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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK548487_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK548487_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/GarciniaCambogia/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/GaucherDiseaseAgents/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548487_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Gastrointestinal Agents</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 25, 2019</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="GastrointestinalAgen.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_GastrointestinalAgen_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="GastrointestinalAgen.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Medications for gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms include prescription and nonprescription drugs, conventional and unconventional agents, simple small molecules, complex macromolecules and large recombinant proteins. These medications are can be classified based upon their use: drugs for nausea and vomiting (antiemetics), prokinetic agents, laxatives, antidiarrheal agents, drugs for acid peptic disease, drugs for irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and, of course, miscellaneous. Agents used for gastrointestinal disease rarely cause liver injury. One reason for this is that they are often locally active and result in little systemic exposure. The immunomodulatory agents used to treat inflammatory bowel disease are an exception, being given systemically, often intravenously and capable of causing liver injury, although not very frequently.</p><p>Antidiarrheal agents include bulk forming agents, hydroscopic agents, bile acid resins, bismuth, inhibitors of intestinal motility, non-absorbed antibiotics and hormones. Bulk forming agents include methylcellulose; hydroscopic agents include pectin and kaolin; bile acid resins are cholestyramine, colestipol and colesevalam; inhibitors of intestinal motility include opioids such as diphenoxylate and loperamide. Antibiotics include rifamycin and rifaximin which are non-absorbed and are used for travelers' diarrhea. Hormones with antidiarrheal activity include octretide and somatostatin. Most antidiarrheal agents are active locally in the small intestine and colon and are largely not absorbed. Some, however, have been implicated in rare causes of liver injury (senna, cascara, cholestyramine). Telotristat is a relatively new agent that inhibits the synthesis of serotonin and is used specifically for the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome. Agents discussed in LiverTox include the following, which are linked to the specific drug record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bismuth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Cholestyramine/">Cholestyramine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Colesevelam/">Colesevelam</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Colestipol/">Colestipol</a>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Crofelemer/">Crofelemer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Difenoxin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Diphenoxylate/">Diphenoxylate</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Kaolin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Loperamide/">Loperamide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Methylcellulose</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Octreotide/">Octreotide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pectin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Rifamycin/">Rifamycin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Rifaximin/">Rifaximin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Somatostatin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Telotristat/">Telotristat</a>
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</div></li></ul><p>Antiemetics are a diverse group of medications that act at different points in the pathways that regulate nausea and vomiting. These include antihistamines, anticholinergic agents, phenothiazines, serotonin type 3 receptor blockers, centrally acting benzamides, cannabinoid receptor agonists, substance P antagonists and miscellaneous. Agents discussed in LiverTox include the following, which have links to the specific drug record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticholinergics/">Anticholinergic Agents</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Hyoscyamine/">Hyoscyamine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/ScopolamineMethscop/">Methscopolamine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/ScopolamineMethscop/">Scopolamine</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Antihistamines/">Antihistamines</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/CyclizineChlorcycl/">Cyclizine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Dimenhydrinate/">Dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Hydroxyzine/">Hydroxyzine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Meclizine/">Meclizine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Promethazine/">Promethazine</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Dronabinol/">Dronabinol</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Nabilone/">Nabilone</a>, Tetrahydrocannabinol</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Phenothiazines [See <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntipsychoticAgents/">Antipsychotic Agents</a>]</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Chlorpromazine/">Chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Prochlorperazine/">Prochlorperazine</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Alosetron</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Dolasetron</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Granisetron</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Ondansetron</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Palonosetron</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Substance P/Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonists</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Aprepitant/">Aprepitant</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Aprepitant/">Fosaprepitant</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Fosnetupitant/">Fosnetupitant</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Rolapitant/">Rolapitant</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Miscellaneous</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Amisulpride/">Amisulpride</a>, Dexamethasone, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Metoclopramide/">Metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Trimethobenzamide/">Trimethobenzamide</a></div></li></ul></li></ul><p>Acid peptic disease/antiulcer agents that include antacids, the histamine type 2 receptor blockers (H2 blockers), and the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). These agents are some of the most commonly taken medications and are very well tolerated, most being available both by prescription and over-the-counter. While many of these drugs are approved for use in duodenal and gastric ulcer disease, their major use is for acid reflux and indigestion. Agents discussed in LiverTox include the following, which are linked to the specific drug record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/H2ReceptorBlockers/">Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2 Blockers)</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Cimetidine/">Cimetidine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Famotidine/">Famotidine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Nizatidine/">Nizatidine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ranitidine/">Ranitidine</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/ProtonPumpInhibitors/">Proton Pump Inhibitors</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Lansoprazole/">Dexlansoprazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Omeprazole/">Esomeprazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Lansoprazole/">Lansoprazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Omeprazole/">Omeprazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Pantoprazole/">Pantoprazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Rabeprazole/">Rabeprazole</a></div></li></ul></li></ul><p>Cathartics, laxatives or agents for constipation include bulk forming agents, osmotic agents, stool wetting agents, nonspecific stimulants, prokinetic agents and agents that increase fluid secretion. Many of these therapies are not systemically absorbed and none are considered particularly hepatotoxic. Naldemedine and naloxegol are opioid antagonists and are used to treat the constipation associated with opioid use. Not all of these agents are discussed in LiverTox, but those that are have links to the specific drug record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Bisacodyl/">Bisacodyl</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Cascara/">Cascara Sagrada</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Castor Oil</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Docusate/">Docusate</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fiber, Bran</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lactulose</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Magnesium Sulfate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Methylcellulose</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Naldemedine/">Naldemedine</a> (Opioid Antagonist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Naloxegol/">Naloxegol</a> (Opioid Antagonist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Plecanatide/">Plecanatide</a> (for Chronic <a class="def" href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/def-item/glossary.idiopathic/">Idiopathic</a> Constipation)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Prucalopride/">Prucalopride</a> (for Chronic <a class="def" href="/books/n/livertox/glossary/def-item/glossary.idiopathic/">Idiopathic</a> Constipation)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Senna/">Senna</a>
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</div></li></ul><p>Inflammatory bowel disease encompasses several disorders, most commonly ulcerative colitis and Crohn colitis. Agents can be classified as 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) based agents, immunosuppressive drugs, antitumor necrosis factor agents, corticosteroids, antibiotics and miscellaneous. Agents discussed in LiverTox include the following, which are linked to the specific drug record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5-Aminosalicyclic Acid (5-ASA) Derivatives</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Mesalamine/">Balsalazide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Mesalamine/">Mesalamine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Mesalamine/">Olsalazine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Mesalamine/">Sulfasalazine</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immunosuppressive Agents</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Azathioprine/">Azathioprine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Mercaptopurine/">Mercaptopurine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Methotrexate/">Methotrexate</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/TNFAntagonists/">Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Adalimumab/">Adalimumab</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Certolizumab/">Certolizumab</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Golimumab/">Golimumab</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Infliximab/">Infliximab</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Miscellaneous</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Metronidazole/">Metronidazole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Natalizumab/">Natalizumab</a>, Vedolizumab</div></li></ul></li></ul><p><b>Irritable bowel syndrome</b> or functional bowel disease is a common, but not well understood syndrome or collection of symptoms marked by variable degrees of diarrhea and constipation with abdominal bloating and pain. Symptomatic therapies with antidiarrheal agents, drugs for constipation, analgesics, prokinetic agents or antispasmotics are often applied. Medications developed specifically for irritable bowel syndrome include agents that affect specific gastrointestinal receptors or hormones and include tegaserod, alosetron, linaclotide, plecanatide, prucalopride, and lubiprostone. None of these agents, however, is particularly hepatotoxic. Eluxadoline is a unique agent that is used to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. It is a mixed opioid receptor agonist (mu) and antagonist (delta) and can cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and pancreatitis accompaniend by marked serum aminotransferase elevations. Linaclotide and plecanatide are guanylate cyclase C receptor agonists and are used to treat chronic idiopathic constipation or "constipation predominant" irritable bowel syndrome. Similarly, cisapride, prucalopride and tegaserod are serotonin type 4 receptor agonists that are used for chronic idiopathic constipation. Agents discussed in LiverTox include the following, which are linked to the specific drug record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antimuscarinics/Antispasmodics [See <a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticholinergics/">Anticholinergic Agents</a>]</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dicyclomine, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Glycopyrrolate/">Glycopyrrolate</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Hyoscyamine/">Hyoscyamine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/ScopolamineMethscop/">Methscopolamine</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prokinetic Agents [See <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT4RcptAgonist/">Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists]</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT3RcptAntagonist/">Alosetron</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT4RcptAgonist/">Cisapride</a>, Domperidone, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Linaclotide/">Linaclotide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Lubiprostone/">Lubiprostone</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Metoclopramide/">Metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Plecanatide/">Plecanatide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Prucalopride/">Prucalopride</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/S5HT4RcptAgonist/">Tegaserod</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Opioid receptor mixed agonist/antagonist; Other</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/livertox/Eluxadoline/">Eluxadoline</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Tenapanor/">Tenapanor</a></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="GastrointestinalAgen.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRA"><h2 id="_GastrointestinalAgen_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRA_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 25 April 2019</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="GastrointestinalAgen.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. H1 Receptor antagonists. Miscellaneous drugs and diagnostic chemicals. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999: pp. 717-8.<div><i>(Single author review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="GastrointestinalAgen.REF.reuben.2011">Reuben A. Hepatotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011, pp. 569-91.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of drugs for inflammatory bowel disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="GastrointestinalAgen.REF.sharkey.2018">Sharkey KA, MacNaughton WK. Pharmacotherapy for gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 909-20.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="GastrointestinalAgen.REF.sharkey.2018_1">Sharkey KA, MacNaughton WK. Gastroinestinal motility and water flux, emesis, and biliary and pancreatic disease. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 921-44.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="GastrointestinalAgen.REF.macnaughton.2018">MacNaughton WK, Sharkey KA. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 945-54.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK548487/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548487/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548487" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548487" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Gastrointestinal Agents. [Updated 2019 Apr 25].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548487/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK548487.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (342K)</li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>New and Updated</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22LiverTox%22+AND+pmcbook&sort=date&size=200" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">In PubMed</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div 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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/intro/">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ClinicalCourse/">Clinical Course</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ClinicalOutcome/">Clinical Outcomes</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/ImmuneFeatures/">Immune Features</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Phenotypes_intro/">Phenotypes</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Causality/">Causality</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/DrugCategory/">Likelihood Scale</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/Severity/">Severity Grading</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/livertox/CaseReport/">Writing a Case Report</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Support Links</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div 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class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/33810796" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Virtualized clinical studies to assess the natural history and impact of gut microbiome modulation in non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 a randomized, open-label, prospective study with a parallel group study evaluating the physiologic effects of KB109 on gut microbiota structure and function: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled study.</a><span class="source">[Trials. 2021]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Virtualized clinical studies to assess 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<title>Youtube</title>
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<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
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Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
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<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
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<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
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</div>
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<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
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<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
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<nav class="bottom-links">
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<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
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<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK548487&ncbi_domain=livertox&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK548487/&ncbi_pagename=Gastrointestinal Agents - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
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