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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Rotigotine" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2017/07/21" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643273" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547939/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Rotigotine" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2017/07/21" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547939/" /><meta name="description" content="Rotigotine is a non-ergot dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome. Administered as a once daily transdermal patch, rotigotine has not been associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment or with episodes of clinically apparent liver injury." /><meta name="og:title" content="Rotigotine" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Rotigotine is a non-ergot dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome. Administered as a once daily transdermal patch, rotigotine has not been associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment or with episodes of clinically apparent liver injury." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547939/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Rotigotine/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547939/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK547939_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK547939_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/Rosuvastatin/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/royaljelly/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547939_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Rotigotine</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">July 21, 2017</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Rotigotine.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Rotigotine_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Rotigotine.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Rotigotine is a non-ergot dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome. Administered as a once daily transdermal patch, rotigotine has not been associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment or with episodes of clinically apparent liver injury.</p></div><div id="Rotigotine.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Rotigotine (roe tig' oh teen) is a synthetic dopamine agonist that is used to treat Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome. Rotigotine is a nonselective agonist of dopamine receptors with highest affinity for the D3 class of receptors. It is structurally unrelated to ergot derivatives. Rotigotine is formulated as a transdermal patch which allows for once daily application and provides longer lasting and sustained plasma levels in comparison to other, oral non-ergot dopamine receptor agonists, such as ropinirole and pramipexole which are usually administered several times daily. In multiple placebo controlled clinical trials, rotigotine improved motor and daily activity scores in patients with Parkinson disease and in restless leg syndrome. Rotigotine was approved for this use in the United States in 2007. Current indications include both Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome. Rotigotine is available in transdermal formulations which deliver 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 mg per 24 hours under the brand name Neupro. Rotigotine is typically initiated in doses of 2 mg per 24 hours in Parkinson disease and 1 to 3 mg per 24 hours for restless leg syndrome, with dose adjustments based upon tolerance and effects. Common side effects of rotigotine include application site reactions (erythema, pruritus) and systemic symptoms of nausea, dizziness, headache and somnolence – symptoms that are typical of dopaminergic stimulation. Weight gain and peripheral edema have also been described. Rare, but potentially severe adverse reactions include sudden sleep onset, sleep attacks, hallucinations, hypotension and syncope.</p></div><div id="Rotigotine.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In multiple, controlled trials in Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome, rotigotine transdermal patches were not associated with serum enzyme elevations, liver related severe adverse events or instances of clinically apparent liver injury. Since the approval and more wide scale use of rotigotine, there have been no published case reports of liver injury associated with its use and hepatotoxicity is not mentioned in the product label.</p><p><a class="def" href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/def-item/glossary.likelihood-score/">Likelihood score</a>: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Rotigotine.Mechanism_of_Liver_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Liver Injury</h3><p>Rotigotine is extensively metabolized in the liver acted upon by multiple cytochrome P450 isomers and conjugating enzymes. It has little or no effect on CYP isoenzyme activities and is not affected by drugs that inhibit or induce individual members of the microsomal enzyme system. The lack of hepatotoxicity of rotigotine may related to its transdermal formulation and relatively low daily dose (1 to 8 mg per 24 hours).</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntiparkinsonAgents/">Antiparkinson Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, Dopamine Receptor Agonists: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Apomorphine/">Apomorphine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Bromocriptine/">Bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Pergolide/">Pergolide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Pramipexole/">Pramipexole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ropinirole/">Ropinirole</a></p></div></div><div id="Rotigotine.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Rotigotine_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Rotigotine.BPI" class="box"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Rotigotine – Neupro®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antiparkinson Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=rotigotine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Rotigotine.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Rotigotine_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Rotigotine.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547939/table/Rotigotine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Rotigotine.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Rotigotine</td><td headers="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135016328" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">99755-59-6</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C19-H25-N-O-S</td><td headers="hd_h_Rotigotine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK547939/bin/Rotigotine_Structure.jpg" alt="Rotigotine Chemical Structure" /></div>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="Rotigotine.REFERENCES"><h2 id="_Rotigotine_REFERENCES_">REFERENCES</h2><p>References updated: 21 July 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Antiparkinsonism drugs. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 715-7.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; among anticholinergic agents, "only trihexyphenidyl has been incriminated in hepatic injury"; other antiparkinsonism drugs discussed include levodopa, lergotrile [no longer available], pergolide and bromocriptine, but not ropinirole).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R2">Larrey D, Ripault MP. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc, 2013, pp. 443-62.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of agents acting on the central nervous system).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R3">Standaert DG, Roberson ED. Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 609-28.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R4">Lambert D, Waters CH. Comparative tolerability of the newer generation antiparkinsonian agents. Drugs Aging 2000; 16: 55-65. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733264" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10733264</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of mechanism of action, tolerability and safety of selegiline, pramipexole, ropinirole, tolcapone and entacapone in Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R5">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were attributed to agents used for Parkinson disease). </i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R6">Giladi N, Boroojerdi B, Korczyn AD, Burn DJ, Clarke CE, Schapira AH; SP513 investigators. Rotigotine transdermal patch in early Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study versus placebo and ropinirole. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 2398-404. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17935234" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17935234</span></a>]<div><i> (Among 561 patients with early Parkinson disease treated with rotigotine, ropinirole or placebo for 24 weeks, rates of response were 52%, 68% and 30% and side effects that were more common with rotigotine than placebo were application site reactions [38% vs 7%], nausea [29% vs 16%], vomiting [12% vs 3%], dizziness [14% vs 10%], and sleep attacks [3% vs 0]; no mention of ALT elevations or liver related severe adverse events).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R7">Transdermal rotigotine (Neupro) for Parkinson's disease. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2007; 49 (1268): 69-70. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17712291" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17712291</span></a>]<div><i> (Concise review of the mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and costs of transdermal rotigotine shortly after its approval in the US; mentions side effects of nausea, dizziness and somnolence, but not serum ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R8">LeWitt PA, Lyons KE, Pahwa R; SP 650 Study Group. Advanced Parkinson disease treated with rotigotine transdermal system: PREFER Study. Neurology 2007; 68: 1262-7. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17438216" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17438216</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 351 patients with advanced Parkinson disease treated with transdermal rotigotine [8 or 12 mg/234 hours] or placebo for 25 weeks, there were greater decreases in “off” time with rotigotine; side effects were those typical of dopaminergic stimulation, and “clinical laboratory test results…revealed no tendencies for the study medication to cause toxicity”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R9">Watts RL, Jankovic J, Waters C, Rajput A, Boroojerdi B, Rao J. Randomized, blind, controlled trial of transdermal rotigotine in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007; 68: 272-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17202432" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17202432</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 277 patients with early Parkinson disease treated with transdermal rotigotine or placebo for 6 months, those on rotigotine had more improvement in motor activity, but also were more likely to have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, somnolence and insomnia; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R10">Oertel WH, Benes H, Garcia-Borreguero D, Geisler P, Högl B, Saletu B, Trenkwalder C, et al; Rotigotine SP 709 Study Group. Efficacy of rotigotine transdermal system in severe restless legs syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, six-week dose-finding trial in Europe. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 228-39. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17553743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17553743</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 341 patients with restless leg syndrome treated with rotigotine patches [5 doses] or placebo for 8 weeks, there were slight improvements in symptoms with rotigotine therapy, while side effects included application site reactions [37%], nausea, vomiting and dizziness; but “no clinically relevant changes” in clinical chemistry results were observed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R11">Hening WA, Allen RP, Ondo WG, Walters AS, Winkelman JW, Becker P, Bogan R, et al; SP792 Study Group. Rotigotine improves restless legs syndrome: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 1675-83. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20629075" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20629075</span></a>]<div><i> (Among 505 patients with restless leg syndrome treated with one of 4 doses of transdermal rotigotine or placebo for 6 months, symptom scores improved with higher doses [2 or 3 mg/24 hours] and side effects included application site reactions, nausea, somnolence, headache and insomnia, but there were no liver related serious adverse events).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R12">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25,1425. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div><i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none of the 96 were attributed to an agent used to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R13">Drugs for Parkinson's disease. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2013; 11 (135): 101-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24165688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24165688</span></a>]<div><i>(Concise review of recommendations for therapy of Parkinson disease with description of mechanisms of action, efficacy and adverse events). </i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R14">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to an agent to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R15">McAfee DA, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Rotigotine: the first new chemical entity for transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88: 586-93. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25173087" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25173087</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the development, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy of transdermal formulations of rotigotine mentions that the main adverse reactions are application site reactions, nausea and somnolence; no mention of serum enzyme elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R16">Nomoto M, Mizuno Y, Kondo T, Hasegawa K, Murata M, Takeuchi M, Ikeda J, et al. Transdermal rotigotine in advanced Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol 2014; 261: 1887-93. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25022939" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25022939</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 172 Japanese patients with advanced Parkinson disease treated with rotigotine [up to 16 mg/24 hours] or placebo for 14 weeks, symptoms improved more with rotigotine than placebo treatment and adverse events included application site reactions, nausea and somnolence; there were no liver related serious adverse events).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Rotigotine.R17">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury from the US enrolled in a prospective database between 2004 and 2012, none were attributed to an agent used to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&pubmedfilters=true&term=(Rotigotine/AE)+AND+Human%5BMH%5D+AND+(drug+induced+liver+injury+OR+jaundice/CI+OR+bile+duct+diseases/CI+OR+liver/DE+OR+liver+diseases/CI)+AND+(%221900/1/1%22%5BEDat%5D%3A%222999/12/31%22%5BEDat%5D)" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recent References on Rotigotine: from PubMed.gov</a>
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<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Rotigotine" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Trials on Rotigotine: from ClinicalTrials.gov</a>
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</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=4855340" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pcsubstance&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pcsubstance&IdsFromResult=4855340" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubChem Substance</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Related PubChem Substances</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=4855340" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/25795100" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome.</a><span class="source">[Drugs. 2015]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Elshoff JP, Cawello W, Andreas JO, Mathy FX, Braun M. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Drugs. 2015 Apr; 75(5):487-501. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/21705273" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study.</a><span class="source">[Lancet Neurol. 2011]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Oertel W, Trenkwalder C, Beneš H, Ferini-Strambi L, Högl B, Poewe W, Stiasny-Kolster K, Fichtner A, Schollmayer E, Kohnen R, et al. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Lancet Neurol. 2011 Aug; 10(8):710-20. Epub 2011 Jun 24.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/24636821" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> From bench to bedside: An overview of rotigotine for the treatment of restless legs syndrome.</a><span class="source">[Clin Ther. 2014]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> From bench to bedside: An overview of rotigotine for the treatment of restless legs syndrome.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Bogan RK. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Clin Ther. 2014 Mar 1; 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