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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Loperamide" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2019/04/25" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643270" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547935/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Loperamide" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2019/04/25" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547935/" /><meta name="description" content="Loperamide is synthetic opioid that primarily affects opiate receptors in the intestine and is used to treat diarrhea. Loperamide has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury." /><meta name="og:title" content="Loperamide" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Loperamide is synthetic opioid that primarily affects opiate receptors in the intestine and is used to treat diarrhea. Loperamide has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547935/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Loperamide/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547935/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK547935_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK547935_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/LoopDiuretics/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/Lopinavir/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547935_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Loperamide</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 25, 2019</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Loperamide.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Loperamide_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Loperamide.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Loperamide is synthetic opioid that primarily affects opiate receptors in the intestine and is used to treat diarrhea. Loperamide has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury.</p></div><div id="Loperamide.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Loperamide (loe per’ a mide) is a synthetic piperidine derivative that acts as a mild opiate receptor agonist (predominant µ type receptors), but is used largely for the treatment of diarrhea rather than pain. Loperamide is not structurally related to morphine or codeine and has minimal or no euphoric or analgesic effects, apparently because it is poorly absorbed orally and is actively transported out of the central nervous system. Loperamide acts as a potent opiate agonist in the intestine and reduces intestinal motility, causing a slowing of intestinal transport and increased resorption of water and electrolytes, actions that are helpful in treating diarrhea. Loperamide was approved for use in the United States in 1976 and is still widely used to treat acute diarrhea caused by gastroenteritis, as well as the chronic diarrhea of inflammatory bowel disease. Loperamide is available as tablets and capsules of 2 mg and solution of 1 mg/5 mL generically and under the brand name Imodium. The usual dose of loperamide in adults is 4 mg initially, followed by 2 mg after each unformed stool, not to exceed 16 mg daily. Side effects of loperamide include abdominal bloating and pain, nausea and vomiting and constipation. Rare side effects include hypersensitivity reactions and paralytic ileus. Loperamide is not classified as a controlled substance and several formulations are available without prescription.</p></div><div id="Loperamide.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>As with most opiates in current use, therapy with loperamide has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations. There have been no convincing cases of idiosyncratic acute, clinically apparent liver injury attributed to either agent. The reason for its lack of hepatotoxicity may relate to the low doses used and lack of significant systemic absorption. What loperamide is absorbed is metabolized in the liver.</p><p>References on the safety and potential hepatotoxicity of loperamide are given in the overview section of the Opioids. Last updated: 20 May 2019</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/GastrointestinalAgen/">Gastrointestinal Agents</a>; <a href="/books/n/livertox/Opioids/">Opioids</a></p></div></div><div id="Loperamide.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Loperamide_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Loperamide.BPI" class="box"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Loperamide – Generic, Imodium®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Gastrointestinal Agents; Opioids</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Loperamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Loperamide.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Loperamide_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Loperamide.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547935/table/Loperamide.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Loperamide.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO.</th><th id="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Loperamide</td><td headers="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">53179-11-6</td><td headers="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C29-H33-Cl-N2-O2</td><td headers="hd_h_Loperamide.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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Survey of studies on mechanism of its antidiarrheal activity.</a><span class="source">[Dig Dis Sci. 1993]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Loperamide. Survey of studies on mechanism of its antidiarrheal activity.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Awouters F, Megens A, Verlinden M, Schuurkes J, Niemegeers C, Janssen PA. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Jun; 38(6):977-95. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/8177010" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Loperamide effects on hepatobiliary function, intestinal transit and analgesia in mice.</a><span class="source">[Life Sci. 1994]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Loperamide effects on hepatobiliary function, intestinal transit and analgesia in mice.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Hurwitz A, Sztern MI, Looney GA, Ben-Zvi Z. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Life Sci. 1994; 54(22):1687-98. </em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=31643270" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=31643270" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e029f4a390645e2f1716">Loperamide - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Loperamide - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e028f4a390645e2f143a">Loop Diuretics - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Loop Diuretics - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e027b15b832ebc0d4fe0">Lonafarnib - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Lonafarnib - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e026b15b832ebc0d48a6">Lomustine - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Lomustine - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c8e025f4a390645e2f0126">Lomitapide - LiverTox</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Lomitapide - LiverTox<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
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