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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOIMAGEINDEX" /><meta name="author" content="National Research Council (US) Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of Fertility and Family Behavior; Kenneth W Wachter, Rodolfo A Bulatao" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Offspring" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Academies Press (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2003" /><meta name="citation_author" content="National Research Council (US) Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of Fertility and Family Behavior" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kenneth W Wachter" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Rodolfo A Bulatao" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="22675746" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.17226/10654" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK97286/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Offspring" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Academies Press (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="National Research Council (US) Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of Fertility and Family Behavior" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kenneth W Wachter" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Rodolfo A Bulatao" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2003" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK97286/" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /><meta name="description" content="This volume explores the relevance of new developments in biology, genetics, and evolutionary anthropology to our understanding of human fertility behavior and family formation, under the rubric of “biodemography.” The biology of fecundity, infecundity, and contraception has long been integral to human population studies. But demographers are only beginning to assimilate findings and approaches from behavioral genetics, molecular genetics, neuro-endocrinology, and cross-species life history analysis and to place them in the context of evolutionary theory. With support from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Research Council's Committee on Population has brought together an interdisciplinary group to review this young field of science and reflect on promising opportunities for future research." /><meta name="og:title" content="Offspring" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="This volume explores the relevance of new developments in biology, genetics, and evolutionary anthropology to our understanding of human fertility behavior and family formation, under the rubric of “biodemography.” The biology of fecundity, infecundity, and contraception has long been integral to human population studies. But demographers are only beginning to assimilate findings and approaches from behavioral genetics, molecular genetics, neuro-endocrinology, and cross-species life history analysis and to place them in the context of evolutionary theory. With support from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Research Council's Committee on Population has brought together an interdisciplinary group to review this young field of science and reflect on promising opportunities for future research." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK97286/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nap10654-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/nap10654/toc/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK97286/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="napcollect" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p></div><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><span class="inactive page_link prev">< Prev</span><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/nap10654/fm.s1/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix no_top_margin"><a href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10654" title="National Academies Press (US)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nap10654-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Offspring" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h1 id="_NBK97286_"><span itemprop="name">Offspring</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">National Research Council (US) Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography
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of Fertility and Family Behavior</span>; Editors: <span itemprop="editor">Kenneth W Wachter</span> and <span itemprop="editor">Rodolfo A Bulatao</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">Washington (DC): <a href="http://www.nap.edu/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Academies Press (US)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2003</span>.<div class="small"><span class="label">ISBN-10: <span itemprop="isbn">0-309-08718-X</span></span>ISBN-10: <span itemprop="isbn">0-309-50755-3</span></div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li><span class="label"><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_cpyrght_NBK97286" data-jigconfig="modal:true">Copyright and
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Permissions</a></span></li></ul></div><div id="_ncbi_dlg_cpyrght_NBK97286" style="display:none" title="Copyright and Permissions"><div><div>Copyright © 2003, National Academy of Sciences.</div><div>For more information, see the <a href="/books/about/copyright/">Bookshelf Copyright Notice</a>.</div></div></div><div class="small half_rhythm bk_noprnt"><a href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10654" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press</a></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/nap10654/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div itemprop="description"><h2>Excerpt</h2><p>This volume explores the relevance of new developments in biology, genetics, and
|
|
evolutionary anthropology to our understanding of human fertility behavior and
|
|
family formation, under the rubric of “biodemography.” The biology
|
|
of fecundity, infecundity, and contraception has long been integral to human
|
|
population studies. But demographers are only beginning to assimilate findings and
|
|
approaches from behavioral genetics, molecular genetics, neuro-endocrinology, and
|
|
cross-species life history analysis and to place them in the context of evolutionary
|
|
theory. With support from the National Institute of Child Health and Human
|
|
Development, the National Research Council's Committee on Population has
|
|
brought together an interdisciplinary group to review this young field of science
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and reflect on promising opportunities for future research.</p></div><div><h2>Contents</h2><div class="bktoc_all_cntnr top align_right" style="display:none"><ul class="inline_list_right"><li><a class="bktoc_all_exp" href="#">Expand All</a></li><li style="margin-left:.8em"><a class="bktoc_all_clps" href="#">Collapse All</a></li></ul></div><ul id="toc_tllNBK97286_fm_s1" class="simple-list toc toc-toggle"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_fm_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/fm.s1/" class="toc-item">THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_fm_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/fm.s2/" class="toc-item">PANEL FOR THE WORKSHOP ON THE BIODEMOGRAPHY OF FERTILITY AND FAMILY BEHAVIOR</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_fm_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/fm.s3/" class="toc-item">COMMITTEE ON POPULATION (June 2000)</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_fm_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/fm.s4/" class="toc-item">Preface</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/" class="toc-item">1. Biodemography of Fertility and Family Formation</a><div>Kenneth W. Wachter.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch1_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s1" class="toc-item">RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s2" class="toc-item">BEHAVIORAL GENETICS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s3" class="toc-item">NEUROSCIENCE AND ENDOCRINOLOGY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s4" class="toc-item">INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s5" class="toc-item">EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s6" class="toc-item">DEMOGRAPHY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_s7"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.s7" class="toc-item">DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch1_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch1/#ch1.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/" class="toc-item">2. Genetic Influences on Fertility: Strengths and Limitations of Quantitative Inferences</a><div>Michael L. Rutter.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch2_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/#ch2.s1" class="toc-item">VARIATIONS IN FERTILITY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/#ch2.s2" class="toc-item">RATIONALE OF QUANTITATIVE GENETIC RESEARCH STRATEGIES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2_s12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/#ch2.s12" class="toc-item">RESEARCH PRIORITIES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2_s13"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/#ch2.s13" class="toc-item">ETHICAL ISSUES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2_s14"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/#ch2.s14" class="toc-item">CONCLUSIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch2_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch2/#ch2.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/" class="toc-item">3. Education, Fertility, and Heritability: Explaining a Paradox</a><div>Hans-Peter Kohler and Joseph L. Rodgers.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch3_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s1" class="toc-item">INTERPRETING BEHAVIORAL GENETICS IN RESEARCH ON FERTILITY AND RELATED BEHAVIORS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s2" class="toc-item">BEHAVIORAL GENETICS DESIGNS AND METHODS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s3" class="toc-item">EDUCATION, FERTILITY TRANSITION, AND FERTILITY OUTCOMES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s4" class="toc-item">DATA</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s5" class="toc-item">MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL GENETICS MODELS FOR EDUCATION AND FERTILITY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s6" class="toc-item">EDUCATION AND CHANGES IN HERITABILITIES ACROSS COHORTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_s7"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.s7" class="toc-item">DISCUSSION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch3_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch3/#ch3.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/" class="toc-item">4. The Neural Basis of Pair Bonding in a Monogamous Species: A Model for Understanding the Biological Basis of Human Behavior</a><div>Larry J. Young.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch4_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/#ch4.s1" class="toc-item">THE NEUROCHEMISTRY OF THE PAIR BOND</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/#ch4.s2" class="toc-item">NEURAL CIRCUITS OF PAIR BOND FORMATION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/#ch4.s3" class="toc-item">THE GENETICS OF PAIR BONDING</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/#ch4.s4" class="toc-item">IS THE VASOPRESSIN RECEPTOR THE “MONOGAMY” GENE?</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/#ch4.s5" class="toc-item">IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMANS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch4_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch4/#ch4.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/" class="toc-item">5. Hormonal Mediation of Physiological and Behavioral Processes That Influence Fertility</a><div>Judy L. Cameron.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch5_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/#ch5.s1" class="toc-item">HORMONES INFLUENCING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/#ch5.s4" class="toc-item">HORMONAL CHANGES THROUGH THE LIFE SPAN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5_s8"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/#ch5.s8" class="toc-item">ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO HORMONES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5_s9"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/#ch5.s9" class="toc-item">LIFE EVENTS THAT ALTER HORMONE LEVELS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5_s12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/#ch5.s12" class="toc-item">SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch5_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch5/#ch5.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch6"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch6/" class="toc-item">6. Intraspecific Variability in Fertility and Offspring Survival in a Nonhuman Primate: Behavioral Control of Ecological and Social Sources</a><div>Jeanne Altmann and Susan C. Alberts.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch6_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch6_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch6/#ch6.s1" class="toc-item">INTERSPECIFIC, COMPARATIVE VARIABILITY IN MAMMALIAN LIFE HISTORIES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch6_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch6/#ch6.s2" class="toc-item">BABOON LIFE HISTORIES: LIFE HISTORY PATTERN AND VARIABILITY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch6_s12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch6/#ch6.s12" class="toc-item">CONCLUSIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch6_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch6/#ch6.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch7"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch7/" class="toc-item">7. An Evolutionary and Ecological Analysis of Human Fertility, Mating Patterns, and Parental Investment</a><div>Hillard S. Kaplan and Jane B. Lancaster.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch7_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch7_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch7/#ch7.s1" class="toc-item">THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch7_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch7/#ch7.s5" class="toc-item">HUMAN LIFE HISTORIES IN A COMPARATIVE CONTEXT</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch7_s9"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch7/#ch7.s9" class="toc-item">REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR SINCE THE DOMESTICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch7_s25"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch7/#ch7.s25" class="toc-item">CONCLUSIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch7_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch7/#ch7.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/" class="toc-item">8. Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution: Theory, Evidence, and Implications for Patterns of Human Mating and Fertility</a><div>Steven W. Gangestad.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch8_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.s1" class="toc-item">EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATIONS OF SEXUAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.s6" class="toc-item">A CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC ADAPTATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_s12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.s12" class="toc-item">THE POTENTIAL FOR SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC COEVOLUTION IN HUMANS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_s16"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.s16" class="toc-item">ILLUSTRATIONS OF ADAPTATION AND COUNTER-ADAPTATION IN HUMAN SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC COEVOLUTION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_s20"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.s20" class="toc-item">FACULTATIVE EXPRESSION OF SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC ADAPTATIONS IN HUMANS?</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_s21"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.s21" class="toc-item">SUMMARY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch8_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch8/#ch8.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/" class="toc-item">9. Pubertal Maturation, Adrenarche, and the Onset of Reproduction in Human Males</a><div>Benjamin Campbell.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch9_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s1" class="toc-item">THE SCOPE OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s2" class="toc-item">BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION IN HUMAN MALES</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s3" class="toc-item">ENERGETICS AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s4" class="toc-item">EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s5" class="toc-item">BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s6"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s6" class="toc-item">HORMONES AND ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s7"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s7" class="toc-item">PUBERTAL MATURATION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s8"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s8" class="toc-item">RISK TAKING</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s9"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s9" class="toc-item">BIOLOGICAL MODEL: INTEGRATING PUBERTAL MATURATION AND RISK TAKING</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s10"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s10" class="toc-item">IMPLICATIONS FOR ADULT FERTILITY BEHAVIOR</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s11"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s11" class="toc-item">CULTURAL VARIATION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s12" class="toc-item">SUMMARY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_s13"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.s13" class="toc-item">FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch9_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch9/#ch9.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/" class="toc-item">10. Energetics, Sociality, and Human Reproduction: Life History Theory in Real Life</a><div>Carol M. Worthman.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch10_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.s1" class="toc-item">IMPORTANCE OF A BIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.s2" class="toc-item">LIFE HISTORY THEORY AND ENERGETICS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_s7"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.s7" class="toc-item">TRANSLATION AND TRANSMISSION OF EVOLVED DESIGN</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_s12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.s12" class="toc-item">SOCIALITY AND MULTITASKING IN LIFE HISTORY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_s19"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.s19" class="toc-item">EPIGENESIS AND REARING ENVIRONMENTS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_s22"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.s22" class="toc-item">IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND POLICY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch10_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch10/#ch10.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch11"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch11/" class="toc-item">11. Evolutionary Biology and Rational Choice in Models of Fertility</a><div>David Lam.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch11_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch11_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch11/#ch11.s1" class="toc-item">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME AND FERTILITY</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch11_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch11/#ch11.s4" class="toc-item">EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch11_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch11/#ch11.s5" class="toc-item">QUALITY-QUANTITY TRADE-OFFS AND FERTILITY DECLINE</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch11_s8"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch11/#ch11.s8" class="toc-item">CONCLUSIONS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch11_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch11/#ch11.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/" class="toc-item">12. Reflections on Demographic, Evolutionary, and Genetic Approaches to the Study of Human Reproductive Behavior</a><div>John N. Hobcraft.</div><ul id="toc_lst_NBK97286_ch12_s1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/#ch12.s1" class="toc-item">BEHAVIORAL GENETICS MODELS OF REPRODUCTION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12_s2"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/#ch12.s2" class="toc-item">PATHWAYS TO FERTILITY BEHAVIOR</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12_s3"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/#ch12.s3" class="toc-item">PATHWAYS TO WHAT?</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12_s4"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/#ch12.s4" class="toc-item">HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN MODERN VERY LOW FERTILITY?</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12_s5"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/#ch12.s5" class="toc-item">CONCLUSION</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_ch12_rl1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/ch12/#ch12.rl1" class="toc-item">REFERENCES</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK97286_contributions_s1"><a href="/books/n/nap10654/contributions.s1/" class="toc-item">Contributors and Other Workshop Participants</a></li></ul><div class="bktoc_all_cntnr align_right" style="display:none"><ul class="inline_list_right"><li><a class="bktoc_all_exp" href="#">Expand All</a></li><li style="margin-left:.8em"><a class="bktoc_all_clps" href="#">Collapse All</a></li></ul></div></div><div><p>This study was supported by Award No. NO1-OD-4-2139,
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TO #71 to the National Academies from the National Institute for Child
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Health and Human Development. Additional funding was provided by the Andrew W.
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Mellon Foundation.</p></div><div><h4 class="inline">Suggested citation:</h4><p>National Research Council. (2003).
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<i>Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic
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Perspective.</i> Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of
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Fertility and Family Behavior. Kenneth W. Wachter and Rodolfo A. Bulatao, eds.
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Committeee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and
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Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.</p></div><div><p>Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication
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are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
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organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.</p><p>NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
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Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
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the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
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Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
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chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.</p></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2003, National Academy of
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Sciences.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK97286</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675746" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">22675746</a></span>DOI: <a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.17226/10654" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">10.17226/10654</a></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><span class="inactive page_link prev">< Prev</span><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/nap10654/fm.s1/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK97286/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK97286/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK97286" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK97286" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">National Research Council (US) Panel for the Workshop on the Biodemography of Fertility and Family Behavior; Wachter KW, Bulatao RA, editors. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span> doi: 10.17226/10654</div></div></li><li><a href="/books/n/nap10654/pdf/">PDF version of this title</a> (3.8M)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Other titles in this collection</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/napcollect/">The
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fill: #FFFFFF;
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}
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<title>Twitter</title>
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<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
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<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
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<style type="text/css">
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<title>Facebook</title>
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<g>
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<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
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<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
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</a></li>
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<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
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<title>Youtube</title>
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<style type="text/css">
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.st4 {
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fill: none;
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stroke: #FFFFFF;
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.st5 {
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fill: #FFFFFF;
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</style>
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<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
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<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
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<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
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</g>
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</svg></a></li>
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</div>
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<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
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<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
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Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
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<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
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<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
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</div>
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<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
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<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
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<nav class="bottom-links">
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<ul class="mt-3">
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
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<li>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
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