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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Semaglutide" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2019/04/10" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643889" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548574/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Semaglutide" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2019/04/10" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548574/" /><meta name="description" content="Semaglutide is a recombinant DNA produced polypeptide analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) which is used in combination with diet and exercise in the therapy of type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents. There have been no published reports of hepatotoxicity attributed to semaglutide therapy." /><meta name="og:title" content="Semaglutide" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Semaglutide is a recombinant DNA produced polypeptide analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) which is used in combination with diet and exercise in the therapy of type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents. There have been no published reports of hepatotoxicity attributed to semaglutide therapy." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548574/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Semaglutide/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548574/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK548574_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK548574_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/Selumetinib/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/Senna/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548574_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Semaglutide</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 10, 2019</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Semaglutide.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Semaglutide_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Semaglutide.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Semaglutide is a recombinant DNA produced polypeptide analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) which is used in combination with diet and exercise in the therapy of type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents. There have been no published reports of hepatotoxicity attributed to semaglutide therapy.</p></div><div id="Semaglutide.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Semaglutide (sem" a gloo' tide) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue (also called a GLP-1 receptor agonist) that acts like the native gastrointestinal hormone (incretin) to increase insulin secretion. Semaglutide reproduces the activity of GLP-1, binding to specific receptors on pancreatic beta cells and increasing insulin secretion, which can lead to improvement of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Semaglutide is a recombinant DNA-produced polypeptide that is 94% homologous to endogenous human GLP-1(7-37) and differs only by minor amino acid substitutions and other structural modifications, which prolong its half-life and make it resistant to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). Semaglutide, like other GLP-1 analogues, is given parenterally, but its long half-life allows weekly dosing. Semaglutide was approved for use in the United States in 2017, the sixth GLP-1 receptor agonist to be approved. Current indications are for management of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes in combination with diet and exercise, with or without other oral hypoglycemic agents. Semaglutide is available under the brand name Ozempic in prefilled multidose pens that contain 2 mg in 1.5 mL, one formulation that delivers 0.25 or 0.5 mg per injection and one that delivers 1.0 mg. The usual starting dose is 0.25 mg by subcutaneous injection once weekly, which can be increased to 0.5 mg and to 1 mg once weekly. Recent studies indicate that semaglutide is absorbed orally to some degree and high doses (10 to 40 mg) are as effective as parenteral doses (0.25 to 1.0 mg) in improving glycemic control and inducing weight loss. Semaglutide is moderately well tolerated, but side effects can be dose limiting and include injection site reactions, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, fatigue and hypoglycemia. Rare potential adverse events include pancreatitis, thyroid C-cell tumors and hypersensitivity reactions.</p></div><div id="Semaglutide.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In large clinical trials, serum enzyme elevations were no more common with semaglutide therapy than with placebo or comparator agents, and no instances of clinically apparent liver injury were reported. Indeed, treatment with semaglutide and other GLP-1 analogues is often associated with improvements in serum aminotransferase levels (and hepatic steatosis) making them possible treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver. Since licensure, there have been no published case reports of hepatotoxicity due to semaglutide and the product label does not list liver injury as an adverse event. Thus, liver injury due to semaglutide must be rare, if it occurs at all.</p><p><a class="def" href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/def-item/glossary.likelihood-score/">Likelihood score</a>: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Semaglutide.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Semaglutide is a polypeptide and is metabolized to amino acids by serum and tissue proteases and is unlikely to have any direct hepatotoxic potential. Semaglutide acts through the incretin pathway to affect glucose metabolism and, thus, is often grouped with other incretin-based antidiabetic mediations such as the DPP-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin and other GLP-1 analogues such as exenatide.</p><p>The annotated bibliography on the hepatotoxicity of other incretin-based drugs are given in the Overview section of the GLP-1 Analogues.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Antidiabetic/">Antidiabetic Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, <a href="/books/n/livertox/IncretinBasedDrugs/">Incretin-Based Drugs</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/GLP-1Analogues/">Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogues</a>: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Albiglutide/">Albiglutide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Dulaglutide/">Dulaglutide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Exenatide/">Exenatide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Liraglutide/">Liraglutide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Lixisenatide/">Lixisenatide</a></p></div></div><div id="Semaglutide.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Semaglutide_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Semaglutide.BPI" class="box"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Semaglutide – Ozempic®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antidiabetic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Semaglutide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Semaglutide.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU"><h2 id="_Semaglutide_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Semaglutide.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548574/table/Semaglutide.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Semaglutide.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Semaglutide</td><td headers="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135267256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">910463-68-2</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Protein</td><td headers="hd_h_Semaglutide.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Complex Polypeptide</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="Semaglutide.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Semaglutide_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 10 April 2019</p><p>Abbreviations used: sc, subcutaneously.</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Oral hypoglycemic agents and other diabetes therapy. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,1999: pp. 575-9.<div><i>(Textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 and before the availability of exenatide or GLP-1 analogues).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R2">De Marzio DH, Navarro VJ. Antidiabetic drugs. Hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011, pp. 528-30.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of antidiabetic drugs; mentions that there have been no published reports of hepatotoxicity of the GLP-1 analogues).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R3">Powers AC, D'Alessio D. Endocrine pancreas and pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 863-86.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics; discusses glucagon-like peptide-1 and the incretin pathway and agents that act on this pathway).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R4">
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<a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.accessdata<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/</a>
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<div>
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<i>(FDA Drug Approvals website that has product labels [package inserts], letters of approval and full FDA scientific review of the new drug application for safety and efficacy; mentions that mean levels of ALT and AST usually decrease on semaglutide therapy probably as a result of weight loss and that ALT elevations during therapy are no more frequent than with placebo or comparator arms, rising to above 5 times ULN in 0.5% or less).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R5">Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jódar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, et al.; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 1834-44. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27633186</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 3297 adults with type 2 diabetes on standard regimens treated with addition of semaglutide [0.5 or 1.0 mg] or placebo injections weekly for two years, nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke were less in semaglutide treated subjects, while cardiovascular death rates were similar and gastrointestinal adverse events [51-52% vs 35-36%] and discontinuations [11.5-14.5% vs 5.7-7.6%] were more frequent; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R6">Davies M, Pieber TR, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Hansen OKH, Jabbour S, Rosenstock J. Effect of oral semaglutide compared with placebo and subcutaneous semaglutide on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 318: 1460-70. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5817971/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5817971</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29049653" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29049653</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 632 patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control on metformin treated with oral semaglutide [2.5, 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg] or placebo vs once weekly sc semaglutide for 26 weeks, glycemic control and weight loss were more frequent with oral semaglutide than placebo and, at higher doses, similar to that of semaglutide given sc; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R7">Ahrén B, Masmiquel L, Kumar H, Sargin M, Karsbøl JD, Jacobsen SH, Chow F. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes(SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5: 341-54. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28385659" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28385659</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1231 patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequate glycemic control on oral agents with addition of semaglutide [0.5 mg or 1.0 mg weekly] improved HbA1c levels more than sitagliptin [100 mg daily], but was associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal adverse events and discontinuations [8%-10% vs 3%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R8">Aroda VR, Bain SC, Cariou B, Piletič M, Rose L, Axelsen M, Rowe E, DeVries JH. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily insulin glargine as add-on to metformin (with or without sulfonylureas) in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5: 355-66. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28344112" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28344112</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1089 patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequate control on metformin treated with semaglutide sc once weekly or insulin daily for 30 weeks, HbA1c levels improved more with semaglutide while hypoglycemic episodes were less, although gastrointestinal adverse events were greater; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R9">Blundell J, Finlayson G, Axelsen M, Flint A, Gibbons C, Kvist T, Hjerpsted JB. Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19: 1242-51. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5573908/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5573908</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28266779" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28266779</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 30 obese subjects treated with once weekly semaglutide or placebo given sc, weight loss was greater with semaglutide [-5 kg vs + 1 kg]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R10">Sorli C, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM, Unger J, Karsbøl JD, Hansen T, Bain SC. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5: 251-60. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28110911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28110911</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 381 patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet and exercise, sc semaglutide led to better glycemic control and more weight loss than placebo, although gastrointestinal side effects were greater [38% vs 15%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R11">Ahmann AJ, Capehorn M, Charpentier G, Dotta F, Henkel E, Lingvay I, Holst AG, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus exenatide ER in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): a 56-week, open-label, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 258-66. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29246950" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29246950</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 813 adults with type 2 diabetes with inadequate glycemic control on oral agents treated with addition of semaglutide [1.0 mg] or exenatide ER [2.0 mg] weekly, HbA1c levels and body weight decreased more with semaglutide while adverse event rates were similar, nausea being more frequent with semaglutide [22% vs 12%], but injection site reactions with exenatide [0% vs 12%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R12">O'Neil PM, Birkenfeld AL, McGowan B, Mosenzon O, Pedersen SD, Wharton S, Carson CG, et al. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2018; 392(10148): 637-49. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30122305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30122305</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 957 patients with obesity treated with semaglutide in 4 doses or liraglutide in 1 dose or placebo given daily for 52 weeks, weight loss was 2.4-6.2 kg with semaglutide, 8.5 kg for liraglutide and 2.5 kg for placebo, while gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with the GLP-1 analogues [62-82% vs 38%] and “hepatic events” were less [0-3% vs 7%] and none were considered serious).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R13">Kluger AY, McCullough PA. Semaglutide and GLP-1 analogues as weight-loss agents. Lancet 2018; 392 (10148): 615-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30122306" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30122306</span></a>]<div><i>(Editorial in response to O’Neil [2018] on use of GLP-1 analogues and other antidiabetic medications as weight loss agents, the major reservation being gastrointestinal side effects and poor tolerance).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R14">Lingvay I, Desouza CV, Lalic KS, Rose L, Hansen T, Zacho J, Pieber TR. A 26-week randomized controlled trial of semaglutide once daily versus liraglutide and placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes suboptimally controlled on diet and exercise with or without metformin. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 1926-37. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30026333</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 705 patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with metformin treated with semaglutide or liraglutide or placebo given subcutaneously [sc] daily for 26 weeks, glycemic control was better with the GLP-1 analogues than placebo, while gastrointestinal adverse events were more common; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R15">Tuchscherer RM, Thompson AM, Trujillo JM. Semaglutide: the newest once-weekly GLP-1 RA for type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2018; 52: 1224-32. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29932006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29932006</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety and ongoing research on semaglutide as therapy of diabetes, obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R16">Baekdal TA, Thomsen M, Kupčová V, Hansen CW, Anderson TW. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral semaglutide in subjects with hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58: 1314-23. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6175428/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6175428</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29693715" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29693715</span></a>]<div><i>(In a pharmacokinetic study of 10 days of oral semaglutide in 32 patients with mild-to-severe hepatic dysfunction and 24 healthy controls, peak and area under-the-curve plasma concentrations were similar in all groups as was plasma half-life, and adverse event rates were similar).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R17">Rodbard HW, Lingvay I, Reed J, de la Rosa R, Rose L, Sugimoto D, Araki E, et al. Semaglutide added to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103: 2291-301. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5991220/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5991220</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29688502" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29688502</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 397 patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with insulin and metformin treated with semaglutide or placebo sc once weekly for 30 weeks, HbA1c levels improved with semaglutide [-1.4% and -1.8%] but not with placebo [-0.1%], while gastrointestinal adverse events were more with semaglutide; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R18">Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I, Lüdemann J, Andreassen C, Navarria A, Viljoen A; SUSTAIN 7 investigators. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 275-86. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29397376" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29397376</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1201 patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control on metformin treated with semaglutide or dulaglutide sc once weekly for 40 weeks, semaglutide led to greater improvements in glycemic control while adverse even rates were similar; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Semaglutide.R19">Semaglutide (Ozempic)--another injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60 (1539): 19-21. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29364197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29364197</span></a>]<div><i>(Concise review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety and costs of semaglutide shortly after its approval in the US; mentions common adverse events of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and abdominal pain as well as skin hypersensitivity reactions, but does not mention ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK548574/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548574/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548574" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548574" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Semaglutide. [Updated 2019 Apr 10].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548574/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK548574.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (102K)</li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>New and Updated</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22LiverTox%22+AND+pmcbook&sort=date&size=200" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">In PubMed</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Bulk Download</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/litarch/29/31/" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Bulk download LiverTox data from FTP</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Overviews</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/intro/">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ClinicalCourse/">Clinical Course</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ClinicalOutcome/">Clinical Outcomes</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ImmuneFeatures/">Immune Features</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Phenotypes_intro/">Phenotypes</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Causality/">Causality</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/DrugCategory/">Likelihood Scale</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Severity/">Severity Grading</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/CaseReport/">Writing a Case Report</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Support Links</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/">LiverTox Homepage</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/masterlistintro/">Master List of LiverTox Drugs [with Metadata]</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/drugliverinjury/">LiverTox Drugs by Drug Class</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/aboutus/">About LiverTox</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/editorsandreviewers/">Editors and Review Committee</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/alert/">Meetings and News</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/abbreviation/">Abbreviations Used</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/resource/">Information Resources</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/disclaimer/">User/Medical Advice Disclaimer</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Contactus/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>OTHER REFERENCE LINKS</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&pubmedfilters=true&term=(Semaglutide/AE)+AND+Human%5BMH%5D+AND+(drug+induced+liver+injury+OR+jaundice/CI+OR+bile+duct+diseases/CI+OR+liver/DE+OR+liver+diseases/CI)+AND+(%221900/1/1%22%5BEDat%5D%3A%222999/12/31%22%5BEDat%5D)" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recent References on Semaglutide: from PubMed.gov</a>
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<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Semaglutide" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Trials on Semaglutide: from ClinicalTrials.gov</a>
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href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=4856646" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31643791" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Liraglutide.</a><span class="source">[LiverTox: Clinical and Researc...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Liraglutide.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2012</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31643385" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Albiglutide.</a><span class="source">[LiverTox: Clinical and Researc...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Albiglutide.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2012</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31643312" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Dulaglutide.</a><span class="source">[LiverTox: Clinical and Researc...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Dulaglutide.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2012</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31486321" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">[Semaglutide, once weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist (Ozempic®)].</a><span class="source">[Rev Med Liege. 2019]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">[Semaglutide, once weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist (Ozempic®)].<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Scheen AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Rev Med Liege. 2019 Sep; 74(9):488-494. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/30047216" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Impact on HbA1c and body weight of switching from other GLP-1 receptor agonists to semaglutide: A model-based approach.</a><span class="source">[Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Impact on HbA1c and body weight of switching from other GLP-1 receptor agonists to semaglutide: A model-based approach.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Overgaard RV, Lindberg SØ, Thielke D. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019 Jan; 21(1):43-51. Epub 2018 Aug 23.</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=31643889" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=31643889" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e195b15b832ebc14c77d">Semaglutide - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Semaglutide - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e194ab82281a80416a8c">Selumetinib - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Selumetinib - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e193ab82281a80416282">Selpercatinib - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Selpercatinib - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e192f4a390645e3695f4">Selinexor - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Selinexor - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e191b15b832ebc14b402">Selexipag - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Selexipag - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
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