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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Antidiabetic Agents" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2017/06/06" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31644090" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548783/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Antidiabetic Agents" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2017/06/06" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548783/" /><meta name="description" content="Management and treatment of diabetes usually begins with advice on diet and exercise. Insulin is the therapeutic mainstay of therapy of type 1 diabetes, whereas agents that increase insulin secretion or activity are the primary approaches to therapy of type 2 diabetes. First line conventional therapies for type 2 diabetes include biguanides (metformin) and sulfonylureas. Metformin increases insulin sensitivity whereas the sulfonylureas increase insulin secretion. More recently developed agents include alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, metiglidine analogues and drugs that affect the incretin system. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors act in the gastrointestinal tract to decrease glucose absorption. The thiazolidinediones affect multiple intracellular metabolic pathways that increase insulin actions and improve insulin sensitivity. Metiglidines, like the sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion. Finally, drugs that affect the incretin system include analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that promote early insulin release from the pancreas and inhibitors of dipeptiyl peptidases 4 (DPP-4) that prolong the activity of GLP-1 in the serum. A relatively new category of antidiabetic agents are inhibitors of the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2), which is responsible for reabsorption of glucose in the kidney; inhibition of this transporter causes glucosuria and can reduce hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. The first commercially available SGLT2 inhibitors (canagliflozin and dapagliflozin) were approved for use in the United States in 2013. Most antidiabetic agents have minimal adverse effects on the liver and have only rarely been linked to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury." /><meta name="og:title" content="Antidiabetic Agents" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Management and treatment of diabetes usually begins with advice on diet and exercise. Insulin is the therapeutic mainstay of therapy of type 1 diabetes, whereas agents that increase insulin secretion or activity are the primary approaches to therapy of type 2 diabetes. First line conventional therapies for type 2 diabetes include biguanides (metformin) and sulfonylureas. Metformin increases insulin sensitivity whereas the sulfonylureas increase insulin secretion. More recently developed agents include alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, metiglidine analogues and drugs that affect the incretin system. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors act in the gastrointestinal tract to decrease glucose absorption. The thiazolidinediones affect multiple intracellular metabolic pathways that increase insulin actions and improve insulin sensitivity. Metiglidines, like the sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion. Finally, drugs that affect the incretin system include analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that promote early insulin release from the pancreas and inhibitors of dipeptiyl peptidases 4 (DPP-4) that prolong the activity of GLP-1 in the serum. A relatively new category of antidiabetic agents are inhibitors of the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2), which is responsible for reabsorption of glucose in the kidney; inhibition of this transporter causes glucosuria and can reduce hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. The first commercially available SGLT2 inhibitors (canagliflozin and dapagliflozin) were approved for use in the United States in 2013. Most antidiabetic agents have minimal adverse effects on the liver and have only rarely been linked to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548783/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Antidiabetic/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548783/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All Drug Records" href="/books/n/livertox/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" alt="Cover of LiverTox" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK548783_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK548783_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>; 2012-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/livertox/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/Antidepressants/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/AntiemeticAgents/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548783_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Antidiabetic Agents</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">June 6, 2017</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Antidiabetic.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Antidiabetic_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><p>Management and treatment of diabetes usually begins with advice on diet and exercise. Insulin is the therapeutic mainstay of therapy of type 1 diabetes, whereas agents that increase insulin secretion or activity are the primary approaches to therapy of type 2 diabetes. First line conventional therapies for type 2 diabetes include biguanides (metformin) and sulfonylureas. Metformin increases insulin sensitivity whereas the sulfonylureas increase insulin secretion. More recently developed agents include alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, metiglidine analogues and drugs that affect the incretin system. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors act in the gastrointestinal tract to decrease glucose absorption. The thiazolidinediones affect multiple intracellular metabolic pathways that increase insulin actions and improve insulin sensitivity. Metiglidines, like the sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion. Finally, drugs that affect the incretin system include analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that promote early insulin release from the pancreas and inhibitors of dipeptiyl peptidases 4 (DPP-4) that prolong the activity of GLP-1 in the serum. A relatively new category of antidiabetic agents are inhibitors of the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2), which is responsible for reabsorption of glucose in the kidney; inhibition of this transporter causes glucosuria and can reduce hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. The first commercially available SGLT2 inhibitors (canagliflozin and dapagliflozin) were approved for use in the United States in 2013. Most antidiabetic agents have minimal adverse effects on the liver and have only rarely been linked to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/AlphaGlucosidaseInhi/">Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Acarbose/">Acarbose</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Miglitol/">Miglitol</a>
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</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/IncretinBasedDrugs/">Incretin-Based Drugs</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/DPP4-inhibitors/">Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Alogliptin/">Alogliptin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Linagliptin/">Linagliptin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Saxagliptin/">Saxagliptin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Sitagliptin/">Sitagliptin</a>
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</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/GLP-1Analogues/">Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogues</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Albiglutide/">Albiglutide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Dulaglutide/">Dulaglutide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Exenatide/">Exenatide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Liraglutide/">Liraglutide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Lixisenatide/">Lixisenatide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Semaglutide/">Semaglutide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Tirzepatide/">Tirzepatide</a>
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</div></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Insulin/">Insulin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Metformin/">Metformin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/MetiglinideAnalogues/">Metiglinide Analogues</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Nateglinide/">Nateglinide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Nateglinide/">Repaglinide</a>
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</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Pramlintide/">Pramlintide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SGLT-2_Inhibitors/">Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SGLT-2_Inhibitors/">Bexagliflozin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SGLT-2_Inhibitors/">Canagliflozin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SGLT-2_Inhibitors/">Dapagliflozin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SGLT-2_Inhibitors/">Empagliflozin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SGLT-2_Inhibitors/">Ertugliflozin</a>
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||
</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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||
<a href="/books/n/livertox/Sulfonylureas/">Sulfonylureas</a>
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||
</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/FstGenSulfonylureas/">First Generation Sulfonylureas</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acetohexamide</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chlorpropamide</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tolazamide</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tolbutamide</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/SndGenSulfonylureas/">Second Generation Sulfonylureas</a>
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||
</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gliclazide</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Glimepiride</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Glipizide</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Glyburide (Glibenclamide)</div></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Thiazolidinediones/">Thiazolidinediones</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Pioglitazone/">Pioglitazone</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Rosiglitazone/">Rosiglitazone</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Troglitazone/">Troglitazone</a>
|
||
</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Miscellaneous</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Teplizumab/">Teplizumab</a>
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||
</div></li></ul></li></ul><p>Updated: February 22, 2023</p></div><div id="Antidiabetic.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Antidiabetic_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 06 June 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Oral hypoglycemic agents and other diabetes therapy. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,1999: pp. 575-9.<div><i>(Textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 1999, discusses hepatotoxicity of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, acarbose and metformin).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF.de_marzio.2013">De Marzio DH, Navarro VJ. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 529-30.<div><i>(Recent review of hepatotoxicity of drugs for diabetes).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF.powers.2011">Powers AC, D'Alessio D. Therapy of diabetes. Endocrine pancreas and pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1248-67.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF.davis.2006">Davis SN. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas. In, Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp. 1613-88.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF5">Drugs for type 2 diabetes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Treat Guidel Med Lett. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>(139):17–24.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24566424" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24566424</span></a>]<div>
|
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<i>(Concise review of current therapy of type 2 diabetes).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: the DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury in the US collected between 2004 and 2012, 4 cases were attributed to drugs used for diabetes [metformin, glyburide, sitagliptin], but no cases were attributed to acarbose or a thiazolidinedione).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Antidiabetic.REF7">Drugs for type 2 diabetes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">59</span>(1512):9–18.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28076339" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28076339</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Concise summary of the mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety and costs of currently available drugs for type 2 diabetes; mentions that serum enzyme elevations can occur with acarabose therapy and that hepatitis and liver failure have been described with thiazolidinedione and DDP-4 inhibitor therapy).</i>
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</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK548783/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK548783/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548783" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK548783" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Antidiabetic Agents. 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class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/25414933" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and their mechanism for improving glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.</a><span class="source">[Postgrad Med. 2014]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and their mechanism for improving glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Davidson JA, Kuritzky L. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Postgrad Med. 2014 Oct; 126(6):33-48. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/20809667" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Incretin-based therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and reality in a managed care setting.</a><span class="source">[Am J Manag Care. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Incretin-based therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and reality in a managed care setting.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Garber AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Am J Manag Care. 2010 Aug; 16(7 Suppl):S187-94. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/15669880" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus.</a><span class="source">[Drugs. 2005]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Drugs. 2005; 65(3):385-411. </em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/22486990" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Effect of antidiabetic agents added to metformin on glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and weight change in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis.</a><span class="source">[Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Effect of antidiabetic agents added to metformin on glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and weight change in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Liu SC, Tu YK, Chien MN, Chien KL. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012 Sep; 14(9):810-20. Epub 2012 Apr 29.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/28589542" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Is insulin the preferred treatment for HbA1c >9%?</a><span class="source">[J Diabetes. 2017]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Is insulin the preferred treatment for HbA1c >9%?<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Bloomgarden Z. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">J Diabetes. 2017 Sep; 9(9):814-816. 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<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
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Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
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