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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Thiotepa" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2020/09/12" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643502" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548174/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Thiotepa" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2020/09/12" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548174/" /><meta name="description" content="Thiotepa is an intravenously or locally applied alkylating agent which is currently used in the therapy of breast, ovarian and bladder cancer. Thiotepa therapy has been associated with low rates of serum enzyme elevations during therapy and rare instances of acute, clinically apparent injury." /><meta name="og:title" content="Thiotepa" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Thiotepa is an intravenously or locally applied alkylating agent which is currently used in the therapy of breast, ovarian and bladder cancer. Thiotepa therapy has been associated with low rates of serum enzyme elevations during therapy and rare instances of acute, clinically apparent injury." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548174/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Thiotepa/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548174/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK548174_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK548174_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/Thioridazine/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/ThrombopoietinRecept/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548174_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Thiotepa</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">September 12, 2020</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Thiotepa.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Thiotepa_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Thiotepa.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Thiotepa is an intravenously or locally applied alkylating agent which is currently used in the therapy of breast, ovarian and bladder cancer. Thiotepa therapy has been associated with low rates of serum enzyme elevations during therapy and rare instances of acute, clinically apparent injury.</p></div><div id="Thiotepa.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Thiotepa (thye' oh tep' a) is an ethylenimine similar in structure and activity to altretamine and is believed to act as an alkylating agent. The alkylating agents act by causing modification and cross linking of DNA, thus inhibiting DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and causing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly dividing cells. Thiotepa was approved for use in the United States in 1959. Current indications include ovarian and breast cancer and Hodgkin disease. Thiotepa is also administered locally for bladder cancer, neoplastic effusions and malignant meningeal neoplasms. Thiotepa is available generically in vials of 15 mg. The recommended dose varies by indications, route of administration, and body weight. Thiotepa shares common side effects with other alkylating agents such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia, mucositis, bone marrow suppression, rash and hypersensitivity reactions. Uncommon but potentially serious adverse events include severe myelosuppression, severe infections, sepsis, bleeding, and embryo-fetal toxicity.</p></div><div id="Thiotepa.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Thiotepa is associated with an appreciable rate of serum enzyme elevations during therapy, but these are generally mild and self-limited, not requiring dose adjustment. Rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury attributed to thiotepa have been reported, particularly with high doses. In most instances, thiotepa was administered in combination with other agents known to cause liver injury and the specific role of thiotepa was not clear.</p><p>Thiotepa is often used in combination with other alkylating agents in conditioning regimens for bone marrow ablation in preparation for hematopoietic cell transplantation and as such has been linked to instances of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Onset of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is usually within 1 to 3 weeks of myeloablative or high dose therapy and is characterized by the sudden development of abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, weight gain and ascites followed by jaundice. The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is usually hepatocellular, with marked increases in serum aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase levels and minimal increase in alkaline phosphatase. In severe instances, there are elevations in prothrombin time and progressive hepatic failure. Immunoallergic and autoimmune features are uncommon. The fatality rate is high. Liver biopsy shows centrolobular necrosis and congestion with occlusion of small veins and red cells in sinusoids.</p><p><a class="def" href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/def-item/glossary.likelihood-score/">Likelihood score</a>: D (possible, rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Thiotepa.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity from thiotepa is probably similar to that of other alkylating agents, a direct cytotoxic injury to rapidly dividing cells. High doses are likely to injure other cells such as sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes. The cause of the idiosyncratic liver injury associated with thiotepa is not known.</p></div><div id="Thiotepa.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Liver injury is not uncommon with high doses of thiotepa. The severity of injury in reported cases has generally been mild-to-moderate and self-limited in course, although fatalities attributed to hepatotoxicity have been reported. The sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with thiotepa and other alkylating agents can be severe and lead to acute liver failure. There have been no instances of chronic hepatitis or vanishing bile duct syndrome definitely linked to thiotepa therapy. In situations of acute liver injury after thiotepa use, rechallenge should be avoided.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntineoplasticAgents/">Antineoplastic Agents</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/AlkylatingAgents/">Alkylating Agents</a></p></div></div><div id="Thiotepa.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Thiotepa_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Thiotepa – Generic, Thioplex®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=THIOTEPA" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Thiotepa.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE"><h2 id="_Thiotepa_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Thiotepa.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548174/table/Thiotepa.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Thiotepa.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thiotepa</td><td headers="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134972906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">52-24-4</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C6-H12-N3-P-S</td><td headers="hd_h_Thiotepa.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134972906" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134972906" alt="image 134972906 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="Thiotepa.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Thiotepa_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 12 September, 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Oncotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 673-708.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents published in 1999; thiotepa has been implicated in at least one case of acute liver failure).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.deleve.2013">DeLeve LD. Cancer chemotherapy. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 549-68.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.wellstein.2018">Wellstein A, Giaccone G, Atkins MB, Sausville EA. Cytotoxic agents. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 1167-201.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.rollins.1986.297">Rollins BJ. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Med. </span>1986;<span class="ref-vol">81</span>:297–306.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3526887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3526887</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the diagnosis, clinical course, histology and pathogenesis of veno-occlusive disease).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.lazarus.1987.689">Lazarus HM, Reed MD, Spitzer TR, Rabaa MS, Blumer JL. High-dose i.v. thiotepa and cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation for therapy of refractory cancer. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Treat Rep. </span>1987;<span class="ref-vol">71</span>:689–95.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3111687" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3111687</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 25 patients with refractory cancers treated with escalating doses of thiotepa followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation, toxicity was dose limiting and 2 had hepatotoxicity, one being fatal, but no details given).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.jones.1987.778">Jones RJ, Lee KS, Beschorner WE, Vogel VG, Grochow LB, Braine HG, Vogelsang GB, et al. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Transplantation. </span>1987;<span class="ref-vol">44</span>:778–83.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3321587" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3321587</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 235 patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation between 1982 and 1985, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome [SOS] developed in 52 [22%] of whom half died, making SOS the third most common cause of death in this population).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.bearman.1995.3005">Bearman SI. The syndrome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after marrow transplantation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Blood. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">85</span>:3005–20.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7756636" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7756636</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of SOS after hematopoietic cell transplantation; usually presents with painful hepatomegaly, weight gain [fluid and ascites] and jaundice within 3 weeks of myeloablation with occlusion of central veins and sinusoids and extensive zone 3 [centrolobular] injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.przepiorka.1995.427">Przepiorka D, Nath R, Ippoliti C, Mehra R, Hagemeister F, Diener K, Dimopoulos M, et al. A phase I-II study of high-dose thiotepa, busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a preparative regimen for autologous transplantation for malignant lymphoma. <span><span class="ref-journal">Leuk Lymphoma. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:427–33.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7549833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7549833</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 34 patients with lymphoma treated with high dose thiotepa, busulfan and cyclophosphamide with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation, liver toxicity was common at high doses, 3 developing "centrilobular necrosis" without SOS).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.papadakis.2000.153">Papadakis V, Dunkel IJ, Cramer LD, Kramer E, Papadopoulos E, Goldman S, Packer RJ, et al. High-dose carmustine, thiotepa and etoposide followed by autologous bone marrow rescue for the treatment of high risk central nervous system tumors. <span><span class="ref-journal">Bone Marrow Transplant. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>:153–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10918425" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10918425</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 42 patients with brain tumors who were treated with high dose carmustine, thiotepa and etoposide and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation, 2 developed SOS and 5 had transient elevations in ALT levels).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.lee.1999.306">Lee JL, Gooley T, Bensinger W, Schiffman K, McDonald GB. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after busulfan, melphalan, and thiotepa conditioning therapy: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>:306–15.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10534061" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10534061</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 253 patients who received a regimen of busulfan, melphalan and thiotepa in preparation for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 70 [28%] developed SOS, which was severe in 11 and fatal in 9).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.deleve.2002.27">DeLeve LD, Shulman HM, McDonald GB. Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Liver Dis. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:27–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11928077" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11928077</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of clinical features, pathology, etiology, prevention and treatment of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, a better term for this condition than veno-occlusive disease; first described in association with exposure to phytotoxins [pyrrolizidine alkaloids], the most common cause now is cancer chemotherapy and particularly myeloablative conditioning regimens in preparation for bone marrow transplantation).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.mcdonald.2010.1450">McDonald GB. Hepatobiliary complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation, 40 years on. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">51</span>:1450–60.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2914093/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2914093</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20373370" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20373370</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of liver complications of bone marrow [hematopoietic cell] transplantation, which have become less frequent with better understanding of their causes and means of prevention; the rate of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome has decreased because of avoidance of more aggressive ablative therapies [total body irradiation and high doses of cyclophosphamide] and better understanding of pharmacokinetics of the alkylating agents).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 363 [36%] were attributed to antibiotics, but none were attributed to thiotepa).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.ferreri.2016.e217">Ferreri AJ, Cwynarski K, Pulczynski E, Ponzoni M, Deckert M, Politi LS, Torri V, et al. International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG). Chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, and rituximab (MATRix regimen) in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the first randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 (IELSG32) phase 2 trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet Haematol. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>:e217–27.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27132696" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27132696</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 219 patients with primary CNS lymphoma treated with methotrexate and cytarabine alone, or combined with rituximab or with rituximab and thiotepa, remission rates and survival were greatest with thiotepa while rates of hepatoxicity were slightly less [35% vs 44%]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.maximova.2018.2250">Maximova N, Sonzogni A, Matarazzo L, Ghirardi A, D'Antiga L. Vanishing bile ducts in the long term after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">24</span>:2250–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026108" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30026108</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 47 children undergoing 50 hematopoietic cell transplant [HCT] with various conditioning regimens including thiotepa [n=29], hepatic graft-vs-host disease arose in 12 [24%] overall and long term follow up with liver biopsies found bile duct loss [ductopenia] in 94% which was severe [less than 20% of portal areas with bile ducts] in 74%, slightly higher rates found in those who had received thiotepa).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.sheth.2019.726">Sheth V, Nachmias B, Grisariu S, Avni B, Or R, Shapira M. Augmented myeloablative conditioning with thiotepa in acute myeloid leukemia – improved outcomes with similar toxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Leuk Lymphoma. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">60</span>:726–33.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30277100" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30277100</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 89 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia undergoing HCT using conditioning regimens with busulfan and fludarabine with or without thiotepa, use of thiotepa was associated with improved 5-year survival [62% vs 38%] and lower relapse rates [8% vs 31%], but similar rates of toxicity including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome [11% vs 18%]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Thiotepa.REF.duqueafonso.2020.1">Duque-Afonso J, Ihorst G, Waterhouse M, Zeiser R, Wäsch R, Bertz H, Yücel M, et al. Comparison of reduced-toxicity conditioning protocols using fludarabine, melphalan combined with thiotepa or carmustine in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Bone Marrow Transplant. </span>2020 Jun 26;:1–11.</span> Epub ahead of print. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7319212/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7319212</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32591641</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 241 patients undergoing HCT for malignant disease using reduced-toxicity conditioning regimens of fludarabine and melphalan with either carmustine [BCNU] or thiotepa, long term survival rates were similar in the two groups as were rates of liver toxicity during the first 30 days [51% vs 49%]).</i>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK548174/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548174/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548174" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548174" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Thiotepa. [Updated 2020 Sep 12].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548174/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK548174.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (99K)</li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>New and Updated</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22LiverTox%22+AND+pmcbook&sort=date&size=200" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">In PubMed</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Bulk Download</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/litarch/29/31/" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Bulk download LiverTox data from FTP</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Overviews</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/intro/">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ClinicalCourse/">Clinical Course</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ClinicalOutcome/">Clinical Outcomes</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ImmuneFeatures/">Immune Features</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Phenotypes_intro/">Phenotypes</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Causality/">Causality</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/DrugCategory/">Likelihood Scale</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Severity/">Severity Grading</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/CaseReport/">Writing a Case Report</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Support Links</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/">LiverTox Homepage</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/masterlistintro/">Master List of LiverTox Drugs [with Metadata]</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/drugliverinjury/">LiverTox Drugs by Drug Class</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/aboutus/">About LiverTox</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/editorsandreviewers/">Editors and Review Committee</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/alert/">Meetings and News</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/abbreviation/">Abbreviations Used</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/resource/">Information Resources</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/disclaimer/">User/Medical Advice Disclaimer</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Contactus/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>OTHER REFERENCE LINKS</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&pubmedfilters=true&term=(Thiotepa/AE)+AND+Human%5BMH%5D+AND+(drug+induced+liver+injury+OR+jaundice/CI+OR+bile+duct+diseases/CI+OR+liver/DE+OR+liver+diseases/CI)+AND+(%221900/1/1%22%5BEDat%5D:%222999/12/31%22%5BEDat%5D)" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recent References on Thiotepa: from PubMed.gov</a>
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43(7):3231-5. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31643880" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Carboplatin.</a><span class="source">[LiverTox: Clinical and Researc...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Carboplatin.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2012</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31643890" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gemcitabine.</a><span class="source">[LiverTox: Clinical and Researc...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gemcitabine.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2012</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/11181913" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Protection of mammalian cells against chemotherapeutic agents thiotepa, 1,3-N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, and mafosfamide using the DNA base excision repair genes Fpg and alpha-hOgg1: implications for protective gene therapy applications.</a><span class="source">[J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Protection of mammalian cells against chemotherapeutic agents thiotepa, 1,3-N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, and mafosfamide using the DNA base excision repair genes Fpg and alpha-hOgg1: implications for protective gene therapy applications.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Xu Y, Hansen WK, Rosenquist TA, Williams DA, Limp-Foster M, Kelley MR. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Mar; 296(3):825-31. </em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=31643502" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=31643502" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e1f3b15b832ebc1683b9">Thioridazine - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Thioridazine - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e1f3ab82281a80436da0">Thiotepa - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Thiotepa - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e1f2ab82281a8043647e">Thioguanine - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Thioguanine - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e1f0f4a390645e3877b1">Thiazolidinediones - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Thiazolidinediones - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e1efab82281a80435a78">Thiazide Diuretics - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Thiazide Diuretics - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
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