated in 78 of the 90 identified hemispheric gray matter regions of the brain, particularly in the neocortex, but this was not apparent in the caudate, palladium, or the thalamic regions. From these observations the investigators concluded that an upregulated AA metabolism is associated with neuroinflammation, and PET with 1-<sup>11</sup>C-AA can be used to detect neuroinflammation in patients with brain diseases, including AD.</p></div><div id="AA11C.references"><h2 id="_AA11C_references_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.1">Bosetti F. Arachidonic acid metabolism in brain physiology and pathology: lessons from genetically altered mouse models. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neurochem. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>102</strong>
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</span>(3):577–86.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2084377/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2084377</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17403135" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17403135</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.2">Calder P.C. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Nutr Food Res. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>52</strong>
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||
</span>(8):885–97.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18504706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18504706</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.3">Hudson C. , Gotowiec A. , Seeman M. , Warsh J. , Ross B.M. Clinical subtyping reveals significant differences in calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity in schizophrenia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biol Psychiatry. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>46</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):401–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10435206" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10435206</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.4">McGahon B. , Clements M.P. , Lynch M.A. The ability of aged rats to sustain long-term potentiation is restored when the age-related decrease in membrane arachidonic acid concentration is reversed. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroscience. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>81</strong>
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||
</span>(1):9–16.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9300396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9300396</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.5">Meves H. Arachidonic acid and ion channels: an update. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Pharmacol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>155</strong>
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</span>(1):4–16.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2527843/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2527843</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18552881" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18552881</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.6">Patrick C.B. , Krzywkowski P. , Ramassamy C. , Poirier J. , Rapoport S.I. , Murphy E.J. Phospholipase A2 activity is decreased selectively in the hippocampus of aged apolipoprotein E deficient mice. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurosci Lett. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>288</strong>
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</span>(3):211–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10889345" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10889345</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.7">Smalheiser N.R. , Swanson D.R. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and schizophrenia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Gen Psychiatry. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>55</strong>
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||
</span>(8):752–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9707387" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9707387</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.8">Lehtonen J.Y. , Holopainen J.M. , Kinnunen P.K. Activation of phospholipase A2 by amyloid beta-peptides in vitro. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biochemistry. </span>1996;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>35</strong>
|
||
</span>(29):9407–14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8755719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8755719</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.9">Mattson M.P. , Chan S.L. Neuronal and glial calcium signaling in Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cell Calcium. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>34</strong>
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</span>(4-5):385–97.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12909083" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12909083</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.10">Orr S.K. , Bazinet R.P. The emerging role of docosahexaenoic acid in neuroinflammation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Opin Investig Drugs. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
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<strong>9</strong>
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</span>(7):735–43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18600579" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18600579</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.11">Sun G.Y. , Horrocks L.A. , Farooqui A.A. The roles of NADPH oxidase and phospholipases A2 in oxidative and inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neurochem. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>103</strong>
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</span>(1):1–16.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17561938" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17561938</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.12">Rao J.S. , Ertley R.N. , DeMar J.C. Jr, Rapoport S.I. , Bazinet R.P. , Lee H.J. Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation alters expression of enzymes of the arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid cascades in rat frontal cortex. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Psychiatry. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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<strong>12</strong>
|
||
</span>(2):151–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16983392" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16983392</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.13">Rao J.S. , Ertley R.N. , Lee H.J. , DeMar J.C. Jr, Arnold J.T. , Rapoport S.I. , Bazinet R.P. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation in rats decreases frontal cortex BDNF via a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Psychiatry. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>12</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):36–46.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16983391" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16983391</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.14">Farooqui A.A. , Horrocks L.A. Phospholipase A2-generated lipid mediators in the brain: the good, the bad, and the ugly. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroscientist. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>12</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):245–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16684969" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16684969</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.15">Jana M. , Palencia C.A. , Pahan K. Fibrillar amyloid-beta peptides activate microglia via TLR2: implications for Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Immunol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>181</strong>
|
||
</span>(10):7254–62.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2701549/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2701549</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981147" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18981147</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.16">Kashani A. , Lepicard E. , Poirel O. , Videau C. , David J.P. , Fallet-Bianco C. , Simon A. , Delacourte A. , Giros B. , Epelbaum J. , Betancur C. , El Mestikawy S. Loss of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the prefrontal cortex is correlated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurobiol Aging. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>29</strong>
|
||
</span>(11):1619–30.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531353" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17531353</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.17">Sanchez-Mejia R.O. , Newman J.W. , Toh S. , Yu G.Q. , Zhou Y. , Halabisky B. , Cisse M. , Scearce-Levie K. , Cheng I.H. , Gan L. , Palop J.J. , Bonventre J.V. , Mucke L. Phospholipase A2 reduction ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Neurosci. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>11</strong>
|
||
</span>(11):1311–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2597064/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2597064</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18931664" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18931664</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.18">Steinman L. Nuanced roles of cytokines in three major human brain disorders. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Invest. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>118</strong>
|
||
</span>(11):3557–63.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2575716/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2575716</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18982162" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18982162</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.19">Esposito G. , Giovacchini G. , Liow J.S. , Bhattacharjee A.K. , Greenstein D. , Schapiro M. , Hallett M. , Herscovitch P. , Eckelman W.C. , Carson R.E. , Rapoport S.I. Imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease with radiolabeled arachidonic acid and PET. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>49</strong>
|
||
</span>(9):1414–21.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2587283/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2587283</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18703605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18703605</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.20">Robinson P.J. , Noronha J. , DeGeorge J.J. , Freed L.M. , Nariai T. , Rapoport S.I. A quantitative method for measuring regional in vivo fatty-acid incorporation into and turnover within brain phospholipids: review and critical analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Brain Res Brain Res Rev. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>17</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):187–214.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1467810" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1467810</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.21">Chang M.C. , Arai T. , Freed L.M. , Wakabayashi S. , Channing M.A. , Dunn B.B. , Der M.G. , Bell J.M. , Sasaki T. , Herscovitch P. , Eckelman W.C. , Rapoport S.I. Brain incorporation of [1-11C]arachidonate in normocapnic and hypercapnic monkeys, measured with positron emission tomography. <span><span class="ref-journal">Brain Res. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>755</strong>
|
||
</span>(1):74–83.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9163542" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9163542</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.22">Giovacchini G. , Chang M.C. , Channing M.A. , Toczek M. , Mason A. , Bokde A.L. , Connolly C. , Vuong B.K. , Ma Y. , Der M.G. , Doudet D.J. , Herscovitch P. , Eckelman W.C. , Rapoport S.I. , Carson R.E. Brain incorporation of [11C]arachidonic acid in young healthy humans measured with positron emission tomography. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>22</strong>
|
||
</span>(12):1453–62.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12468890" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12468890</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.23">Channing M.A. , Simpson N. Radiosynthesis of 1-[11C]polyhomoallylic acids. <span><span class="ref-journal">Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>33</strong>
|
||
</span>(6):541–546.</span></div></dd><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.24">Liu G. , Bibus D.M. , Bode A.M. , Ma W.Y. , Holman R.T. , Dong Z. Omega 3 but not omega 6 fatty acids inhibit AP-1 activity and cell transformation in JB6 cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>98</strong>
|
||
</span>(13):7510–5.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC34699/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC34699</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11416221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11416221</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.25">Nony P.A. , Kennett S.B. , Glasgow W.C. , Olden K. , Roberts J.D. 15S-Lipoxygenase-2 mediates arachidonic acid-stimulated adhesion of human breast carcinoma cells through the activation of TAK1, MKK6, and p38 MAPK. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biol Chem. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>280</strong>
|
||
</span>(36):31413–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16000313" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16000313</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.26">Navarro-Tito N. , Robledo T. , Salazar E.P. Arachidonic acid promotes FAK activation and migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Exp Cell Res. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>314</strong>
|
||
</span>(18):3340–55.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18804105" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18804105</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.27">Fiorio Pla A. , Grange C. , Antoniotti S. , Tomatis C. , Merlino A. , Bussolati B. , Munaron L. Arachidonic acid-induced Ca2+ entry is involved in early steps of tumor angiogenesis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Cancer Res. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>6</strong>
|
||
</span>(4):535–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18403634" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18403634</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.28">Basselin M. , Villacreses N.E. , Lee H.J. , Bell J.M. , Rapoport S.I. Chronic lithium administration attenuates up-regulated brain arachidonic acid metabolism in a rat model of neuroinflammation. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neurochem. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>102</strong>
|
||
</span>(3):761–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17488274" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17488274</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.29">Giovacchini G. , Lerner A. , Toczek M.T. , Fraser C. , Ma K. , DeMar J.C. , Herscovitch P. , Eckelman W.C. , Rapoport S.I. , Carson R.E. Brain incorporation of 11C-arachidonic acid, blood volume, and blood flow in healthy aging: a study with partial-volume correction. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Nucl Med. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">
|
||
<strong>45</strong>
|
||
</span>(9):1471–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15347713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15347713</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="AA11C.REF.30">Esposito G. , Giovacchini G. , Der M. , Liow J.S. , Bhattacharjee A.K. , Ma K. , Herscovitch P. , Channing M. , Eckelman W.C. , Hallett M. , Carson R.E. , Rapoport S.I. Imaging signal transduction via arachidonic acid in the human brain during visual stimulation, by means of positron emission tomography. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroimage. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">
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||
<strong>34</strong>
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||
</span>(4):1342–51.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2040045/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2040045</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17196833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17196833</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK23214</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20641417" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">20641417</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/micad/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/micad/C11-13/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/micad/PMP11C/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK23214/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23214/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23214" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK23214" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Chopra A. 1-[11C]Arachidonic acid. 2008 Dec 29 [Updated 2009 Jan 14]. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK23214/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK23214.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (152K)</li><li><a href="/books/n/micad/toc/bin/micad.csv">MICAD summary (CSV file)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#AA11C.Background" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Background</a></li><li><a href="#AA11C.Synthesis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Synthesis</a></li><li><a href="#AA11C.In_Vitro_Studies_Tes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"><i>In Vitro</i> Studies: Testing in Cells and Tissues</a></li><li><a href="#AA11C.Animal_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Animal Studies</a></li><li><a href="#AA11C.Human_Studies" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Human Studies</a></li><li><a href="#AA11C.references" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Search MICAD</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-application" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmSearch" method="get" action="/books/NBK5330/" id="frmSearch"><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc//js/bookshelf/micad.js">/**/</script><label class="offscreen_noflow" for="txtfield">Search term</label><input id="txtfield" type="text" name="f1_term" size="22" onKeyPress="KeyPress('micad',event,'/books/NBK5330/','')" /><button name="f1_search" type="submit">Go</button><button onclick="this.form.reset();" type="reset">Clear</button><p><b>Limit my Search:</b></p><div class="clearfix"><label for="detection">Method of detection:</label><div class="right"><select name="detection" id="detection" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(MRI OR "Magnetic resonance imaging" OR MRS)">MRI</option><option value="Multimodal">Multimodal imaging</option><option value="Optical">Optical imaging</option><option value="PET">PET</option><option value="Photoacoustic">Photoacoustic imaging</option><option value="(SPECT OR planar)">SPECT</option><option value="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</option><option value="(x-ray OR ct)">X-ray, CT</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="signal">Source of signal/contrast:</label><div class="right"><select name="signal" id="signal" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><optgroup label="MRI agents"><option value="(Copper OR Cu)">Copper</option><option value="(Europium OR Eu3+)">Europium</option><option value="(Fluorine OR 19F)">Fluorine</option><option value="(Gadolinium OR Gd3+)">Gadolinium</option><option value=""Hyperpolarized 13C"">Hyperpolarized 13C</option><option value=""Iron oxide"">Iron oxide</option><option value=""Nitroxide radicals"">Nitroxide radicals</option><option value="(Oxygen OR 17O)">Oxygen</option><option value="Thulium">Thulium</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Multimodal agents"><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="((Gadolinium OR Gd3+) AND (Gold OR Au))">Gadolinium and Gold</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND (64Cu OR 124I OR 111In))">Iron oxide and
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radionuclides</option><option value="("Iron oxide" AND Optical)">Gadolinium and optical</option><option value="(Optical AND (64Cu OR 111In OR 177Lu))">Optical and
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radionuclides</option><option value="(Perfluorocarbon AND (Europium OR Eu3+))">Perfluorocarbon and
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europium</option><option value="(166Ho OR 67Ga OR 68Ga OR 123I OR 124I OR 125I)">Radionuclides</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Optical agents"><option value="("Fluorescent dyes" OR protein)">Fluorescent dyes or proteins</option><option value=""Luminescent agents"">Luminescent agents</option><option value="(Metals OR Metal OR Gold OR Au)">Metals (Au)</option><option value="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</option><option value=""Quantum dots"">Quantum dots</option></optgroup><optgroup label="PET radionuclides"><option value="("Arsenic 74" OR 74As)">Arsenic-74</option><option value="("Bromine 76" OR 76Br)">Bromine-76</option><option value="("Carbon 11" OR 11C)">Carbon-11</option><option value="(Copper-60 OR Copper-61 OR Copper-62 OR Copper-64 OR 60Cu OR 61Cu OR 62Cu OR 64Cu)">Copper-60, 61, 62, 64</option><option value="("Fluorine 18" OR 18F)">Fluorine-18</option><option value="(Gallium-68 OR 68Ga)">Gallium-68</option><option value="("Iodine 124" OR 124I)">Iodine-124</option><option value="("Nitrogen 13" OR 13N)">Nitrogen-13</option><option value="("Yttrium 86" OR 86Y)">Yttrium-86</option><option value="("Zirconium 89" OR 89Zr)">Zirconium-89</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Photoacoustic agents"><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="("Indocyanine green" OR ICG)">Indocyanine green</option></optgroup><optgroup label="SPECT radionuclides"><option value="(Gallium-67 OR 67Ga)">Gallium-67</option><option value="("Indium 111" OR 111In)">Indium-111</option><option value="("Iodine 123" OR "Iodine 125" OR "Iodine 131" OR 123I OR 125I OR 131I)">Iodine-123, 125, 131</option><option value="("Lutetium 177" OR 177Lu)">Lutetium-177</option><option value="(Rhenium OR 186Re OR 188Re)">Rhenium</option><option value="("Technetium 99m" OR 99mTc)">Technetium-99m</option><option value="("Tellurium 125m" OR 125mTe)">Tellurium-125m</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Ultrasound agents"><option value="Microbubbles">Microbubbles</option><option value="Nanobubbles">Nanobubbles</option></optgroup><optgroup label="X-ray and CT agents"><option value="(Bismuth OR Bi)">Bismuth</option><option value="(Gold OR Au)">Gold</option><option value="Iodine">Iodine</option></optgroup></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="agent">Agent Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="agent" id="agent" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="(antibody OR trastuzumab OR immunoglobulin)">Antibodies</option><option value="(bacteria OR bacteriophage OR coli)">Bacteria</option><option value="cell">Cells</option><option value="(compound OR "amino acid" OR "folic acid" OR "cage molecule" OR carbohydrate OR copolymers OR polymer OR "small molecule" OR macromolecule OR triiodobenzoate OR estradiol OR glycosaminoglycan)">Compounds</option><option value="ligand">Ligands</option><option value="(lipid OR liposome OR liposomes">Lipids</option><option value="metal">Metal</option><option value="(nanoparticle OR nanoparticles OR nanotubes OR "iron oxide")">Nanoparticles</option><option value="(siRNA OR "nucleic acid" OR oligonucleotide)">Nucleic acids</option><option value="peptide">Peptides</option><option value="polyeptide">Polyeptides</option><option value="(protein OR albumin OR chemokin OR immunoprotein OR luciferase OR albumin)">Proteins</option><option value="(virus OR adenovirus)">Viruses</option></select></div></div><div class="clearfix"><label for="target">Target Category:</label><div class="right"><select name="target" id="target" style="width:200px"><option value="" selected="selected">Any</option><option value="acceptor">Acceptors</option><option value=""adhesion molecule"">Adhesion molecules</option><option value="(antigen OR antibody-antigen)">Antigens</option><option value="(enzyme OR enzymes OR enzyme-substrate)">Enzymes</option><option value="(lipids OR lipophilic cation)">Lipids</option><option value="(receptor OR receptors OR receptor-ligand OR 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/><label for="__micad_btn_6">Any</label></div></form><form xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" name="frmGo" method="get" action="javascript:alert('frmGo:_@action_was_not_set')" id="frmGo"><input name="term" value="." type="hidden" /></form></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=1503608" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=1503608" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/1965768" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Functional consequences of phospholipase A2 activation in human monocytes.</a><span class="source">[Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Functional consequences of phospholipase A2 activation in human monocytes.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Hoffman T, Brando C, Lizzio EF, Lee C, Hanson M, Ting K, Kim YJ, Abrahamsen T, Puri J, Bonvini E. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990; 279:125-36. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/8053897" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Fatty acid and phospholipid selectivity of different phospholipase A2 enzymes studied by using a mammalian membrane as substrate.</a><span class="source">[Biochem J. 1994]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Fatty acid and phospholipid selectivity of different phospholipase A2 enzymes studied by using a mammalian membrane as substrate.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Diez E, Chilton FH, Stroup G, Mayer RJ, Winkler JD, Fonteh AN. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Biochem J. 1994 Aug 1; 301 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):721-6. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/18703605" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease with radiolabeled arachidonic acid and PET.</a><span class="source">[J Nucl Med. 2008]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease with radiolabeled arachidonic acid and PET.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Esposito G, Giovacchini G, Liow JS, Bhattacharjee AK, Greenstein D, Schapiro M, 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Epub 2008 Aug 14.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/9748759" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> [Phospholipase A2: characteristics and function].</a><span class="source">[Cesk Fysiol. 1998]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> [Phospholipase A2: characteristics and function].<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Sedláková A, Kohút A. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Cesk Fysiol. 1998 Sep; 47(3):95-103. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/11872155" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Phospholipase A2.</a><span class="source">[J Biochem. 2002]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Phospholipase A2.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Murakami M, Kudo I. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">J Biochem. 2002 Mar; 131(3):285-92. </em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=20641417" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=20641417" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d6449b2f30673f7b6f1376">1-[11C]Arachidonic acid - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">1-[11C]Arachidonic acid - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d6449a2f30673f7b6f093a">1-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethyl)-4-(4-[11C]methoxybenzyl)piperazine - Molecular Imaging...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">1-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethyl)-4-(4-[11C]methoxybenzyl)piperazine - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d644982f30673f7b6f0296">1-(9H-Carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-[11C]methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)-propan-2-ol - Mo...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">1-(9H-Carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-[11C]methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)-propan-2-ol - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d6449784f3725e59a46bc5">1-(3-[11C]Methoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline - Molecular Imaging...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">1-(3-[11C]Methoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67d644952f30673f7b6ef753">1-(3,4-[11C]Dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl]piperazinephenox...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">1-(3,4-[11C]Dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl]piperazinephenoxy) - Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD)<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
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