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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Probenecid" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2020/07/10" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643913" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548599/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Probenecid" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2020/07/10" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548599/" /><meta name="description" content="Probenecid is a uricosuric agent used for the treatment of gout usually in combination with other agents. Probenecid has been associated with minor serum aminotransferase elevations and very rarely with hypersensitivity reactions which, even more rarely, can be accompanied by acute liver injury." /><meta name="og:title" content="Probenecid" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Probenecid is a uricosuric agent used for the treatment of gout usually in combination with other agents. Probenecid has been associated with minor serum aminotransferase elevations and very rarely with hypersensitivity reactions which, even more rarely, can be accompanied by acute liver injury." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548599/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Probenecid/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548599/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK548599_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK548599_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/Primidone/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/Procainamide/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548599_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Probenecid</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">July 10, 2020</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Probenecid.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Probenecid_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Probenecid.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Probenecid is a uricosuric agent used for the treatment of gout usually in combination with other agents. Probenecid has been associated with minor serum aminotransferase elevations and very rarely with hypersensitivity reactions which, even more rarely, can be accompanied by acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Probenecid.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Probenecid (proe ben' e sid) is a sulfonamide derivative that acts as an inhibitor of inorganic acid transport in the distal renal tubule, causing blockage of reabsorption of uric acid. Therapy leads to lowering of serum uric acid levels within a few weeks, and chronic therapy has been shown to decrease uric acid levels and to decrease acute gouty attacks. Probenecid also inhibits the excretion of penicillin and other drugs and has been used as an adjunct to penicillin therapy to increase plasma drug levels. Probenecid was approved for use in the United States in 1951 and is still used for therapy and prevention of gout and hyperuricemia. Probenecid is available in tablets of 500 mg in several generic forms and under brand names such as Benemid and Benuryl, as well as in fixed combinations with colchicine. The recommended initial dose for gout is 250 to 500 mg twice a day, which can be increased to 2 g daily based upon target levels of uric acid. Probenecid is typically used in combination with other agents for gout, such as colchicine. Common side effects include headache, gastrointestinal upset, hypersensitivity reactions and transient worsening of gout.</p><p>Probenecid is also used in combination with penicillin and penicillin derivatives (such as ampicillin and nafcillin) to prolong their plasma half-life and increase serum concentrations. The typical dose for this effect is 1 g daily. Importantly, however, probenecid has similar effects on many other medications, inhibiting the tubular secretion and increasing serum concentrations of drugs such as acetaminophen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, lorazepam and rifampin. Thus, patients taking probenecid should be cautioned about use of other medications.</p></div><div id="Probenecid.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>There are no reports on the frequency of liver test abnormalities during probenecid therapy, but they are probably rare as the drug is largely secreted unchanged in the urine. A single case report of a severe hypersensitivity reaction from probenecid and rechallenge with a rapid and severe recurrence of jaundice was reported over 50 years ago. As is typical for hypersensitivity reactions, the onset was within days of starting probenecid and was accompanied by fever and rash.</p><p><a class="def" href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/def-item/glossary.likelihood-score/">Likelihood score</a>: D (possible rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Probenecid.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism of probenecid hepatotoxicity is probably hypersensitivity. Most cases of hypersensitivity to probenecid are marked by skin rash alone, without liver damage.</p></div><div id="Probenecid.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Chronic hepatitis and vanishing bile duct syndrome have not been reported from probenecid therapy. Hypersensitivity reactions (largely rash and urticaria) to probenecid can occur and rechallenge should be avoided as the single case of severe liver injury reported was in a patient who was retreated with probenecid after a prolonged hypersensitivity reaction to a previous exposure.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntiGoutAgents/">Antigout Agents</a></p></div></div><div id="Probenecid.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Probenecid_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Probenecid – Generic, Benemid®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antigout Agents/Gout Suppressants</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=probenecid" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Probenecid.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Probenecid_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Probenecid.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548599/table/Probenecid.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Probenecid.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO</th><th id="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Probenecid</td><td headers="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134971026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">57-66-9</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C13-H19-N-O4-S</td><td headers="hd_b_Probenecid.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134971026" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134971026" alt="image 134971026 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="Probenecid.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Probenecid_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 10 July 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Drugs used to treat gout. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 543-4.<div><i>(Textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; mentions that probenecid has effects on indocyanine green [ICG] and sulfobromophthalein [BSP] excretion, but rarely causes liver injury; despite years of use only a single case report of severe hypersensitivity with jaundice has been published).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.grosser.2018">Grosser T, Smyth EM, FitzGerald GA. Pharmacotherapy of inflammation, fever, pain, and gout. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 685-710.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.reynolds.1957.592">Reynolds ES, Schlant RC, Gonick HC, Dammin GJ. Fatal massive necrosis of the liver as a manifestation of hypersensitivity to probenecid. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>1957;<span class="ref-vol">256</span>:592–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13451901" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13451901</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(57 year old man developed fever, rash, eosinophilia and jaundice 2 days after starting probenecid, with slow recovery upon withdrawal and recurrence of fever and jaundice upon restarting, whereupon drug was continued for 10 days when he was admitted with acute liver failure; autopsy showed massive necrosis and portal inflammation without fibrosis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.hillecke.1965.740">Hillecke NA. Acute anaphylactoid reaction to probenecid. <span><span class="ref-journal">JAMA. </span>1965;<span class="ref-vol">193</span>:740.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14328478" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14328478</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(61 year old man developed anaphylaxis after single dose of colchicine-probenecid with leukemoid reaction, hypotension and fever, recovering within a week; rechallenge with probenecid without colchicine resulted in recurrence of anaphylaxis [bilirubin not given, AST 80 U/L]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.vogin.1966.509">Vogin EE, Scott W, Boyd J, Bear WT, Mattis PA. Effect of probenecid on indocyanine green clearance. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pharmacol Exp Ther. </span>1966;<span class="ref-vol">152</span>:509–15.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5922315" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5922315</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In beagles, probenecid caused a reversible and dose related inhibition of indocyanine green excretion and increase in bile flow, probably due to its known effects on membrane transport).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.hern_ndez.2014.231">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A, Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Hepatol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:231–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases, none of which were attributed to probenecid).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Probenecid.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were attributed to probenecid).</i>
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Epub 2022 Aug 29.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/18636784" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> A benefit-risk assessment of benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Was its withdrawal from the market in the best interest of patients?</a><span class="source">[Drug Saf. 2008]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> A benefit-risk assessment of benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Was its withdrawal from the market in the best interest of patients?<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Lee MH, Graham GG, Williams KM, Day RO. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Drug Saf. 2008; 31(8):643-65. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/21938493" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> The history and future of probenecid.</a><span class="source">[Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> The history and future of probenecid.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Robbins N, Koch SE, Tranter M, Rubinstein J. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012 Mar; 12(1):1-9. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/13951446" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">The search for uricosuric agents suited to the management of tophaceous gout.</a><span class="source">[N Y State J Med. 1963]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">The search for uricosuric agents suited to the management of tophaceous gout.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">GUTMAN AB. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">N Y State J Med. 1963 Feb 15; 63:576-85. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/14058147" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">URICOSURIC AGENTS AND PHENOLSULFONPHTHALEIN EXCRETION.</a><span class="source">[Arch Intern Med. 1963]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">URICOSURIC AGENTS AND PHENOLSULFONPHTHALEIN EXCRETION.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">NEWCOMBE DS, COHEN AS. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Arch Intern Med. 1963 Nov; 112:738-41. </em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=31643913" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=31643913" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e128b15b832ebc1279e3">Probenecid - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Probenecid - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e127ab82281a803f2825">Primidone - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Primidone - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e126f4a390645e344749">Primaquine - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Primaquine - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e125a68b6b5afc7701ca">Pretomanid - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Pretomanid - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e124ab82281a803f1b07">Pregabalin - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Pregabalin - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
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<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
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Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
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<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
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